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Preface This book is based on a symposium entitled Model Cellulosic Surfaces, which was held by the Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division of the American Chemical Society (ACS) on March 25–26, 2007 in Chicago, IL during the 233rd ACS National Meeting. The symposium comprised 22 oral presentations on the preparation, properties, and applications of model cellulosic surfaces. Cellulose, the main structural component of plant cell walls, has been used by humans as flax, hemp, and cotton fibers since prehistoric times. Today, cellulose, in the form of cotton and bleached wood pulp, forms the basis for a large number of products routinely used in our daily lives, including paper; cotton, rayon, and cellulose acetate textiles; cigarette filters; cellophane film for food and decorative packaging; solid pharmaceutical formulations containing cellulose-based excipients and coatings; cotton wound dressings; regenerated cellulose household and medical sponges; and regenerated cellulose and cellulose acetate membranes, to name a few. Many applications of cellulose and chemical cellulose derivatives, such as esters and ethers, involve contact of the material with a liquid phase that contains dissolved or dispersed matter. Examples of such situations include the processes of papermaking and recycling, the dyeing and laundering of cellulose-based textiles, the use of cellulosic membranes and cotton gauze in hemodialysis and wound healing, respectively, and the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. For most of these applications, detailed knowledge of the interactions of the cellulosic material with the dissolved or dispersed matter and the factors that govern these interactions is desirable, yet often difficult to acquire, in large part because of the complexity of the material’s surface with respect to composition and morphology. Smooth model surfaces for cellulosic materials offer the possibility to study the interactions in a simplified environment. Literature reports involving model cellulosic surfaces date back to the 1930s. However, recent technological advances in thin film preparation and characterization methods have spurred rapid growth of research in this area, making a symposium on this topic timely. The book contains twelve chapters, grouped by topic into Introduction (Chapter 1), Cellulose Surfaces (Chapter 2–8), and Cellulosic Surfaces (Chapters 9–12). The first four chapters and Chapter 12 are original reviews on different aspects of model cellulosic surfaces. The remaining chapters are original reports of research data. Chapter 1 is a comprehensive review of the early and recent literature on model cellulosic surfaces, including both model surfaces of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Chapter 2 provides a
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detailed overview of the methods of preparation of model surfaces of cellulose, with an emphasis on the challenges involved. Chapter 3 reviews the literature on model cellulose I surfaces, a special case of model cellulose surfaces with a native cellulose morphology. Chapter 4 is a review of the literature on polyelectrolyte multilayer films containing cellulose derivatives or cellulose nanocrystals, and films that use cellulose fibers as substrates. Chapter 5 presents two methods for achieving preferred orientation of cellulose whiskers in thin cellulose whisker films. Chapter 6 describes the application of multiple incident media ellipsometry for measuring simultaneously the refractive index and film thickness of thin cellulose films. Chapter 7 reports the use of inkjet technology for the deposition of cellulose nanocrystals onto flat substrates. Chapter 8 describes the properties of hydroxypropyl xylan and its adsorption behavior on model cellulose surfaces and hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated self assembled monolayers. Chapter 9 discusses several chemical modification strategies for polysaccharides that induce self-assembly behavior of the polysaccharide on gold and other surfaces. Chapter 10 presents a study on the properties of model cellulose ester surfaces. Chapter 11 demonstrates the potential of oxidized cellulose as a substrate for the environmental remediation of heavy metals in groundwater. And Chapter 12 reviews the surface properties of cellulose, cellulose ethers, and cellulose esters, with a focus on the surface free energy, the Lewis acid–base properties, and the Hamaker constant. The book is targeted at industrial scientists and engineers in the pulp and paper, textile, food, pharmaceutical, and bioethanol industries, among others, as well as academic scientists and engineers, and graduate students who are engaged in research involving cellulose and cellulosic interfaces.
Acknowledgments I would like to take this opportunity to thank Steve Eichhorn for initiating and co-chairing this symposium, and for his consultation on the title for the symposium and this book. Furthermore, I would like to thank all symposium presenters and their co-authors, as well as all attendees, for making the symposium a success. Finally, I would like to acknowledge sponsorship of the symposium by the ACS Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division and by Q-Sense. Regarding the book, I am deeply indebted to all authors and co-authors, and anyone who has assisted them, for their efforts in providing and revising the chapters as well as their patience during the editing and peer review process. It has been an invaluable experience and opportunity of growth and maturation. I am very grateful to my reviewers, Stephanie Beck, Joe Bozell, Nicole Robitaille Brown, Derek Budgell, Kevin Edgar, Al French, Gil Garnier, Scott Renneckar, and Bill Winter, for providing excellent and timely peer reviews. Furthermore, I would like to thank the current and former staff of the Books Division of ACS Publications, Jessica Rucker, Bob Hauserman, and Dara Moore, of Journal Production & Manufacturing In Model Cellulosic Surfaces; Roman, M.; x ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Operations, Joe Yurvati, Esther Ober, and Cynthia Porath, and of Copyright, Permissions & Licensing, C. Arleen Courtney, for their guidance in the editing and publication process. Special thanks also go to Margaret Brown, Production Editor in the Books Division, and Jay Cherniak, Elsevier, for editorial assistance with one of the chapters.
Maren Roman
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Department of Wood Science and Forest Products Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061
In Model Cellulosic xi Surfaces; Roman, M.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
