BOOK REVIEWS hopes, therefore, the following three criticisms will not seem unduly severe. The first criticism is that Hill does not always discuss adequately the physical significance of his assumptions and definitions. His explanations of basic equations tend to be superfieid and overly brief, especially in the Introduction where the philosophy of the theory is outlined. The second criticism is that HiU does not reveal clearly the value of his contributions. I t is not easy t o determine whether the pure thermodynamic theory of smdl systems is n fundamental advance in knowledge or whether it is merely convenient formalism. Nor is it easy to discover whether small system thermodynamics is applicable to experimental data without the use of molecular models. The final rriticism is that the book is not written with a polished style. The text frequently has a staccato quality which disrupts the flow of logical discourse. At times the ratio of the number of symbols to the number of wards is excessively high, which tends also to obscure the train of reasoning. I n short, Hill should have explained his unfamiliar subject matter with less haste and with greater fluency. Of the four reasons the author eivea for
who wish to apply small system thermodynamics and interested readers will communicate worthwhile suggestions to the author. However, readers with peripheral interest probably will not study the suhject unless it is presented more lucidly. It is equally unlikely that many thermodynamics instructors will teach the thermodynamics of smdl systems until further developments justify its inclusion in the already~crowdedcurriculum. RICH^
J. BEARMAN
plieatians in electronic devioes. The reduction in size of radios, television sets, and computers to the point where an entire circuit can be placed in the space the size of a thumb tack is a direct result of these new techniques, whieh, of course, go far beyond the chemistry of preparation of the simple compounds. The large numher of authors (over 60) who have contributed to this excellent volume, attest to the complexity and importance of the developments in this new art. In addition to the preparation of the compounds, there are detailed discussions of procedures t o purify the starting materials and to effect single crystal growth and to zone refine them. The methods of analysis, in the parts-per-billion range, involve colorimetry, ~pectroscopy, massspectrosoopy, and acbivation analysis. Measurement of residual electrical resistivity serves as an indicator of the progress in the removal of trace impurities. The discussion of crystal growth and crystal structure and of thin films, surfaces, diffusion phenomena, microsegregation, zone refining, and other important aspects of the art and science of transistors, are admirable. The discussion of the nature of the bonds in these compounds requires over thirty pages, hut the discussion of single crystal growth takes nearly one hundred. The last forty pages are concerned with phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties. The extensive hihliography (through 1960) includes 1172 references. This monograph promises to he a standard work on semiconductors for some time to come. It has much of interest to the solid-state physicist. as veil as the chemist. Teachers of inorganic chemistry will find i t t o he an excellent source of directions for the preparation of the restricted, hut extremely important, list of compounds that is represented by the title.
LAURENCE S. FOSTER U. S. Army Materials Research Agmey
University of Kansas Lawrence
Compound Semiconductors. Volume 1, Preparation of Ill-V Com~ounds
Edited by Robert K' WzZ1ardsan, and Howell Research Center, Pasadena, California, and Harvey L. Goering, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. Reinhold Publishing Carp., New 553 pp. Figs. York, 1962. xxii and tables. 18 X 25.5 cm. $25.
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Since the invention of the transistor, the inorganic chemistry of such elements as silicon, germanium, and the elements of Group 111 bas exploded way heyond the hounds of the "Inorganic Syntheses" series. This large volume is concerned only with the preparation and properties of semiconductor compounds of Group 111 elements with Group V elements, typified by aluminum, gallium or indium nitrides, phosphides, arsenides, and antimonides. More than chemistry, however, are r e ported the important developments in designing crystals with particular structures and purities that have specific a p
A472
/
Chemical Educafian
Watertown Amma1 Watertown, Massachusetts
Mass
Edited by C. A. MeDowell, University of British Columbia, Vsncouver. McGraw Hill Book Co., Iuc., New York, 1963. 639 pp. ~ i and~ tabl.bles ~ . 16.5 23.5 cm. $20. On page 4 of this book one h d a the followine statement: " . . thoueh the aim of tlhe editor was t o realize s. ;ohme whieh would he both eomprebensive and yet authoritative in treatment, covering the whole field of mass spectrometry, there was no attempt rat making the work encyclopedic.'' Professor MeDowell has succeeded quite well in fulfilling his stated objective. Althoueh a t first sinht it does amear that the subject matter of the boodis &proportionately instrumental, in reality the treatment has been quite well balanced. The chapters entitled Ion Sources (R. M. Elliot), Ion Optics (L. Kerwin), High-
.
(Cmtinued on page A474)
BOOK REVIEWS Resolution Mass Spectroscopes (H. E. Duckworth and 8. N. Ghoshal), and Vacuum Techniques (H. A. Tasman, A. J. H. Boerboom, J. Kistemaker) are exceptionally well written and in some cases contain previously unsvailable information. The book should he of value to the novice as well as to the expert in most areas of mass spectrometry. I t should he pointed out that the book is useless if one wishes to learn techniques for interpreting mass spectral data. This latter subject has been left for future authors to cover adequately.
D m Chemical Cwnpany F~amingham,Massachusetts
Complexation in Analytical Chemistry
Anders Ringbom, i h o Akademi, Abo, Finland. Chemical Analysis Series, Volume 16. Intencience Publishers (a division of John Wiley and Sons, 395 pp. Ino.), New York, 1963. x Figs. and tables. 16 X 23.5 cm. 515.
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After Schwarzenbach-in connection with complexometric titrations-had introduced the u- and @-coefficientsto fscilitate the theoretical treatment of camplexequilibria it was Ringbom who, in many publications, greatly promoted the development of the concepts of side resctions. The excellent hook under consideration gives an ttuthoritatively written account of the present state of this concept m d contains much matetterial beyond that previously published. One of the key sentences in the preface the reader is expected to be states: capable of developing detailed procedures on the basis of a few fundamental principles." In this respect the reviewer is, so to say, in philosophical disagreement with the author. Although it might he the ultimate goal to precisely develop a complete analytical scheme on paper, the real situation-at least at the preeent time--is somewhat different. Via calculations one may get a fairly good idea of the general and adequate conditions but final judgment can only be made after an experimental run. Unless the "new" method is an obvious analogue to an existing procedure, one has to be a. pretty lucky fellow to get the experimental results exactly as calculated. Usually there will be some difference between theory and practice which leads to the conclusion that not all the equilibria actually present have been considered, or that the constants used are not known with the necessary degree of accuracy. Further investigations must be conducted and after new data are gathered the complete recalculation may agree with the experimental findings. Philosophical disagreements notwithstanding, the way to perform these oal-
culations is described in the book with rare clarity and in logical development. The volume is equally well suited as a text in classes and far self-study. The multitude of examples, carefully chosen and calculated in detail, will be of great help. I t is well demonstrated how to reason in order to decide what neglections might be allowed so that the calculations me simplified without undue loss of accuracy. To digest the chapter of applying the concepts of aide reactions to acid-base equilibria (a new development) may require some extra effort and not only from a beginner. Since it is now common practice to treat acids as proton complexes, the handling of bases as hydroxo complexes s e e m logical. Then, however, the partial dealing with the datz on the basis of Br$nated's concepts causes some difficulties. But these difficulties mttv well be considered as stimulating and- thoughtprovoking. Formulas (39) and (41) on page 57 seem to have each a "2" missing as eoefficient or the text leading to the formulae is not clearly written. But neglecting such minor items, as a fint edition, the hook is surprisingly free of misprints. Besides being an excellent introduction into the field, the hook will be indispensable to anyone engaged in this sort of work because of the 80 pagea of tables. Not only is a critical selection of constants listed but the data. have been used to calculate side reaction coefficients for numerous equilibria. These tabulations will save many hours of work. Further data. of this kind are scattered throughout the book in the form of clear, graphical presentations. Anyone interested in complex reactions, whether from a theoretical or more practical point of view, should have this volume on his book shelf, ready for frequent and beneficial consultation.
H. FLASCHKA Georgia Institute of Teehnolagy Atlanta
". . .
Physical Geochemistry
F. Gwda Smith, University of Toronto, Canada. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Massachuaetts. x 624 pp. Figs. and tables. 16 X 23.5 cm. $15.
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Among the mast perplexing and challenging problems in science today me those dealing with the origin, history, evolution, and structure of the earth, and its environment and of the chemical and physical forces acting within it. The field of geochemistry embraces the chemical approaches to the solution of these problems. Geochemistry has developed significantly from the largely descriptive approach of Goldschmidt, whirh involved the distribution of major and minor chemical constituents within the earth. Geochemistry as a modern science, or perhaps I should say, as an experimental science, can be said to date from the establishment, in (Crmtinued on page A876)
