Monitoring the Performance of Eastern Spruce Budworm Pheromone

11 Monitoring the Performance of Eastern Spruce Budworm Pheromone Formulations C. J. WIESNER and P. J. SILK

Downloaded by PURDUE UNIV on August 28, 2014 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 18, 1982 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1982-0190.ch011

New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E 3 B 5H1, Canada New methods and a p p a r a t u s a r e described for evaluating t h e pheromone release characteristics of controlled release formulations o f Δ11-tetradecenal b o t h in the laboratory and following aerial application in the field. L a b o r a t o r y release r a t e s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e s e methods correlate well with rates o b s e r v e d in t h e

field.

The f i r s t a t t e m p t s t o i n f l u e n c e m a t i n g b e h a v i o u r o f i n s e c t s i n t h e i r n a t u r a l h a b i t a t using broadcast formulations of sex pheromones were c o n d u c t e d i n t h e e a r l y s e v e n t i e s ( 1 , 2., 3 ) . B e r o z a and h i s c o - w o r k e r s were a b l e t o show e f f e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n o f m a t i n g s u c c e s s i n l o w - l e v e l i n f e s t a t i o n s o f g y p s y moth. I n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g t e n y e a r s , a l a r g e number o f " m a t i n g - d i s r u p t i o n " t e s t s have b e e n c a r r i e d o u t a g a i n s t b o t h a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d f o r e s t i n s e c t s ( 4 ) . I n v i r t u a l l y a l l i n s t a n c e s , t h e problem has proven t o b e f a r more c o m p l e x t h a n h a d b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d . The i n t e r p l a y of b i o l o g i c a l , c h e m i c a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s has o f t e n l e d to i n c o n c l u s i v e f i e l d t r i a l r e s u l t s . A l ltoooften the c r i t e r i a f o r s u c c e s s h a v e n o t b e e n met, w h i l e t h e c a u s e f o r f a i l u r e h a s b e e n o b s c u r e d due t o a l a c k o f c o n t r o l o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e many v a r i a b l e s . One o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w h i c h o b v i o u s l y h a s a p o w e r f u l i n f l u e n c e on t h e r e s u l t i s t h e performance o f t h e c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e f o r m u l a t i o n . H a p p i l y , t h i s v a r i a b l e i s one w h i c h c a n , i n p r i n c i p l e , be p r e d i c t e d and c o n t r o l l e d . The e a s t e r n s p r u c e budworm, C h o r i s t o n e u r a f u m i f e r a n a , C l e m . , i s one o f t h e most e c o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t c o n i f e r o u s f o r e s t d e f o l i a t o r s i n t h e w o r l d . S e v e r a l mating d i s r u p t i o n experiments and f i e l d t r i a l s have b e e n c o n d u c t e d s i n c e t h e m i d 1 9 7 0 s (_5, 6), A g r e a t d e a l h a s b e e n l e a r n e d i n t h e p r o c e s s b u t no c l e a r - c u t c o n c l u s i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s a p p r o a c h a s a manage ment t o o l h a v e , a s y e t , emerged. I n an e f f o r t t o s i m p l i f y t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f f u t u r e f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s , we u n d e r t o o k a s t u d y T

0097-6156/82/0190-0209$06.00/0 © 1982 American Chemical Society

In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.

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of the performance of v a r i o u s c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e f o r m u l a t i o n s of ΔΙΙ-tetradecenal ( T D A L ) , t h e s e x pheromone o f t h e e a s t e r n s p r u c e budworm. The a i m was t o f i n d one o r more f o r m u l a t i o n s whose p e r f o r m a n c e i s p r e d i c t a b l e and e f f i c i e n t u n d e r o u r p a r t i c u l a r N o r t h e a s t e r n e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s and i l l u s t r a t e s t h e t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h were developed d u r i n g t h e course o f that study. E a r l y e x p e r i m e n t s i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y were concerned w i t h methods f o r s a m p l i n g and a n a l y s i s o f TDAL f r o m f o r m u l a t i o n s ( 6 ) , i n s e c t s (7_) and f r o m t h e f o r e s t a t m o s p h e r e ( 8 ) . T h i s w o r k was l a r g e l y f o u n d e d upon c o n c e p t s d e v e l o p e d p r e v i o u s l y by B e r o z a et_ a l . ( 9 , 1Ό, 1 1 ) . S i n c e t h e n , s e v e r a l o t h e r g r o u p s h a v e a p p l i e d t h e s e c o n c e p t s t o t h e measurement o f a number o f d i f f e r e n t i n s e c t pheromone r e l e a s e r a t e s ( 1 2 , 1 3 ) . On t h e b a s i s o f o u r e a r l y f i n d i n g s , we w e r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g l a b o r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e s f o r r e l e a s e r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n f r o m f o r m u l a t i o n s were inadequate. Laboratory tested formulations d i d not experience t h e e x t r e m e s o f c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n w h i c h a r e t h e norm i n t h e f i e l d and c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e r e l e a s e r a t e r e s u l t s w e r e n o t t r a n s f e r a b l e to f i e l d performance. I n o r d e r t o d e v i s e r e l e a s e r a t e methods w h i c h more c l o s e l y s i m u l a t e d t h e n a t u r a l a g e i n g p r o c e s s , we c o n c e n t r a t e d o u r e f f o r t s on t h r e e m a i n a s p e c t s o f f o r m u l a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n : 1. Wind T u n n e l A g e i n g , 2. E f f l u v i a l A n a l y s i s , and 3. A t m o s p h e r i c C o n c e n t r a t i o n . Wind T u n n e l A g e i n g E s t i m a t i o n o f r e l e a s e r a t e s by measurement o f r e s i d u a l p h e r omone as a f u n c t i o n o f age i s s i m p l e and e c o n o m i c a l . However, s i n c e t h e method q u a n t i t a t e s t h e amount o f a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t s r e m a i n i n g i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n , t h e r e l e a s e r a t e i s d e t e r m i n e d by i n f e r e n c e and d o e s n o t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t e i t h e r d e g r a d a t i o n o r p o l y m e r i z a t i o n ( 1 4 ) . G i v e n a l a b i l e a l d e h y d i c pheromone s u c h as TDAL, t h e s e p o t e n t i a l c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s must be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a l a b o r a t o r y method f o r s i m u l a t i n g t h e n a t u r a l ageing process i s e s s e n t i a l . Our f i r s t s t e p was t o d e v e l o p a s i m p l e e f f e c t i v e w i n d t u n n e l w h i c h a l l o w e d us t o age f o r m u l a t i o n s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y u n d e r v e r y n e a r l y n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s . Rather than attempt to c o n t r o l a l l c l i m a t i c parameters - temperature, pressure, humidity, l i g h t i n t e n s i t y , wind speed, t u r b u l e n c e , e t c . - w h i c h would have been a f o r m i d a b l e e n g i n e e r i n g t a s k , a v e r y s i m p l e d e s i g n was c h o s e n i n w h i c h o n l y a i r s p e e d , t e m p e r a t u r e and i l l u m i n a t i o n w e r e c o n t r o l l e d The o n l y r e a l d e f i c i e n c y i n t h i s s y s t e m i s t h e l a c k o f c o n t r o l o f humidity. However, t h a t a s p e c t was a d d r e s s e d s e p a r a t e l y by meas u r i n g t h e pheromone r e l e a s e r a t e o f e a c h f o r m u l a t i o n u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f v e r y h i g h and v e r y l o w h u m i d i t y . To d a t e , none o f t h e c a n d i d a t e s t e s t e d h a s shown a m a j o r h u m i d i t y d e p e n d e n c e . The w i n d t u n n e l i s shown i n F i g u r e 1. A i r f l o w w h i c h i s g e n e r a t e d b y an e x h a u s t f a n ( D ) c a n be v a r i e d f r o m a b o u t 0.2 - 3.0



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m e t e r s p e r s e c o n d . A i r i s drawn t h r o u g h a h e a t e r ( A ) , p a s s e s i n t o a m i x i n g c h a m b e r ( B ) and i n t o t h e t e s t s e c t i o n ( C ) . A c c e s s t o t h e t e s t s e c t i o n i s through a glass port(E) which a l s o permits i l l u m i n a t i o n by a s t a n d a r d s u n l a m p ( F ) . The o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s w e r e a r r i v e d a t e m p i r i c a l l y b y a d j u s t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , w i n d s p e e d and i l l u m i n a t i o n on a d i u r n a l c y c l e u n t i l c o n d i t i o n s were f o u n d w h i c h g e n e r a t e d t h e same r e s i d u a l pheromone c u r v e f r o m a s t a n d a r d f o r m u l a t i o n i n t h e t u n n e l as t h a t f o r m u l a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e f i e l d . For t h i s standardi z a t i o n , o n e - e i g h t h i n c h s q u a r e H e r e o n f l a k e s c o n t a i n i n g an a v e r age 1 3 . 3 % TDAL by w e i g h t w e r e u s e d . T h i s , as w e l l as a l l o t h e r f o r m u l a t i o n s , w e r e t e s t e d , as n e a r l y as p o s s i b l e , i n t h e same f o r m w h i c h t h e y w o u l d h a v e upon a e r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n . They w e r e e i t h e r c o a t e d o r m i x e d w i t h a recommended s t i c k e r and m e a s u r e d a l i q u o t s were a p p l i e d t o r o u n d s o f f i l t e r p a p e r . T h e s e w e r e t h e n mounted on r a c k s i n t h e t e s t s e c t i o n o f t h e t u n n e l . H a v i n g shown t h a t i d e n t i c a l a g e i n g c u r v e s c o u l d be g e n e r a t e d w i t h one f o r m u l a t i o n , t h e a s s u m p t i o n was made t h a t , u n d e r t h e same o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , o t h e r f o r m u l a t i o n s would a l s o behave s i m i l a r l y i n t h e t u n n e l and t h e f o r e s t . The o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e t u n n e l a r e as f o l l o w s : L i g h t / 8 h o u r s / 25 ± 1°C / 2.4 ± 0.1 m/s D a r k / 16 h o u r s / 14 ± 1°C / 0.55 ± 0.02 m/s Effluvial

Analysis

The a c t u a l a i r v e l o c i t y i n o u r o r i g i n a l e f f l u v i a l pumping chamber (6) o p e r a t i n g a t 100 c c / m i n was a b o u t 5 cm/min, w h i c h we r e g a r d as n e g l i g i b l e . T h i s , we b e l i e v e d , was l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e l a c k o f c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r y e f f l u v i a l and f i e l d r e s i d u a l pheromone r e l e a s e r a t e s . I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e r e a l i s t i c a i r v e l o c i t i e s , t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e chamber was c o n s t r i c t e d c o n siderably. The m o d i f i e d chamber i s shown i n F i g u r e 2. The f o r m u l a t i o n i s s u s p e n d e d on a w i r e i n t h e c a s e o f l a r g e p a r t i c l e s w h i l e m i c r o d i s p e r s e d m a t e r i a l s a r e c o a t e d o n a wooden p o p s i c l e stick. These a r e p l a c e d i n t h e i n n e r tube(A) w i t h o u t t o u c h i n g t h e glass wall. The t u b e i s t h e n i n s e r t e d t h r o u g h a s t o p p e r i n t o t h e l a r g e r c h a m b e r ( B ) t o w i t h i n 2 cm o f t h e bed o f P o r a p a k Q® r e s i n ( C ) s u p p o r t e d on a g l a s s s i n t e r . The a p p a r a t u s i s p l a c e d i n a t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l l e d chamber and c o n n e c t e d t o a n i t r o g e n s o u r c e . With t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o g e n e r a t e a i r v e l o c i t i e s up t o 102 m/min i n t h e i n n e r t u b e . The s a m p l e s a r e pumped f o r two h o u r s a f t e r w h i c h t h e r e s i n and t h e w a l l s o f t h e m a i n chamber a r e washed w i t h p e n t a n e . The TDAL i s t h e n q u a n t i t a t e d by GC. Experi m e n t s r u n a t maximum f l o w r a t e s w i t h two a d s o r b e r s i n s e r i e s , showed n e g l i g i b l e b r e a k t h r o u g h ( a p p r o x . 0 . 4 % ) . The a n a l y t i c a l methods h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l e l s e w h e r e ( 7 ) . 1.

T h i s a p p a r a t u s i s u s e d f o r two t y p e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s : A i r v e l o c i t y d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e r e l e a s e r a t e a t 25°C and 2.7,


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Mixing Chamber Β

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F , Heat Sensor

7'


[v/ννννννγι w w w w ^ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Α > Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Γ

νΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ/

Heater A Figure 1.

Test Section C

Wind tunnel for formulation aging. Dimensions of test section are: length, 40; width, 20; and height, 20 cm.

N;

FLOWMETER

PORAPAK Q c

Figure 2.

Modified effluvial pumping chamber. Key: A, inner tube; B, larger chamber; and C, Porapak Q resin.


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26.9 and 102 m/min and 2. T e m p e r a t u r e dependence o f t h a t r a t e a t f o u r t e m p e r a t u r e s (10°, 15°, 20° and 30°C) and 26.9 m/min a i r v e l ocity. A l l measurements a r e made on f o r m u l a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e been aged f o r s e v e n days i n t h e w i n d t u n n e l .


Laboratory

Release Rate

Results

To d a t e , o v e r a d o z e n d i f f e r e n t f o r m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n t e s t e d i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y . The f o l l o w i n g t h r e e e x a m p l e s r e p r e s e n t a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t s and a r e p r e s e n t e d t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e new t e c h n i q u e s : (A) H e r e o n 1/8" f l a k e s , (B) C a p s u l a r P r o d u c t s Company m i c r o c a p s u l e s , (C) I m p e r i a l Chemical I n d u s t r i e s microcapsules. The w i n d t u n n e l r e s i d u a l pheromone c u r v e s f o r t h e t h r e e f o r m u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 3. Examination o f these curves suggests immediately t h a t formu l a t i o n s A and C have r e a s o n a b l y c o n s t a n t r a t e s o f r e l e a s e and an e f f e c t i v e l i f e - t i m e o f p o s s i b l y f o r t y days w h i l e Β has l o s t 90% o f i t s a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t i n t h e f i r s t week. The s c a t t e r a b o u t t h e c u r v e C may b e due t o t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f r e p r o d u c i b l y s a m p l i n g microdispersed formulations. F i g u r e 4. shows t h e e f f e c t o f a i r v e l o c i t y upon t h e r e l e a s e r a t e o f f o r m u l a t i o n "A" pumped f o r a t o t a l o f s i x h o u r s . Measure ments w e r e made a t t h r e e f l o w r a t e s ( 2 . 7 , 26.9 and 102 m/min) and a t 25°C. E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s t h e a v e r a g e r e l e a s e r a t e o f a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t i n t h e p r e c e d i n g two h o u r s o f pumping. A t 2.7 m/min t h e r a t e o f r e l e a s e i s c o n s t a n t w i t h t i m e o f pumping, h o w e v e r , a t t h e h i g h e r f l o w r a t e s a b o u t f o u r h o u r s o f e x p o s u r e were r e q u i r e d to achieve a steady-state r a t e of r e l e a s e . A b r i e f i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e s l o p e o f t h e r e s i d u a l pheromone c u r v e "A" i n F i g u r e 3. i n d i c a t e s a r e l e a s e r a t e o f 4.3% p e r day on day 7 and 1.1% p e r day on d a y 28. T h i s t r a n s l a t e s t o 2 y g / h r and 0.5 y g / h r , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s e v e n day v a l u e compares v e r y w e l l w i t h 1.75 y g / h r , t h e s t e a d y s t a t e r e l e a s e r a t e m e a s u r e d a t 102 m/min. ( F i g u r e 4.) F i g u r e 5. i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e r e l e a s e r a t e d e p e n d ence o f f o r m u l a t i o n C. I n a l l c a s e s , e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f t h e c u r v e s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e y p l a t e a u beyond a b o u t 100 m/min. F i n a l l y , F i g u r e 6. i l l u s t r a t e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e o f f o r m u l a t i o n A. Atmospheric Concentration

Analysis

The f i n a l s t e p i n t h e t e s t i n g p r o g r a m e v a l u a t e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f m a t e r i a l a e r i a l l y a p p l i e d on s m a l l f i e l d p l o t s . Since t h i s p r o c e d u r e aims t o d e f i n e t h e p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e a c h p r o d u c t , n o t t h e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t , t h e f o l l o w i n g two processes are monitored: 1. R e s i d u a l pheromone f r o m f o r m u l a t i o n c o l l e c t e d i n t h e f i e l d z e r o t o f o r t y d a y s p o s t a p p l i c a t i o n and 2. a t m o s p h e r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f TDAL i n t h e f o r e s t c a n o p y .


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χ

0

2

4

6

8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 A G E (days)

Figure 3. Residual pheromone curves for formulations A, B, and C aged 3-4 weeks in the wind tunnel. Key: Α, (Πλ Hereon flakes; B, (O), Capsular Products Company microcapsules; C, (X), Imperial Chemical Industries microcapsules.

3·

Figure 4. Release rates at 3 wind velocities and 25°C of formulation A aged 7 days in the wind tunnel. Key: 2.7 m/min (^); 26.9 m/min (Αλ* and 102 m/min (·)·



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50 V E L O C I T Y (m/min)

Figure 5.

10

Wind velocity dependence of the steady-state release rate of formulation C at 25°C, aged 7 days in the wind tunnel.

15

TEMPERATURE Figure 6.

30

20 °C

Temperature dependence of the release rate of formulation A aged 7 days in the wind tunnel at a wind velocity of 26.9 m/min.



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PHEROMONE

TECHNOLOGY

The measurement o f pheromone c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e atmos p h e r e was f i r s t d e s c r i b e d b y C a r o e t a l . f o r d i s p a r l u r e ( 1 1 ) . U s i n g a n a d a p t a t i o n o f h i s method we h a v e d e v e l o p e d s a m p l i n g and a n a l y t i c a l techniques s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r tetradecenal q u a n t i t a t i o n . The a l d e h y d e i s t r a p p e d w i t h h i g h v o l u m e s a m p l e r s s u s p e n d e d i n m i d - c a n o p y d r a w i n g 25 - 30 nrfyhr o f a i r t h r o u g h a b e d o f 20 g o f A m b e r l i t e XAD-2® r e s i n . O r i g i n a l l y t h e pheromone was d e r i v a t i z e d t o t h e p e n t a f l u o r o b e n z y l oxime a f t e r s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n f r o m t h e r e s i n ( 8 ) . T h i s was f o l l o w e d by s i l i c a g e l c o l u m n c l e a n - u p and q u a n t i t a t i o n b y c a p i l l a r y GC w i t h e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e d e t e c t i o n . T h i s gave s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s b u t was t e d i o u s and e x p e n s i v e . A l s o the d e r i v a t i z a t i o n produced e l e c t r o n c a p t u r i n g i m p u r i t i e s w h i c h o c c a s i o n a l l y i n t e r f e r e d w i t h t h e t e t r a d e c e n a l peak. Our p r e s e n t method o f a n a l y s i s i n v o l v e s q u a n t i t a t i o n o f TDAL u s i n g a c a p i l l a r y c o l u m n GC/MS t e c h n i q u e . The GC/Mass S p e c t r o m e t e r ( F i n n i g a n 4021) i s u s e d i n t h e m u l t i p l e i o n d e t e c t i o n (MID) mode u n d e r computer c o n t r o l . S p e c i f i c ions i n both the i n t e r n a l stan d a r d ( d e c y l b e n z e n e ) and t h e pheromone a r e r e c o r d e d . The c o m b i n a t i o n o f h i g h r e s o l u t i o n c a p i l l a r y g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y and t h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e mass s p e c t r o m e t e r i n t h e MID mode, makes t h i s t e c h n i q u e s u p e r i o r t o t h e oxime method, a l b e i t , a l i t t l e l e s s sensitive. (EC M O O p e g ; MID ^ 5 0 0 peg) F i g u r e 7. shows t h e r e s u l t s o f a f i e l d t e s t o f f o r m u l a t i o n A. The p l a s t i c l a m i n a t e d f l a k e s w e r e a p p l i e d a t a v e r y h i g h r a t e ( 5 0 0 g A . I . / h a ) on J u n e 2 9 t h , 1980 t o a m i x e d s p r u c e / f i r s t a n d n e a r M a c h i a s , M a i n e . The two c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t mid-day (12:00 - 14:00) canopy c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f TDAL as w e l l as t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a t t h a t time. A p e r i o d o f h e a v y r a i n s p a n n i n g J u l y 1 s t and 2nd i s r e f l e c t e d b o t h i n l o w noon t e m p e r a t u r e s and l o w a l d e h y d e c o n c e n t r a tions. As m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e s l o p e o f r e s i d u a l pheromone c u r v e "A" ( F i g U r e 3.) g i v e s t h e r e l e a s e r a t e on day 7 a s 2 y g / h r and on day 28 a s 0.5 y g / h r , a r a t i o o f 4:1. The a t m o s p h e r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s on t h o s e days w e r e 5 ng/m^ and 0.5 ng/m^, a r a t i o o f 1 0 : 1 . I n v i e w o f t h e unknown d i l u t i o n e f f e c t o f v a r y i n g m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e r e l a t i v e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n r e l e a s e r a t e and a t m o s p h e r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s q u i t e good. Conclusions The t e c h n i q u e s d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d above now e n a b l e us to p r e d i c t r e l i a b l y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e major c l i m a t i c v a r i a b l e s upon t h e r a t e o f r e l e a s e o f ΔΙΙ-tetradecenal f r o m c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e f o r m u l a t i o n s under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s . With s u i t a b l e r e c a l i b r a t i o n , t h e s e methods s h o u l d be a p p l i c a b l e t o any c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s as w e l l as any c h e m i c a l s . A complete understanding o f the r e l e a s e performance o f a given f o r m u l a t i o n w i l l , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , p e r m i t us t o i n t e r p r e t t h e r e s u l t s o f a f i e l d treatment w i t h t h e c o n f i d e n c e t h a t we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h a b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t , n o t a formulation effect.



11.


JUNE Figure 7.

Eastern

JULY

Spruce Budworm

Pheromone

AUGUST

Midday pheromone concentrations and temperatures at mid-canopy following aerial application of formulation A (500 g a.i./ha).


217

218

INSECT

PHEROMONE

TECHNOLOGY

Acknowledgments Support o f t h i s p r o j e c t by t h e Canadian F o r e s t r y S e r v i c e , En v i r o n m e n t Canada u n d e r C o n t r a c t 1SS80-00066, i s g r a t e f u l l y acknow ledged.

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3. 4.

5.

6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

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RECEIVED February 24,

1982.


Monitoring the Performance of Eastern Spruce Budworm Pheromone

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