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Received for review September 5, 1984. Revised manuscript received April 12,1985. Accepted April 30,1985. This work was supported by the Minister fur Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein- Westfalen. S.G. was supported by a grant from Internationales Bur0 der KFA Jiilich.
Migration of Wood-Preserving Chemicals in Contaminated Groundwater in a Sand Aquifer at Pensacola, Florida Donald F. Goerlltz," Davld E. Troutman,? Edward M. Godsy, and Bernard J. Franks U S . Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025 ~~~~~~
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Operation of a wood-preserving facility for nearly 80 years at Pensacola, FL, contaminated the near-surface groundwater with creosote and pentachlorophenol. The major source of aquifer contamination was unlined surface impoundments that were in direct hydraulic contact with the groundwater. Episodes of overtopping the impoundments and overland flow of treatment liquor and waste were also significant to the migration and contamination of the groundwater. Solutes contaminating the groundwater are mainly naphthalene and substituted phenols. Sorption did not influence retardation of solutes in transport in the groundwater. Phenol and the mono substituted methylphenols appear to be undergoing biotransformation. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was not found in significant concentrations in the groundwater possibly because the solubility of PCP is approximately 5 mg/L at pH 6, near the average acidity for the groundwater.
Introduction Groundwater in the vicinity of the wood treatment facilities of the American Creosote Works, Inc. (ACW) at Pensacola, FL, is contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and creosote (I). Wood treatment was performed at the site since about 1902 until the facility was closed in 1981. The 18-acreplant site is located some 600 m north of Pensacola Bay near the entrance to Bayou Chico (Figure 1). At closing, the wood-treating plant used two unlined surface impoundments for recirculation and storage of creosote and PCP solutions. In 1983, the surface impoundments were drained, then filled, and capped with clay by direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contaminants in the aquifer at Pensacola are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkylphenols, the major components of creosote, and occur both as solutes in the groundwater and as distinct hydrocarbon phase in various locations in the downgradient direction. Creosote is a complex mixture of organic compounds obtained from distillation of coal tar and consists of about 85% PAH and Present address: C. Jordan, Tallahassee, FL.
10% phenols; the remaining 5% is composed of nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles (2). The PAH have low solubilities in water, naphthalene having a solubility of about 30 mg/L, and the more highly substituted PAH are even less soluble. The phenols are much more soluble, as high as 80 g/L. A study of a similarily contaminated aquifer at St. Louis Park, MN (3), produced evidence that the concentrations of the phenolic components were being reduced more than a cocontaminant, sodium ion, by groundwater transport processes. Additionally, the occurrence of high levels of methane and the demonstratedly insignificant sorption of the phenols by those sediments strongly supported the hypothesis that anaerobic degradation was taking place in the aquifer. The extent of total phenol contamination in the shallow (
