ROBERT K U N I N
FRANCIS
x.
~ C G A R V E Y
ION EXCHANGE TECHNOLOGY Throughout the chemical process industry, ion exchange is well accepted as a useful unit operation.
It continues to expand, both in new and existing uses year, authors of several reviews have Dunng attempted . the pastto analyze critically the progress in ion exchange technology. Some have estimated progress in terms of sales volume for ion exchange materials and others have based estimates on new industrial uses. I n both instances, disappointment has been expressed which in turn has led to some pessimism about the future of ion exchange technology. This supposed lack of progress has been attributed by some to lack of appreciation and understanding of ion exchange as a unit operation and to the difficulty of overcoming the inertia of various established industries. Progress in any technology cannot be assessed in terms of dollars, pounds, or numbers of applications, and ion exchange as a unit operation is no exception. A review of the interest expressed by chemists and chemical engineers throughout the world in ion exchange certainly does not reflect the expressed pessimism of some. Furthermore, there is ample evidence to indicate that ion exchange continues to find new areas of application and to make further progress in older areas of utility. Some of this progress has been obscured by the fact that the use of ion exchange as a unit operation is a trade secret in certain industries and by the irresponsible estimates of the quantities of ion exchange material produced commercially. Ion exchange technology requires no apologists and may be considered as a wellaccepted unit operation throughout the process industries. i
During the past year, ion exchange has made progress in condensate polishing in the power field, waste treatment, and in the purification of molasses to be used in the fermentation and chemical industries. Further progress has been made in the use of ion exchange materials in moving bed systems and in the use of powdered resins combined with filtration systems. The macroreticular resins continue to attract attention where organic fouling and stability are problems’and where ion exchange is to be used in nonpolar systems. Pertinent literature published during the period February 1,1962,to February 1,1963,has been reviewed and included here. Reviews
Although review articles on ion exchange have been few in number, two books on this topic were published recently and are noteworthy even though they were not written from a unit operation viewpoint. One ( 7 4 represents a thorough analysis of ion exchange theory, and the chapter on the thmry of ion-exchange column performance is invaluable to the engineer as well as to the physical chemist. The second book ( 4 4 pertains to analytical applications of ion exchange; however, much of the material is valuable to all who are interested in ion exchange as a unit operation. A review of the nature and properties of liquid ion exchangers and their areas of utility is available ( 3 4 , and a recent volume ( 2 4 summarizes the papers and discussions of a conV O L 5 5 NO. 8
AUGUST 1963
51
Ion exchange resin’s abnormal uptake of electrolyte from dilute solutions ference held in Germany on ion exchange anomalies. A book ( 5 A ) on the treatment of sea water reviews rather well the role of ion exchange resins and membranes. Theory
During the past few years, considerable attention has been given to the development of a structural model of an ion exchange resin from the physical as well as the chemical view. Two studies (3B, 4B) attribute the abnormal uptake of electrolyte from dilute solutions by ion exchange resins to nonuniform distribution of counter ions. In other words, the so-called homogeneous gel structures are considered as being heterogeneous and therefore cannot be treated as a single phase. Shone (75B) attempts to explain similar results on the basis of Schofield’s theory rather than the Donnan theory. Gordon (5B)cites spectral data to demonstrate the homogeneity of ion exchange resin structures. The equilibrium and kinetic behavior of interpenetrating ion exchange polymer networks (72B) may offer a clue to some of the abnormalities described for ion exchange systems. The physical and chemical properties of macroreticular ion exchange resins are described ( 7 7B). Selectivity of various anion exchange resins for metallic cyanide and bromide complexes was studied (7B, 73B). An NMR spectral study (2B) shows that acidity of a sulfonic acid cation exchanger is higher than those of several simple aromatic sulfonic acids. Data is presented (7OB) relating the effect of the degree of cross linking of carboxylic cation exchange resins with the apparent dissociation constants and the nature of the exchanging cation. The kinetics of ion exchange received little attention during the past year. However, a study (8B) on an experimental test of the theory of particle diffusion is of considerable interest. Cation exchange resins of low capacity are reversible sorbents for organic acids (7423). Another interesting sorption system based upon ligand exchange involving various metallic salts of a carboxylic cation exchange resin is described (7B). The theory and methods for calculating the performance of ion exchange columns are examined critically (6B, 9B).
cation exchange resin (7C) is reported, and a patent (2C) describes an ion exchange technique for removing dissolved oxygen. Inorganic Chemistry and Hydrometallurgy
Although interest in the use of ion exchange for the hydrometallurgy of uranium has waned in recent years, expansion of atomic energy in the power field has revived interest on the part of the industry in examining newer ion exchange materials and techniques. A process has been developed (5D) for recovering proactinium-231 and uranium from a uranium refinery waste. Tantalum has been separated ( 7 0 ) from columbium present in an extraction liquor using an anion exchange procedure. Ion exchange chromatography has been used to prepare high-purity electrolytic iron ( 2 0 ) . A resin containing the n-methylglucamine group is useful for removing traces of iron from concentrated alkali solutions ( 3 0 ) . Cation selectivity data are reported for lanthanides and actinides in concentrated acid solutions ( 4 0 ) . A procedure is described ( 6 0 ) for recovering iodine from salt brines using a quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin. Organic Chemistry
Although much of the activity in the use of ion exchange in organic chemistry has been in polar solvents and mixed media, availability of macroreticular ion exchange resins has extended the scope of ion exchange to nonpolar systems. Some equilibrium data are reported (3E, 6 E ) for several solvent systems. According to two reports (7E, 7 E ) , sulfonic acid cation exchangers can be employed for removing nitrogen bases from gasoline and other hydrocarbons and, by a similar technique ( Z E ) , traces of copper can be removed from acrylate polyesters. The dry potassium salt of a sulfonic acid cation exchange resin is an excellent desiccant for organic solvents (73E), and separation of alcohols from nonpolar solvents using a cation exchange resin is claimed (#E). Various organic reactions involving ion exchange resins have been reported for nityiles ( 5 E ) ,halogenated organic compounds (8E-70E), esters ( 7 I E ) , and condensation products of ketones and aldehydes ( 7 2 E ) . Food Technology
Water Conditioning
Although water conditioning is a major field of application for ion exchange, most of the publications are of a review nature. One report ( 3 C ) summarizes the effects of organic substances of natural and industrial origin on the anion exchange resins employed in deionization installations. The treatment of sea water by ion exchange is discussed (5C),and an ion exchange method for softening sea water is described ( 4 C ) . The removal of ammonia from waste condensate using a carboxylic 52
INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
The Cuban situation has indirectly affected the economics of ion exchange as a unit operation in the sugar industry-in some instances favorably, such as in molasses treatment, and in others unfavorably. Several ion exchange processes recently proposed for the sugar industry have been reviewed critically (5F),and a novel process for separating dextrose and levulose is described ( 4 F ) . Also, results obtained on a pilot plant designed for recovering betaine and glutamic acid from beet sugar molasses are reported ( 7 F ) , and use of a deionization
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is attributed to nonuniform distribution of counter ions system for purifying hexitol solutions prepared by hydrogenating sugar is described ( 3 F ) . A chelating ion exchange fiber is effective for removing iron and copper from wine (ZF); however, the process does not appear to be of economic value. Biochemistry
Ion exchange is a preferred technique for recovering and purifying various biochemicals from natural sources and from fermentation liquors. Several antibiotics, vitamins, proteins, and other biologicals are being processed universally by means of ion exchange resins. New techniques are presented for processing antibiotics (ZG, 5G, 6 G ) . Ion exchange procedures are reported for recovering and purifying vitamin B12 (7G), isolating and purifying a proteolytic enzyme (3G), and concentrating and purifying a virus (7G). T h e antibacterial properties of ion exchange resin preparations are described (4G). Waste Treatment
Local, state, and federal legislative activity has resulted in renewed interest in the use of ion exchange as a means of treating various industrial wastes. Strong base anion exchangers can be used to remove ABS and a n effective ion detergents from water supplies (7H) exchange technique, based on a carboxylic acid cation exchange resin has been developed for neutralizing the waste regenerants from a deionization installation (2H). Ion exchange flowsheets are presented for recovering chromium and silver wastes (3H). Low capacity sulfonic acid cation exchangers have a higher phenol capacity than those resins having a high ion exchange capacity (4H). Catalysis
Organic reactions catalyzed by macroreticular sulfonic acid cation exchange resins (3.4 and the catalysis kinetics of such resins are described ( 7 J ) . Ion exchange catalysis for hydration of propylene ( 9 J ) and alcohol dehydration over cation exchange resins were studied ( 70J). Amide hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by ion exchange resins (7J,ZJ), and ion exchange catalysis of reactions involving cyanide chemistry were studied (4J-6J, 8J). Membranes
T h e growing list of membrane electrolysis installations now includes two U. S. communities for the treatment of brackish waters. Details and flowsheets of such installations are available (7K-4K). Membrane processes for chemical and waste treatment are preAUTHORS Robert Kunin is Research Associate in the Research Laboratories of Rohm €9 Haas Co., Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pa. Francis X . McGarvey is a specialist in developing ion exchange processes f o r the same company. Both authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Eric Meitzner and the company’s library staf.
sented (ZK, 7 K ) and the role of ion exchange membranes in fuel cells is discussed (5K, 8 K ) . Fundamentals of membrane processes and phenomena occurring in most membrane applications were studied (3K, 6K, 9 K ) . New Ion Exchange Materials
Although the literature is replete with procedures for preparing ion exchange materials of varying functionality and physical form, significant progress during the past year has been achieved with respect to new materials of potential importance to this unit operation. Preparation and properties of macroreticular and porous ion exchange resins, particularly those suitable for removing humic acid substances from water, are described (ZL, 8L, 77L),as are chelating-type resins based on carboxylic acids ( 3 4 4L). An asymmetric ion exchanger designed for the racemic resolution of amino acids was studied (72L) but the degree of resolution was minor. An amphoteric resin based upon a styrene-divinylbenzene skeleton structure and selective for iron was prepared and characterized (76L). T h e preparation and exchange properties of various inorganic salts of zirconium and heteropolyacids are described (78L),of which the antimonate is exceptionally selective for the alkali metals (77L). A method for measuring the capacity of cation exchangers of mixed functionality is described (20L). Various methods for preparing ion exchange membranes suitable for various applications were developed (7L, 5L-7L), and resinous structures possessing redox properties were studied (9L, 70L, 75L). T h e clay mineral, nontronite, has a slight redox capacity (79L). Some success has been achieved in anchoring a n enzyme to a cross-linked polymeric structure without losing all the enzymatic activity (73L,7 4 ) . liquid Exchangers
Interest in the use of liquid exchangers continues on a high level but interest in synthesis of new liquid exchangers remains relatively dormant. T h e properties and areas of application for various liquid anion and cation exchangers have been carefully systematized ( 3 M ) . Selectivity data for liquid amine anion exchangers were determined and analyzed critically ( I M , 2 M , 6 M ) . Use of liquid amine anion exchangers in extractive hydrometallurgy is described ( 4 M , 5 M ) . REFERENCES
Reviews (1A) Helfferich, F., “Ion Exchange,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962. (2A) Issleib, K. (ed.) , ‘‘Anomalien Bei Ionenaustausch-Vorgangen,” Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1962. (3A) Kunin, R., Winger, A. G., Ckem. Zngr.-Tech. 34, 461 (1962). (4A) Samuelson, O., “Ion Exchange Separations in Analytical Chemistry.” Wiley, New York, 1963. (5A) Spirgler, K. S., “Salt Water Purification,” Ibtd., 1962.
(Continued on next Page) VOL. 5 5
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1963
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Theory
Waste Treatment
(1B) Andersen, T., Knutsen, A. B., Acta Chem. Scand. 16, 849 (1962). (2B) Dinius, R. H., Choppin, G. R., J . Phys. Chem. 6 6 , 268 (1962). (3B) Glueckauf, E., Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 268, 350 (1962). (4B) Glueckauf, E., Walls, R. E., Ibid., p. 339. (5B) Gordon, J., J . Phys. Chem. 66, 1150 (1962). (6B) Helfferich, F., Chem. Ingr.-Tech. 34, 269 (1962). (7B) Helfferich, F., J . Am. Cham. Soc. 84,3237 (1962). (8B) Helfferich, F., J . Phys. Chem. 66, 39 (1962). (9B) Katalinkov, S.G., Revin, V. A., Andreev, B. M., Prokopets, V. E., Internat. Chem. Eng. 2, 247 (1962). (10B) Kunin, R., Fisher, S., J . Phys. Chem. 66, 2275 (1962). (11B) Kunin, R . , Meitzner, E. F., Oline, J . A,: Fisher, S. A , Frisch, hi.,Znd. Erg. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 1, 140 (1962). (12B) Miller, J. R., Smith, D. G., Marr, \Y. E., J . Chem. Soc. 1962, p. 1789. (13B) Plaksin, I. N., Beilin, -4.Y . , Dokl. Akad. Xauk SSSR 145, 621 (1962). (14B) Sargent, R . N., Graham, D. L., 2nd. Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop. 1, 56 (1962). (15B) Shone, M. G. T., Trans. Faraday Soc. 58, 805 (1962).
(1H) Abrams, I., Lewon, S., J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 54, 537 (1962). (2H) Grits, G. J., McKeown, M. C., Power 106,No. 2, 182 (1962). (3H) Michalson, A. W., Burhans, C. W., Jr., Znd. Water Wastes 7, 11 (1962). (4H) Turse, R., Gerdes, W. H., Rieman, W.,111, Z. Physik. Chem. 3’3,219 (1962). Catalysis Bolton, P. D., Henshall, T., J. Chem. Soc. 1962,p. 1226. Zbid., p. 3369. Bortnick, N. M., L.S.Patent 3,037,052 (May 29, 1962). Chen, C . S.H., J . Org. Chem. 27, 1920 (1962). Christensen, G. M., Zbid., 1442 (1962). Feely, W.E., U. S. Patent 3,046,278 (July 24, 1962). Frisch, N. W., Chem. Eng. Sei.17, 735 (1962). (8J) Gordon, M., Griffin, C. E., Chem. 2nd. 1962, p. 1019. (9J) Kaiser, J. R., Buether, H., Moore, L. D., Odioso, R. C., Znd. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 1,296 (1962). (1OJ) Markevich, S. M., Polyanskii, N. G., Potudina, N., Nejtekhimiya 1, 230 (1961).
(1J) (25) (3J) (45) (55) (6J) (75)
Water Conditioning
Membranes
(1C) Devillers, P., Suer. Franc. 103,405 (1962). (2C) Farbenfabriken Bayer AG., U. S. Patent 3,051,651 (August 1962). (3C) Herz, G. P., Tech. Ueberwach. 3,No. 3, 77 (1962). (4C) McIlhcnny, W. F., Baker, A. B., U. S. Patent 3,056,651 (October 2, 1962). (5C) Raleigh, I., Trans. Inst. Marine Eng. 74, 65 (1962).
(1K) Block, M., Chem. Ind. London 1962, p. 1882. (210 Bub, G. J., Vie, J. D., Webb, W. H., Znd. Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop. 1, 225 (1962). (3K) Carr, C. W., Sollner, K., J . Electrochem. Soc. 109, 616 (1962). (4K) Chopey, N. P., Chem. Eng. 69,No. 11, 104 (1962). (5K) Dravnieks, A , , Bregman, J. I., Electro-Technol. 69, 135 (1962). (6K) Duncan, B. C., J . Res. Nutl. Bur. Std. 66A, 83 (1962). (7K) Farrell, J. B., Smith, R. N., IND.ENG.CHEM.54, 29 (1962). (8K) Schmid, G. M., Hackerman, N., J . Electrochem. Soc. 109, 1092 (1962). (9K) Tombalakian, A., Barton, H., Graydon, W., J . Phys. Chem. 66, 1006 (1962).
Inorganic Chemistry a n d Hydrometallurgy (1D) Bielecki, E. J., U. S. Patent 3,051,547 (August 28, 1962). (2D) Blanc, G., Besnard, S., Talbot, J., Comfit. Rend. 253, 1457 (1961). (3D) Childs, W.I., U. S. Patent 3,043,661 (July 10, 1962). (4D) Choppin, G. R., Dinius, R. H., Znorg. Chem. 1, 140 (1962). (5D) Collins, D. A., Hillary, J. J., Nairn, J. S.,Phillips, G. M., J . Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 441 (1962). (6D) Mills, J. F., U. S. Patent 3,050,369(August 21, 1962).
New Ion Exchange Materials
(1F) Aimukhamedova, G. B., Sukharn. Prom. 36, No. 3: 16 (1962). (2F) Berg, H. W., Wines and Vines 43,No. 10, 29 (1962). (3F) Sarappo, J. W., Kalbach, H. F., U. S. Patent 3,040,104 (June 19, 1962). (4F) Serbia, G. R., U. S. Patent 3,044,904 (July 1962). (5F) Smit, P., Fette Seifen, Anstrichmittel 64, 12 (1962).
(1L) Bjornholm, S., Lederer, C. M., Nucl. Instr. Methods 15, 233 (1962). (2L) Bohnsack, G., Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer 76, 53 (1962). (3L) DeGeiso, R., Donaruma, L., Tomic, E., Anal. Chem. 34, 845 (1962). (4L) Guivetchi, N., Compt. Rend. 254, 2337 (1962). (5L) Jacobson, H., J . Phys. Chem. 66, 570 (1962). (6L) Kocherginskaya, L. L., Vysokomolekul. Soedin. 4, 633 (1962). (7L) Korosy, F., Shorr, J., Bull. Res. Council Israel, Sect. A , 11A, 39 (1962). (8L) Kressman, T. R. E., Millar, J. R., Brit. Patent 900,496 (February 1962). (9L) Kun, K. A,, Cassidy, H. G., J . Org. Chem. 27, 841 (1962). (1OL) Kun, K. A., Cassidy, H . G., J . Polymer Sci.5 6 , 8 3 (1962). (11L) Kunin, R., Meitzner, E. F., Oline, J. A., Fisher, S. A., Frisch, N. W., 2nd. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 1, 140 (1962). (12L) Losse, G., Jeschkeit, H., Fickert, G., Rabe, H., 2. Natztrforsch. 17b, 419 (1962). (13L) Manecke, G., Makromol. Chem. 51, 199 (1962). (14L) Manecke, G., Pure Appl. Chem. 4, 507 (1962). (15L) Manecke, G., Forster, H. J., Makromol. Chern. 52, 147 (1962). (16L) Mikes, J., Kovacs, L., J . Poly. Sei.59, 209 (1962). (17L) Phillips, H.: Kraus, K., J . Am. Chem. SOC.84,2267 (1962). (18L) Riedel, H. J., Ber. Kernforsch Juelich No. 32 (1962). (19L) Sansoni, B., Sigmund, O., Angew. Chem. 74, 695 (1962). (20L) Ungar, J., Anal. Chem. 34, 413 (1962).
Biochemistry
Liquid Exchangers
(1G) Horodniceann, F., Sergiescu, D., Klein, R., Anbert-Cornbiescu, A.,Nature 193, 600 (1962). (2G) Kunin, R., Belg. Patent 613,085 (July 1962). (3G) Lallouette, P., U. S. Patent 3,036,960(May 29, 1962). (4G) Percival, R. Mi., Am. Perfumer 77, N o . 1, 39 (1962). (5G) Ridgway, F., U. S. Patent 3,053,828 (September 11, 1962). Putter, I., U. S. Patent 3,032,547 (May 1, (6G) Rothrock, J. W., 1962). (7G) Sifferd, R. H., U. S. Patent 3,033,849-50 (May 8, 1962).
(1M) Baroncelli, F., Scibona, G., Zifferero, M., J . Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 405 (1962). (2M) Zbid., p. 541 (1962). (3M) Coleman, C. F., Blake, C. A., Jr., Brown, K . B., Talanta 9, 297 (1962). (4M) deBruin, H. J., Temple, R., dustralian J . Chem. 15, 153 (19 62). (5M) Jenkins, I., Robson, J., ~Yuture194, 864 (1962). (6M)Liradenbaum, S., Boyd, G., J . Phys. Chem. 66,1383 (1962).
Organic Chemistry
(1E) Chanmugam, J., U. S. Patent 3,019,182 and 3,019,199 (January 30, 1962). (2E) Crickshank, P. A., U. S. Patent 3,046,303(July 24, 1962). (3E) Davies, C. W., Patel, V. C., J . Chem. Soc. 1962,p. 880. (4E) De Radzitsky, P., U. S.Patent 3,021,374(February 13,1962). (5E) Gordon, M., Griffin, C., Chem. 2nd. 1962,p. 1019. (BE) Grigorescu-Saban, G., J. Znorg. il‘ucl. Chem. 24, 195 (1962). (7E) Snyder, L. R., Buell, B. E., Anal. Chem. 34, 689 (1962). (8E) Urata, Y . , Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 83,932 (1962). (9E) Zbid., p. 936. (10E) Zbid., p. 1045. (11E) Weygand, F., Hunger, K., Chem. Ber. 95, 7 (1962). (12E) Woellner, J., Engelhardt, F., Ibid., p. 30. (13E) Wymore, C. E., 2nd. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Deoelop. 1, 173 (1962). Food Technology
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