Non-uniformly Sampled Double-TROSY hNcaNH Experiments for

Apr 5, 2006 - for any structural or functional studies. In large ... experiments to resolve ambiguities for backbone assignment.1,2 ... U.S.A. 1997, 9...
12 downloads 0 Views 211KB Size
Download PDF
Published on Web 04/05/2006

Non-uniformly Sampled Double-TROSY hNcaNH Experiments for NMR Sequential Assignments of Large Proteins Dominique P. Frueh,† Zhen-Yu J. Sun,† David A. Vosburg,†,‡ Christopher T. Walsh,† Jeffrey C. Hoch,§ and Gerhard Wagner*,† Contribution from the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, HarVard Medical School, 240 Longwood AVenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, UniVersity of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 Received December 12, 2005; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The initial step of protein NMR resonance assignments typically identifies the sequence positions of 1H-15N HSQC cross-peaks. This is usually achieved by tediously comparing strips of multiple tripleresonance experiments. More conveniently, this could be obtained directly with hNcaNH and hNcocaNHtype experiments. However, in large proteins and at very high fields, rapid transverse relaxation severely limits the sensitivity of these experiments, and the limited spectral resolution obtainable in conventionally recorded experiments leaves many assignments ambiguous. We have developed alternative hNcaNH experiments that overcome most of these limitations. The TROSY technique was implemented for semiconstant time evolutions in both indirect dimensions, which results in remarkable sensitivity and resolution enhancements. Non-uniform sampling in both indirect dimensions combined with Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) reconstruction enables such dramatic resolution enhancement while maintaining short measuring times. Experiments are presented that provide either bidirectional or unidirectional connectivities. The experiments do not involve carbonyl coherences and thus do not suffer from fast chemical shift anisotropy-mediated relaxation otherwise encountered at very high fields. The method was applied to a 300 µM sample of a 37 kDa fragment of the E. coli enterobactin synthetase module EntF, for which highresolution spectra with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio were obtained within 4 days each.

Introduction

Assignment of the NMR signals of a protein is a prerequisite for any structural or functional studies. In large proteins, the complexity of the spectra requires the acquisition of many experiments to resolve ambiguities for backbone assignment.1,2 The hNcaNH3 and hNcocaNH4,5 experiments provide direct connectivities in the HN-HSQC spectrum of the molecule and are thus very useful additions to the set of backbone experiments typically recorded.6 The hNcaNH experiment provides correlations between coherences of the backbone amide protons and nitrogens in two dimensions and provides cross-peaks of succeeding, preceding, and intra-residue signals in a third dimension. The hNcocaNH experiment only features cross-peaks with succeeding residues. Unfortunately, these experiments feature several long transfer times, and for large proteins, the †

Harvard Medical School. Current address: Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711. § University of Connecticut Health Center. ‡

(1) Ferentz, A. E.; Wagner, G., Q. ReV. Biophys. 2000, 33, 29-65. (2) Tugarinov, V.; Hwang, P. M.; Kay, L. E. Annu. ReV. Biochem. 2004, 73, 107-146. (3) Weisemann, R.; Ruterjans, H.; Bermel, W. J. Biomol. NMR 1993, 3, 113120. (4) Grzesiek, S.; Bax, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4369. (5) Panchal, S. C.; Bhavesh, N. S.; Hosur, R. V. J. Biomol. NMR 2001, 20, 135-147. (6) Sun, Z. Y.; Frueh, D. P.; Selenko, P.; Hoch, J. C.; Wagner, G. J. Biomol. NMR 2005, 33, 43-50. 10.1021/ja0584222 CCC: $33.50 © 2006 American Chemical Society

sensitivity is rapidly deteriorated by fast relaxation, even with perdeuteration. In addition, spectral crowding in the 15N dimensions implies the need for high-resolution spectra, which is usually prevented by limitations to experimental time available or due to sample instability. Thus, on large proteins, no satisfactory data can be obtained within reasonable time for these experiments. We present modifications of the hNcaNH experiment3,5 that feature the TROSY (Transverse Relaxation Optimized Spectroscopy) technique to select the slowly relaxing component of the nitrogen and amide proton multiplet7 and take advantage of non-uniform sampling8-12 to optimize sensitivity and resolution. Although it is straightforward to apply the TROSY technique to the directly observed signals of amide protons’ HN nuclei and their attached nitrogens, dramatic improvements are obtained when both 15N evolution periods benefit from the TROSY technique as described here in our TROSY-hNcaNH-TROSY (7) Pervushin, K.; Riek, R.; Wider, G.; Wuthrich, K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 12366-12371. (8) Marion, D. J. Biomol. NMR 2005, 32, 141-150. (9) Orekhov, V. Y.; Ibraghimov, I. V.; Billeter, M. J. Biomol. NMR 2001, 20, 49-60. (10) Tugarinov, V.; Kay, L. E.; Ibraghimov, I.; Orekhov, V. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 2767-2775. (11) Rovnyak, D.; Frueh, D. P.; Sastry, M.; Sun, Z. Y.; Stern, A. S.; Hoch, J. C.; Wagner, G. J. Magn. Reson. 2004, 170, 15-21. (12) Schmieder, P.; Stern, A. S.; Wagner, G.; Hoch, J. C. J. Biomol. NMR 1993, 3, 569-576. J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2006, 128, 5757-5763

9

5757

Frueh et al.

ARTICLES

experiment. This is particularly important as the corresponding dimension provides the cross-peaks used to establish the sequential assignments. Our design makes use of the in-phase antiphase (IPAP) technique13 to select the slowly relaxing doublet component during the evolution of the nitrogen from which the coherence transfer was originated. The chain elongations obtained with the TROSY-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment extend symmetrically toward both the N- and C-termini. Another experiment, a TROSY-s-hNcaNH-TROSY, has been designed to provide only connectivities with the succeeding residue of a given amino acid, which simplifies the spectrum and resolves ambiguities. Although the same information can be obtained with an hNcocaNH experiment, the TROSY-s-hNcaNHTROSY experiment does not use transfer through the carbonyl carbon to avoid rapid relaxation at high magnetic fields and for large proteins. All experiments, including a reference hNcaNH-TROSY, make use of non-uniform sampling (NUS) of the evolution times in both indirect dimensions. By tailoring the sampling schedule to the decay of the signals of 15N coherences during a semiconstant time evolution, relaxation losses are minimized, while the optimal resolution can be attained in a minimum of measurement time. The time saved is then used to increase the number of transients accumulated for each FID (Free Induction Decay). The experiments have been tested on a challenging 300 µM sample of the 37 kDa T-TE didomain of the four-domain protein EntF. The EntF module is part of the E. coli enterobactin non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), a protein currently under structural investigation.14 We describe several ways of using the data obtained to facilitate and accelerate the assignment of the HN and N resonances. Material and Methods A pET30a+ plasmid containing the gene coding for the N-terminal His6-tagged protein was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells for protein expression. A (15N,2H,13C) uniformly labeled sample was prepared by overexpression in M9 minimal media in D2O containing 2 H-13C glucose and 15NH4Cl. The cells were allowed to grow for 24 h at 37 °C. After induction, the cell culture was cooled to 25 °C and allowed to grow for 3 h. The cells were pelleted, resuspended, and lysed with a French press. The protein was purified using Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen) followed by FPLC using a Sephadex gel-filtration column (S75). The sample was concentrated to a final concentration of 300 µM in 20 mM phosphate (pH ) 6.7), 150 mM NaCl with 1 mM EDTA and DTT. The data were recorded at 25 °C on a 750 MHz Bruker spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe. For all three hNcaNH experiments, the spectral widths were 16.033 ppm for proton (ω3, centered on water resonance at 4.690 ppm) and 35 ppm for nitrogen (ω1 and ω2 centered at 118 ppm). A total of 512 complex points randomly selected from a matrix of 100 × 100 complex points were sampled for the two indirect dimensions, a number substantially greater than the number of expected cross-peaks for a single N-N plane, and thus more than sufficient to reconstruct the peaks. The random distribution was weighted by an exponential to account for the relaxation of the protein. The sampling schedule was generated with the samp2sched program included in the Rowland NMR Toolkit package.15 For Bruker instruments, this schedule is converted to a vclist, which the pulse program uses to control delays and phases incrementations. A recycling delay of 1 s was used, and (13) Ottiger, M.; Delaglio, F.; Bax, A. J. Magn. Reson. 1998, 131, 373-378. (14) Roche, E. D.; Walsh, C. T. Biochemistry 2003, 42, 1334-1344. (15) Hoch, J. C.; Stern, A. S. NMR data processing; Wiley-Liss: New York, 1996. 5758 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.

9

VOL. 128, NO. 17, 2006

128 scans were accumulated per increment. The total measuring time of each experiment was 3 days and 18 h. The data were processed using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) reconstruction as implemented in the Rowland NMR Toolkit msa2d program.15 The processing time (using the parameters DEF ) 10 and LAMBDA ) 0.5) was approximately 21 min for each spectrum on a Dell computer with dual Xenon 3.0 GHz processors running under the Fedora Core 1 Linux operating system. The final matrix size was 256 (ω1) × 256 (ω2) × 450 (ω3, NH region only) points. The resulting NMR spectra were analyzed using the software CARA (available from http://www.nmr.ch/ ).16

Results and Discussion

Pulse Sequence. Figure 1a shows the hNcaNH-TROSY pulse sequence. The experiment is a straightforward modification of the well-known hNcaNH,3 with a gradient selection sensitivity enhanced HN-TROSY. It also features semiconstant time evolution periods in both 15N dimensions to optimize resolution and sensitivity by using non-uniform sampling with subsequent Maximum Entropy reconstruction. Thus, the experiment will only be summarized to allow for comparisons with the modifications described below. In the conventional hNcaNH-TROSY pulse sequence of Figure 1a, a first INEPT between points a and b creates nitrogen single-quantum coherence (SQC), which evolves under both scalar couplings J(NH) and J(NCR) to become antiphase with respect to CR and in-phase with respect to HN:

σb ) -2NyiHzNi f σc ) 2NyiCzRi-1 + 2NyiCzRi

(1)

The signal is encoded with 15N chemical shifts in a semiconstant time fashion21 extending the maximum length of the period b-c from 2TN′ ) 24.8 to 33.2 ms. After the coherence transfer from nitrogen to carbon between c and d, the two types of CR SQCs evolve under both one- and two-bond scalar couplings J(NCR) during the period of length 2TC to become antiphase with respect to different nitrogens:5

σd ) 2CyRiNzi + 2CyRi-1Nzi f σe ) 2CRyiNzi + 2CyRi-1Nzi 2CyRi-1Nzi-1 - 2CyRiNzi+1 + ... (2) where “...” indicates nondetected terms of the density operator. After the coherences are converted to nitrogen SQC, they are refocused with respect to CR and frequency labeled with 15N chemical shifts during a semiconstant time evolution period (fg). Finally, the high-frequency component of the nitrogen SQC is converted to the low-frequency component of the attached proton coherence by using a gradient-selection sensitivity enhanced TROSY scheme.22,23 Non-uniform sampling was used during both semiconstant time evolution periods in order to be able to sample out to long (16) Keller, R. L. J. The Computer Aided Resonance Assignment Tutorial; Cantina Verlag: Goldau, 2004. (17) Emsley, L.; Bodenhausen, G. J. Magn. Reson. 1992, 97, 135-148. (18) Marion, D.; Ikura, M.; Tschudin, R.; Bax, A. J. Magn. Reson. 1989, 85, 393-399. (19) Kay, L. E.; Keifer, P.; Saarinen, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1066310665. (20) Shaka, A. J.; Keeler, J.; Frenkiel, T.; Freeman, R. J. Magn. Reson. 1983, 52, 335-338. (21) Grzesiek, S.; Bax, A. J. Biomol. NMR 1993, 3, 185-204. (22) Loria, J. P.; Rance, M.; Palmer, A. G., III. J. Magn. Reson. 1999, 141, 180-184. (23) Salzmann, M.; Wider, G.; Pervushin, K.; Wuthrich, K. J. Biomol. NMR 1999, 15, 181-184.

NUS Double-TROSY hNcaNH for Large Proteins

ARTICLES

Figure 1. (a, top) Pulse sequence of the NUS-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment. Narrow and wide solid rectangles indicate 90 and 180° pulses, respectively. The pulses are applied along the x axis unless specified otherwise. Gray semi-ellipses indicate 800 µs 90° Sinc1 pulses (2000 Hz bandwidth, at 4.696 ppm) used to selectively affect the water. Narrow and wide hemi-ellipses indicate 90° (256 µs GaussCascadeQ5, 24.1 kHz) and 180° (205 µs GaussCascadeQ3, 16.5 kHz) shaped pulses, respectively.17 The 180° shaped pulse between points d and e is a 1039 µs Q3 refocusing pulse with a bandwidth of 4.1 kHz (22 ppm). The label TR at point e denotes a time-reversal of the de-excitation pulse. The delays are:  ) 2.75 ms ≈ 1/(4J(NH)); λ ) 2.3 ms ≈ 1/(4J(NH)); TN′ ) 12.4 ms; TN ) 8.9 ms ) 13.5 ms - 2λ; τ ) 9.65 ms ) TN′ - /2 ≈ TN′ - 1/(4J(NH)); λ has been shortened compared to  in order to account for proton relaxation. TN′ differs from TN since the latter benefits from TROSY implementation and incorporates the first half of the S3 transfer. TC is set to 16 ms as a compromise between relaxation and evolution under J(NCR) scalar couplings (see text and Supporting Information). The short delay δ ) 210 µs compensates for a 13C 180° pulse. The delays and increments for the 15N t1 semi-CT periods are: t1a ) t1d ) TN′; t1b ) t1c ) 0 ms; ∆t1a ) 1/(2SWN) - TN′/n1max; ∆t1b ) 16.6 ms/n1max; ∆t1c ) 1/(2SWN) - 16.6 ms/n1max; ∆t1d ) -TN/n1max. The parameters for the 15N t2 semi-CT periods are: t2a ) t2d ) 8.9 ms ) TN; t2b ) t2c ) 0 ms; ∆t2a ) -8.9 ms/n2max; ∆t2b ) 1/2SWN - 15.7 ms/n2max; ∆t2c ) 15.7 ms/n2max; ∆t2d ) 1/2SWN - 13.5 ms/n2max. The values n1max and n2max are the maximum incremented points for the respective dimensions. In our case, n1max ) n2max ) 100. The phase cycling is: φ1 ) x, -x; φ2 ) 2(x), 2(-x); φ3 ) 4(x), 4(-x); φ4 ) y; φ5 ) y; φ6 ) x; φrec ) x, -x, -x, x, -x, x, x, -x. Pulse field gradients, 1 ms, with a sinusoidal shape are used with amplitudes of 25 G/cm for g0, -18.5 G/cm for g1, 22 G/cm for g2, -38.5 G/cm for g3, -40 G/cm for g4, and 4 G/cm for g5. All gradients were followed by a recovery delay of at least 200 µs. Quadrature detection in t1 is achieved by the States-TPPI technique18 applied to the phase φ1. The gradient selection echo-antiecho sensitivity enhanced method19 is used for evolution in t2, where two fids are acquired with (g4, g5, φ4, φ5, φ6) and with (-g4, -g5, φ4 + 180°, φ5 + 180°, φ6 + 180°). Deuterium decoupling is achieved by using the WALTZ16 sequence.20 (b) Modification to enable TROSY evolution in t1 for the NUSTROSY-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment. The period b-c replaces the period b-c in (a). The remainder of the sequences is described above. The phases are the same as above, except for φ1 ) x, y; φ7 ) x, -x, and φ8 ) -x, x. (c) Modification to select correlations only with the following residue in the NUSTROSY-s-hNcaNH-TROSY. The period b-e replaces the period b-e in (a). ∆ ) 4.5 ms ≈ 1/(4J(CRC′)). The phases φ1, φ7, and φ8 are as in (b).

maximum evolution times, with a limited number of sampling points. This allows accumulation of more scans per increment and increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the data acquired at each increment. The sampling schedule generated by the program samp2sched used exponentially increasing intervals between sample times, with damping factors corresponding to 60 s-1 during b-c and to 30 s-1 during f-g where the TROSY technique is applied. This ensures that more points are sampled

for short values of t1 and t2 where the signals are intense than for long values of t1 and t2 where most of the signal has relaxed. Note that the use of 2D Maximum Entropy reconstruction for the processing of the non-uniformly acquired FIDs in the indirect dimensions requires that the number of samples exceed by a small factor the number of expected cross-peaks in the N-N planes (see Material and Methods). This condition is largely fulfilled with the 512 sampled complex points in our experiment. J. AM. CHEM. SOC.

9

VOL. 128, NO. 17, 2006 5759

Frueh et al.

ARTICLES

intense slow relaxing signals, with rates of 10 s-1, suffer little from a 20% decrease in intensity (see Supporting Information, Figure S2). We thus chose to collect our data with a transfer time optimum for fast relaxing signals. Simulations of the transfer efficiencies for various relaxation rates are presented in the Supporting Information. For relaxation rates between 0 and 50 s-1, the optimum transfer time, 2TC*, can be estimated from the transverse relaxation rate R2 by the empirical relation (see Supporting Information Figure S3): Figure 2. Schematic representation of the transfers involved in the hNcaNH experiments. Only pathways leading to detection of the amide proton of the ith residue are considered. A total of four transfers (represented by the curved arrows) are effected, starting from amide protons. The bold arrows highlight the inter-residue pathways that converge to the ith residue. The squares indicate the coherences that are frequency labeled in the experiments. The gray arrows denote transfers that are eliminated in the NUS-TROSYs-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment.

Each finally detected Ni(ω2)-HiN(ω3) cross-peak is derived from amide proton coherences of residues i, i - 1, and i + 1 and frequency labeled during t1 with the nitrogen frequencies of the three residues. Thus, by repeating the analysis described above three times and collect the relevant terms, we can summarize the coherence pathways as

}

N R Hi-1 f Ni-1(t1) f Ci-1 R f Ci-1 HNi f Ni(t1) f Ni(t2) f HNi (t3) f CRi N Hi+1 f Ni+1(t1) f CRi

{

(3)

As shown in Figure 2, each intra-residue nitrogen-proton correlation in the ω2 and ω3 dimensions will be correlated in ω1 to the nitrogens of both the preceding and the succeeding amino acids (cross-peaks), in addition to its own nitrogen (autocorrelation or diagonal peak). As can be seen from eq 2, the two sequential cross-peaks have an opposite phase to the intra-residue diagonal peak. The relative intensities of the crosspeaks depend on the values of the scalar couplings J(NCR) involved in the transfer periods b-c, d-e, and f-g and on the relaxation properties of the various coherences that take place during these transfers. A CR selective 180° pulse with a bandwidth of 22 ppm was used during the 2TC period (d-e) to refocus evolution under J(CRCβ). The Cβ of Ser and of a small number of Leu and Thr are not inverted during the period d-e, and the corresponding signals may thus have opposite phases. Alternatively, evolution under the CRCβ scalar coupling can be refocused by setting the 2TC transfer time to a multiple of 1/JCRCβ (ca. 28 ms) at the cost of a non-optimum transfer time. The CR relaxation times can be roughly estimated by monitoring the decay of HN-N cross-peaks in a modified 2D HN(CO)CA experiment with a spin-echo during a CR SQC period. The average rate R2 ) 1/T2 is 18 s-1, which is higher than the predicted 10 s-1 for a protein of this size (calculated assuming a deuterated rigid protein with isotropic tumbling, τC ) 17 ns, and accounting for the neighboring amide protons). This is mainly due to a number of outlier residues, probably subject to conformational exchange, which have an average rate of 40 s-1. The predicted rate for a protein of this size (ca. 10 s-1) would lead to an optimum transfer time of 48 ms, whereas a rate of 40 s-1 corresponds to an optimum value of 32 ms. However, at 32 ms, the small signals of fast relaxing residues are enhanced by 30% compared to their intensities at 48 ms, whereas the more 5760 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.

9

VOL. 128, NO. 17, 2006

2TC* ) 0.052 - 4.8 × 10-4R2

(4)

where R2 is in rad/s and TC is in s. While the experiment described so far uses a single TROSY module at the detection end of the pulse sequence, it would be desirable to benefit from TROSY effects during the two 15N evolution periods. Since hNcaNH experiments involve out-andstay type of coherence transfers, the TROSY selection employed during t2 and t3 evolutions cannot readily be applied to the t1 evolution period to select the narrow component of the 15N doublet as in conventional out-and-back type of experiments, such as HNCA. Hence, this non-TROSY t1 evolution period results in sensitivity losses and poor resolution in the ω1 dimension, which is used for making the sequential connectivities. Further improvement in both resolution and sensitivity can be achieved by designing an additional TROSY scheme for the ω1 dimension. In brief, this is achieved by eliminating the two 180° pulses on the proton channel between points b and c (compare Figure 1a and 1 b), which retains the 1H-15N coupling during t1, and by selecting the sharp nitrogen component with phase alteration of the 1H and 15N pulses at point b. Figure 1b shows the scheme used to select the slowly relaxing component of the nitrogen multiplet in ω1 with an in-phase antiphase (IPAP)13 strategy. Antiphase 15N SQC is combined with inphase SQC to obtain the desired low-field component. This is done by cycling the phases φ1 and φ7 simultaneously: φ7 ) x,(2)J(NH)

φ1 ) x:σb ) -2NyiHzNi 98[-Nxi] $Nt1,J(NH)t1,2TN'J(NCR)

98σc ) (2NyiCzRi-1 + 2NyiCzRi)cos(ωNt1)cos(πJt1) (5) and φ7 ) -x,( -  + TN′ - TN′)J(NH)

φ1 ) y:σb ) -2NxiHzNi 98[-2NxiHzNi ] $Nt1,J(NH)t1,2TN'J(NCR)

98σc ) (2NyiCzRi-1 + 2NyiCzRi)sin(ωNt1)sin(πJt1) (6) where ωNt1 and J(NH)t1 indicate evolution under the nitrogen chemical shift and under the J(NH) scalar coupling during t1, 2TN′J(NCR) denotes evolution under J(NCR) during 2TN′, 2J(NH) represents the evolution under J(NH) during 2 and ( -  + TN′ - TN′) depicts refocusing of the evolution under J(NH). The term in squared brackets is an intermediate state. The phases are those used for our Bruker spectrometer, where y actually corresponds to a -y rotation for nuclei with negative gyromagnetic ratios.24 Subtraction of eq 6 from eq 5, gives

NUS Double-TROSY hNcaNH for Large Proteins

ARTICLES

σc ) (2NyiCzRi-1 + 2NyiCzRi)(cos(ωNt1)cos(πJt1) sin(ωNt1)sin(πJt1)) ) (2NyiCzRi-1 + 2NyiCzRi)cos((ωN + πJ)t1)

(7)

This is the high-frequency component of the doublet in the nitrogen dimension. The data subtraction is achieved by negating the receiver phase concomitantly with the phase cycling of φ1 and φ7 in the pulse program. The imaginary part is simply obtained by applying the States-TPPI method 18 on phase φ1. Alternatively, the selection could be achieved by using the S3 approach,25 similarly to what has been used for the methylene TROSY.26 As mentioned above, the two hNcaNH spectra (with or without the double TROSY) contain correlations with both the following and the preceding residues. Thus, the directionality of the chain extension cannot be achieved with this experiment alone. The NUS-hNcocaNH experiment6 can be modified to incorporate the double-TROSY technique. However, the experiment is then subject to carbonyl relaxation, which leads to losses in sensitivity, in particular, for large proteins and when recorded at high magnetic fields. To overcome this problem, we have developed an experiment where selection of one of the two sequential pathways in eq 3 is achieved in a similar way as in some modifications of the HNCA experiment27-30 involving, however, different refocusing schemes. This is illustrated in Figure 2, in which the gray arrows indicate pathways that have to be suppressed. The method relies on the fact that, during the periods 2TN′ and 2TC, pairs of nitrogens and CR that are involved in a given pathway are scalar coupled with the same carbonyl carbons, whereas those involved in the other pathway are not. We call this a TROSY-shNcaNH-TROSY experiment (where the “s” indicates selection of the pathway originating from the succeeding residue), and the modifications of the parent pulse sequence (Figure 1a) for the periods b-c and d-e are shown in Figure 1c. No carbonyl coherences are involved in the pathway selection of this experiment. During the first semiconstant time evolution, 15N SQC is allowed to evolve under J(NC′) to become antiphase with respect to the carbonyl carbon:

σb ) -2NyiHzNi f σc ) 4NxiCzRi-1C′zi-1 + 4NxiCzRiC′zi-1

(8)

During the period d-e, 13C SQC evolution under J(CRC′) brings the coherence of the preceding CR in-phase with respect to carbonyl and further defocuses the coherence of the intraresidue CR:

σd ) -4CyRiNziC′zi-1 - 4CyRi-1NziC′zi-1 f σe ) -8CxRiNziC′zi-1C′zi - 2CxRi-1Nzi + 2CxRi-1Nzi-1 + 8CRxiNzi+1C′zi-1C′zi

+ ... (9)

Only the second and third terms of eq 9 are detected after the periods f-g and g-h. Thus, only a signal originating from the succeeding residue will appear together with a weaker intraresidue signal in the ω1 dimension of the spectrum (see again Figure 2 for a schematic representation):

}

HNi f Ni(t1) f CRi N N R f Ni(t2) f Hi (t3) Hi+1 f Ni+1(t1) f Ci

(10)

Similarly, in a TROSY-p-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment, the connection to the preceding residues alone can also be obtained by first defocusing carbon coherences between points d and e and refocusing nitrogen with respect to both CR and C′ during the period f-g. Such an experiment has been designed, but no data set was actually recorded since only one of the selective TROSY-hNcaNH-TROSY experiments is sufficient to provide the directionality information during chain elongation. Data Analysis. Non-uniform sampling allowed us to acquire data to very long evolution times in both indirect dimensions and to fully benefit from the slow transverse relaxation of the coherences selected with the pulse sequences described. The data cannot be transformed with the discrete Fourier transformation and were thus processed by using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) reconstruction,15 which causes some nonlinearity of peak intensities. Without constructing a calibration curve or computing the reconstruction using parameters that minimize the nonlinearity at the expense of sensitivity,31 only a qualitative comparison can be estimated from the traces, as shown in Figure 3. In the judgment of the overall quality of the experiments presented here, we will rely on the number of connectivities that could be confirmed among previously assigned residues. These reflect the threshold for which a signal can be identified in a spectrum. In the analysis following below, connectivities to prolines and non-exchangeable amide protons, which are obviously both absent from the spectra, were not counted. Figure 3 shows an example of strips obtained with the three variations of the hNcaNH experiment. Even without the TROSY in ω1, a fair number of signals can be detected. However, as can be seen in Figure 3a, the lower intensity signals are often absent or hard to distinguish from the noise (as seen for L102, G105, and N106). Consequently, only 36% of the possible connectivities could be established in the single-TROSY version (Figure 1a). In contrast, implementation of the double-TROSY technique greatly improves the quality of the spectrum, as can be seen in Figure 3b, where all connections are observed in the strips displayed. Thus, in the 37 kDa fragment of the EntF protein studied here, 85% of the assignable residues could be linked, of which 51% contained connections to both successors and predecessors. The redundant information contained in the spectrum (the presence of cross-peaks originating both from succeeding and preceding residues) provides an additional robustness since only one of the signals is sufficient to establish a new connectivity. As mentioned earlier, an inversion of the phase of one or more cross-peaks can occur depending on the composition of a triplet of connected residues, which can be exploited to facilitate the assignment. The high resolution (24) Roehrl, M. H.; Heffron, G. J.; Wagner, G. J. Magn. Reson. 2005, 174, 325-330. (25) Meissner, A.; Duus, J. O.; Sørensen, O. W. J. Biomol. NMR 1997, 10, 89-94. (26) Miclet, E.; Williams, D. C., Jr.; Clore, G. M.; Bryce, D. L.; Boisbouvier, J.; Bax, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10560-10570. (27) Meissner, A.; Sorensen, O. W. J. Magn. Reson. 2001, 150, 100-104. (28) Brutscher, B. J. Magn. Reson. 2002, 156, 155-159. (29) Nietlispach, D.; Ito, Y.; Laue, E. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1119911207. (30) Permi, P.; Annila, A. J. Biomol. NMR 2001, 20, 127-133. (31) Schmieder, P.; Stern, A. S.; Wagner, G.; Hoch, J. C. J. Magn. Reson. 1997, 125, 332-339. J. AM. CHEM. SOC.

9

VOL. 128, NO. 17, 2006 5761

Frueh et al.

ARTICLES

Figure 3. Strips comparison obtained with the experiments described in Figure 1. The labels indicate where a cross-peak is expected. The same contour level was used for the three spectra. At the right-hand side, crosssections along ω1 are shown for E104. The cross-sections have been rescaled in order to observe all signals for each experiment. (a) NUS-hNcaNHTROSY (single-TROSY experiment). Only two connectivities can be found, between R103 and E104 and between E104 and G105. (b) Double-TROSY NUS-TROSY-hNcaNH-TROSY. All connections can now be established in these strips. (c) Double-TROSY NUS-TROSY-s-hNcaNH-TROSY. Only cross-peaks to successors are present. The residue 101 is a proline, and thus no N-1 signal is present in the strips of L102.

provided by the experiment, which leads to precise values of the nitrogen chemical shifts, often enables one to directly identify the signal of a neighboring residue in an HSQC during the initial stage of sequential assignment. However, it remains uncertain whether a cross-peak belongs to a successor or a predecessor with only this experiment. This information is 5762 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.

9

VOL. 128, NO. 17, 2006

provided by the TROSY-s-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment, where only cross-peaks of the succeeding residues are selectively detected. The spectrum of the TROSY-s-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment is much simplified since only one of the sequential cross-peaks is present and the uninformative intra-residual diagonal peaks are of lower intensities. At the outset, it was expected that the sensitivity of the cross-peaks would be the same as that for the nonselective experiment since the length of the pulse sequence remained the same and since no additional coherences are created, in contrast to inter- or intra-HNCA experiments. However, some losses of signal intensities have been observed (Figure 3b and c). These are probably due to the fact that additional pulses are required for the selection and because there is a slight mismatch between transfers required for evolutions under J(NC′) and J(NCR) scalar couplings. The latter effect could be recovered by shifting the position of the first C′ inversion pulse with respect to the CR pulse. Strips of the resulting spectrum are shown in Figure 3c. A total of 66% of the known connections were obtained with this experiment alone. Compared to the nonselective experiment, the losses are due to the above-mentioned reduction in sensitivity and the absence of crosspeaks to the preceding residue, which are sometimes the only link between two residues. Nonetheless, the directional information provided by the TROSY-s-hNcaNH-TROSY experiment is valuable for resolving some ambiguities in sequential assignments. In particular, note that information from a single residue is sufficient to determine the directionality of a given fragment. The validation of the connections established with the three hNcaNH experiments is based on a comparison with assignments obtained previously with more conventional methods. To obtain assignments for a previously unassigned protein, a strip comparison is efficient when both cross-peaks are present in each strip of a pair of residues in the nonselective TROSYhNcaNH-TROSY. In other situations, the spectra are best used in conjunction with a pair of HNCA and HNCOCA experiments (or their counterpart for Cβ and C′ nuclei). The TROSYhNcaNH-TROSY provides the nitrogen chemical shift of the preceding residue (identified with help of the TROSY-shNcaNH-TROSY), while an HNCOCA provides its CR chemical shift. The procedure can also be adapted to the determination of the successor by first looking at the intra-residue signal of an HNCA. A cross-peak with the same CR chemical shift will then be present in the corresponding H-N plane of the HNCOCA, at the 15N chemical shift predicted by the hNcaNH. The combined information is equivalent to the one provided by a 4D hNCANH or hNcoCANH and greatly reduces ambiguities in sequential assignment. In an alternative but more practical approach, the hNcaNH data enable one to identify the correct candidate in a CR (or Cβ or C′) strip comparison by comparing their 15N chemical shifts with the one provided by the hNcaNH experiment. Instead of comparing candidates from various independent CR, Cβ, and C′ strips matching, the best candidate can be quickly identified within any of these strips comparison by combining with the hNcaNH correlations. This results from the fact that the sequential information supplied by the hNcaNH is provided by 15N nuclei, which are correlated in each of the HNCA, HNCACB, and HNCACO spectra (and their inter-residue analogues). Any of these strategies greatly accelerate the sequential assignment when compared to a convolution of strip comparisons resulting from different nuclei.

NUS Double-TROSY hNcaNH for Large Proteins

Conclusion

The variants of the hNcaNH experiments developed enabled us to record spectra on a 37 kDa protein at a fairly low concentration. Significant improvements were obtained by designing a TROSY sequence applied to the first indirect dimension in addition to the conventional TROSY implementation. This improved the number of achievable connections from a mere 36% of the detected signals to 85%. Additional information can be obtained by recording double-TROSY versions of the hNcocaNH experiment or the newly designed s-hNcaNH, where only signals with successors are present. Thus, all the benefits from the original experiments can now be applied to large proteins. Together with the conventional backbone experiments, these provide a powerful tool for sequential assignment of large proteins at high magnetic fields. In particular, at the early stage of sequential assignment, the 15N correlation information provided by hNcaNH can be directly

ARTICLES

combined with any of the backbone experiments so that the spin system chains can be rapidly extended. In the later stage of connecting the chain fragments, the additional 15N correlation is welcome information for resolving ambiguities due to spectral overlap. The pulse sequences, together with the rnmrtk script to process the data, can be downloaded at http://gwagner.med.harvard.edu. Acknowledgment. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grants GM47467, AI37581, and RR00995) and a postdoctoral fellowship from the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund (D.A.V.). Supporting Information Available: Simulations of transfer efficiencies during 2TC for various CR transverse relaxation rates (three figures). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. JA0584222

J. AM. CHEM. SOC.

9

VOL. 128, NO. 17, 2006 5763