1380
J . Med. Chem. 1990,33, 1380-1386
Nucleoside Conjugates. 11. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 1-@-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine and Cytidine Conjugates of Thioether Lipids' Chung I1 Hong,* Alan J. Kirisits, Alexander Nechaev, David J. Buchheit, and Charles R. West Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263. Received August 21, 1989 Five l-P-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates and two cytidine conjugates of thioether lipids (1-S-alkylthioglycerolsj linked by a pyrophosphate diester bond have been prepared and their antitumor activity against an ara-C2sensitive (L1210/0) and two ara-C resistant L1210 lymphoid leukemia sublines in mice were evaluated. These prodrugs of @a), ara-CDP-rac-l-S-octadecyl-2-0ara-C include ara-CDP-rac-l-S-hexadecyl-2-0-palmitoyl-l-thioglycerol palmitoylthioglycerol (8b),and ara-CDP-rac-l-S-octadecyl-2-O-methyl(or -ethyl, -hexadecyl)thioglycerols (8c-e). The cytidine conjugates include CDP-rac-l-S-octadecyl-2-0-palmitoyl(or -methyl)-1-thioglycerols (9a and 9b). Sonicated solutions of the conjugates existed in the form of micellar disks (size 0.01-0.04 pm). Single doses (200-400 mg/kg) of 8a and 8b produced significant increase in life span (257-37170) in mice bearing ip implanted L1210/0 leukemia. In contrast, conjugates 8c-e were less effective (ILS 19-75% j and cytidine conjugates (9a and 9b) were ineffective. Even though 8a and 8b were found to be curative in a high percentage of mice bearing ip implanted partially ara-C resistant L1210 subline [LlSlO/ara-C(I)],they were completely ineffective against deoxycytidine kinase deficient ara-C resistant L1210 subline [L12lO/ara-C(IIj]. However, the present results, together with the previous, demonstrate that 8a and 8b are promising new prodrugs of ara-C with improved efficacy. Scheme I Ether lipid and thioether lipid analogues of the naturally occurring 1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine CH2SRl CHZSR, CHZSRI (platelet-activating factor) have demonstrated antineoI I I plastic properties in vitro and in vivo3s4and first clinical HOCH R,OCH RzOCH I I I phase I and I1 trials with their synthetic analogues such CH20X CHZOH CHZOX as ET-18-OCH3 and BM 41.440 are in p r o g r e s ~ . ~These ?~ la, b 2a-e 3a-e interesting biological activities, together with favorable X = C(CsH5)3, TBDMS 4. activity of the ara-C conjugates of 1-0-acylphospholipids CHZSR, such as ara-CDP-~-dipalmitin~-~ led us to synthesize a I series of ara-C conjugates of 1-0-alkyl- (ether) and 1-SHOCH alkyl- (thioether) The rationale is that I CHZOR, the conjugates are not only new prodrugs of ara-C but also CHZSRl I 4a, b may generate two cytotoxic groups with different target sites, nucleic acid synthesis and membrane, inside a neoplastic cell. Most of them displayed a significant antitumor R ~ O ~ H 0 activity against L1210 and P388 leukemia in mice.l0J2 II a m . CMP mrpholidale (6) I CH2-0-P-OH Particularly, the ara-C conjugate of a thioether lipid, I CMP mrpholidate (7) ara-CDP-rac-l-0-octadecyl-2-0-palmitoyl-l-thioglycerol OH (8b) displayed a significant therapeutic activity in mice 5a, e
-
-
/
y H2
Presented, in part, at the Meeting of the Third Chemical Congress of North America, Toronto, Canada, June 1988, MEDI 34. The abbreviations used are: ara-C, 1-fi-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine; ara-CDP, 1-0-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine5'-diphosphate; ET-18-OCH3, l-0-octadecyl-2-0-methyl-racglycero-3-phosphocholine; BM 41.440, l-hexadecylmercapto2-methoxymethyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine; ara-CDP-Ldipalmitin, ara-CDP-~-1,2-dipalmitin;TBDMS, tert-butyldimethylsilyl; ILS, increase in life span. Berdel, W. E.; Andreesen, R.; Munder, P. G . In Phospholipids and Cellular Regulation, Kuo, J. F., Ed.; Boca Raton, FL, 1985; Vol. 11, pp 41-73. Berdel, W. E.; Fromm, M.; Fink, U.; Pahlke, W.; Bicker, U.; Reichert, A.; Rastetter, J. Cancer Res. 1983, 43, 5538. Berdel, W. E.; Fink, U.; Rastetter, J. Lipids 1987, 22, 967. Herrmann, D. B. J..; Neumann, H. A.; Berdel, W. E.; Heim, M. E.: Fromm, M.; Boerner, D.; Bicker, U. Lipids 1987,22, 962. Matsushita, T.; Ryu, E. K.; Hong, C. I.; MacCoss, M. Cancer Res. 1981, 41, 2707. Ryu, E. K.; Ross, R.; Matsushita, T.; MacCoss, M.; Hong, C. I.; West, C. R. J . Med. Chem. 1982, 25, 1322. Hong, C. I.; An, S.-H.; Buchheit, D. J.; Nechaev, A.; Kirisits, A. J.; West, C. R.; Ryu, E. K.; MacCoss, M. Cancer Drug Delicery 1984, l , 181. Hong, C. I.; An, S.-H.; Buchheit, D. J.; Nechaev, A,; Kirisits, A. J.; West, C. R.; Berdel, W. E. J . Med. Chem. 1986,29,2038. Hong. C. I.; West, C. R. U.S. Patent 4,622,392, 1986. Hong, C. I.; Kirisits, A. J.; Buchheit, D. J.; Nechaev, A.; West, C. R. Cancer Drug Delivery 1986, 3, 101.
HO
&-e
n
HO OH
9b,c R1 a : Ci6H33 b: CieH37 C: Cl~H37
d: C18H37 e: C d 3 7
R2
Ci5H3zCO Ci5H3iCO CH3 C2H5 C16H33
with colon 26 carcinoma, M5076 sarcoma, C-1300 neuroblastoma, and 3-Lewis lung ~arcinoma.'~-'~ Further(13) Rustum, Y.; Bernacki, R.; Wang, G.; Hong, C. I.; West, C. R. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1988, 29, 477.
0022-2623/90/ 1833-1380$02.50/0 0 1990 American Chemical Society
Nucleoside Conjugates
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1990, Vol. 33, No. 5 1381
Table I. Thioether Lipids CH,SR,
I I
R,OCH CHZOR,
formula 'H NMR datab 2-CH mp, "C % yield method A 42-43 C35H7003S 4.97 (quintet) 60 B 15 A 43-44 C37Hi403S 4.98 (quintet) 3b 63 C18H37 C15H31C0 43-44 76 C22H4602S 3.43 (m) CH3 H A 3c C18H37 B 95 H A CZH5 45 C23H4802S 3.58 (m) 48-50 3d C18H37 B 95 43 C37H7602S 3.50 (m) C16H33 H A 40-42 3e C18H37 4a C16H33 C15H31C0 A 66-67 30 C35H7003S 3.88 (m) B 81 4b C18H37 C15H31C0 A 67-68 29 C37H7403S 3.87 (m) 5a Ci~H33 Ci5H3iCO P(O)(OH)z C 68-70 56 C35H7106SP 5.10 (m) C 65-67 45 C37H750sSP 5.12 (m) 5b CiaH37 Ci5H3iCO P(O)(OH)2 52 C22H4705SP 3.45 (m) P(O)(OH)2 C 58-60 CH3 5c C18H37 56 C23H4905SP 3.63 (m) P(O)(OH)2 C 56-58 C2H5 5d C18H37 60 C37H7705SP 3.53 (m) P(O)(OH)2 C 68-70 C16H33 5e C18H31 a Analyses for C and H for 3a-e and 4a,b and for C, H, S, and P for 5b. Compounds 5a,c-e were homogeneous by TLC and used for the condensation without elemental analyses. bAll shifts of the sn-2-methine proton measured in 6 from Me& compd 3a
R1
C16H33
R2
R3
C15H31C0
more, this compound showed inhibition of liver metastases of M5076 sarcoma13 and lung metastases of 3-Lewis lung carcinoma in mice.16 In order to study further structure-activity relationships of the conjugates of this type, a series of the conjugates (8c-e) with different alkyl chains a t the sn-2-position of the glycerol moiety and cytidine analogues 9b and 9c have been synthesized. As an extension of our previous works, this paper describes the detailed synthetic procedures for new l-S-alkyl analogues of aru-CDP-L-dipalmitin and their antitumor effects against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice.
Chemistry The synthetic route used to prepare ara-C conjugates 8a-e and cytidine conjugates 9b and 9c is shown in Scheme I. A major task of the synthetic route was synthesis of pure l-S-alkylphosphatidic acids 5a-e. rac-1-S-Hexadecyl-l-thioglycerol (DL-thiochimyl alcohol) and rac-1-Soctadecyl-l-thioglycerol(DL-thiobatyl alcohol) were prepared by alkylation of the mercaptan of DL-l-thioglycerol with hexadecyl or octadecyl bromide and alcoholic potassium hydroxide." The primary alcohol of the l-S-alkyl thioglycerols was then protected with either trityl chloride18J9or tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride in the presence of imidazole and DMF.20 The protected alkylthioglycerols Tebbi, C. K.; Chervinsky, D.; Hong, C. I. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1988, 29, 489. Berdel, W. E.; Danhauser, S.; Schick, H. D.; Hong, C. I.; West, C. R.; Fromm, M.; Fink, U.; Reichert, A.; Rastetter, J. Lipids 1987, 22, 943. Berdel, W. E.; Danhauser, S.; Hong, C. I.; Schick, H. D.; Reichert, A.; Busch, R.; Rastetter, J.; Vogler, W. R. Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 826. Lawson, D. D.; Getz, H.R.; Miller, D. A. J . Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 615. Morris-Natschke, S.; Surles, J. R.; Daniel, L. W.; Berens, M. E.; Modest, E. J.; Piantadosi, C. P. J . Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 2114. Muramatsu, T. In INSERM Symposium No. 23; Elsevier Science: New York, 1983; pp 37-40. Corey, E. J.; Venkateswarlu, A. J . Am. Chem. SOC.1972, 94, 6190.
la and lb were then acylated with palmitoyl chloride and pyridine or alkylated with CHJ, C2H51, or hexadecyl bromide and NaH. The resulting compounds 2a-e were purified by crystallization from a large amount of boiling 95% EtOH. The trityl group was removed by treatment of 2c-e in CHzC12with BF3-MeOH a t 0 0C,21and 1-Salkyl-2-0-alkyl-l-thioglycerols 3c and 3d were obtained in good yield (95%, Table I). However, the deblocking of the trityl group of the 2-O-palmitoylthioglycerols (2a and 2b, X = trityl) by this method resulted in a substantial acyl migration and low yields (15%) of the desired products 3a and 3b. Thus, the TBDMS protected l-S-alkylthioglycerols (la and lb, X = TBDMS) were used for the preparation of the 2-O-palmitoylthioglycerols (2a and 2b, X = TBDMS). The TBDMS group was removed by treatment of 2a and 2b in HOAc with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in T H F at 5-10 "C first and then a t room temperature.20 The desired 3a and 3b were obtained in 60-63% yield in spite of the continuous acyl migration during the repeated crystallization in 95% EtOH. The thermodynamically more stable isomers l-S-alkyl-3-0palmitoyl-l-thioglycerols 4a and 4b were obtained also in 30% yield. Structure assignments of 3a and 3b were confirmed by lH NMR spectrometry. The sn-2 methine proton of 3a and 3b gave a first-order quintet at 4.98 ppm, whereas it. was a second-order multiplet at 3.40-3.88 ppm in 4a, 4b, and l-S-alkylglycerols. These values are in good agreement with those for the l-0-alkylglycerol derivatives'O and isomeric lysophophatidylcholines reported earlier.22 Compounds 3a-e were phosphorylated with POCl, and Et,N at 0-5 "C as outlined previouslylO and the resulting compound 5a-e were purified by successive crystallization from hexanes and EtzO, and the final yield was 45-60% (Table I). Condensation of 5a-e with ara-CMP morpholidateZ3(6) in pyridine gave conjugates 8a-e in overall yields of 15-3870 (Table 11). Likewise, condensation of 5b and 5c with cytidine 5'-pho~phoromorpholidate~~ (7) gave conjugates 9b and 9c in 29-31% (Table 11). Struc(21) Hermetter, A,; Paltauf, F. Chem. Phys. Lipids 1981,29, 191. (22) Pluckthun, A.; Dennis, E. G. Biochemistry 1982,21, 1743. (23) MacCoss, M.; Ryu, E. K.; Matsushita, T. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978, 85, 714. (24) Moffatt, J. G.; Khorana, H.G. J . Am. Chem. SOC.1961,83,649.
Hong et al.
1382 Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1990, Vol. 33, No. 5
Table 11. ara-C and Cytidine Conjugates of Thioether Lipids 'H NMR dataC glycerol: cytosine sugar: nm (c X low3) 2-CH H-5 H-6 H-1' (i) 273 (7.83) 5.05 5.91 7.78 6.08 (ii) 283 (11.64) (iii) 273 (8.44) 8b 206-207 38 C,6H85N3013SP2*2Na'2H20 (i) 273 (8.60) 5.08 5.94 7.84 6.11 (ii) 283 (12.07) (iii) 273 (7.67) (i) 273 (9.29) 3.42 6.00 7.97 6.07 8c 182-184 15 C,lH57N3012SP2.2Na (ii) 283 (13.22) (iii) 273 (8.52) 8d 216-218 32 C32H59N30,2SP,.2Na'H,O (i) 273 (6.47) 3.63 6.00 7.88 6.18 (ii) 283 (11.68) (iii) 273 (6.46) 8e 199-200 29 C46Hs7N301zSPz.2Na.2H20 (i) 273 (7.97) 3.63 5.97 7.83 6.13 (ii) 283 (10.08) (iii) 273 (6.96) 9b 188-190 29 C,6H85N3013SPz.2Na.2Hzod (i) 273 (8.68) 5.07 6.00 8.03 5.85 (ii) 283 (11.78) (iii) 273 (8.23) (i) 273 (6.48) 3.53 6.02 8.02 5.82 9c 185-187 31 C31H57N,0,,SPz-2Nae (ii) 283 (10.09) (ii) 273 (6.51) aAnalyses for C, H, S, and P for all compounds listed. * ( i ) CHCI,-MeOH-H20 (2:3:1), (ii) CHC13-MeOH-0.6 N HC1 (2:3:1), and (iii) CHC13-MeOH-0.6 N NaOH (2:3:1). 'All shifts of the glycerol sn-2-methine (m),cytosine H-5 (d, J = 7.5 Hz) and H-6 (d, J = 7.5 Hz),and the anomeric proton (d, J = 5.25 Hz) measured in 6 from Me& d S : calcd, 2.99; found, 3.62. eH: calcd, 7.15; found 7.68. S: calcd, 3.99; found, 4.58. compd 8a
mp, "C 199-200
9'0 yield 25
formula C44H8,N3013SPz.2Na
UV,,,b
Table 111. Antitumor Activity against Ip Implanted L1210/0 Lymphoid Leukemia in Mice" dose, mg (Wmol)/ survival days treatment 45-day compd schedule, qd kg per day range median TICb % ILS' survivors ara-C 1 400 (1644) 8-10 8.017.0 14 0 1-5 200 (822) 15-17 16.017.0 129 0 5 400 (1644) 10 10.017.0 43 0 8a 1 300 (300) 18-30 25.017.0 257 0 400 (400) 16->46 27517.0 293 1 113 0 3 300 (300) 15-21 17.018.0 400 (400) 15-19 16.518.0 106 0 1-5 60 (60) 16-37 26.518.0 231 0 100 (100) 14->45 36.518.0 356 2 8b -1 400 (389) 12->45 21.517.0 207 2 0 400 (389) 14->45 >42.5/7.0 >507d 3 1 200 (195) 24->45 32.017.0 357 1 300 (292) 18->45 33.017.0 371 1 400 (389) 9->45 29.517.0 321 1 2 400 (389) 12-26 19.517.0 179 0 5 200 (195) 15-16 15.017.0 114 0 107 0 400 (389) 12-16 14.517.0 1, 5, 9 100 (97) 18-29 25.018.0 213 0 1, 15 200 (195) 22-32 27.517.0 293 0 300 (292) 21->45 24.517.0 243 1 1, 8, 15, 22 100 (97) 16-32 24.017.0 243 0 200 (195) 14->45 24.517.0 250 1 1-5 60 (58) 27->45 31.018.0 288 1 8C 1 100 (124) 4-1 1 9.517.0 36 0 200 (249) 6 6.017.0 -14 0 8d 1 100 (122) 9-10 9.518.0 19 0 200 (244) 4-12 7.518.0 -6 0 8e 1 400 (395) 11-15 14.0/8.0 75 0 1-5 80 (79) 14-19 16.018.0 100 0 100 (99) 15-32 21.518.0 169 0 7-9 7.518.0 -6 0 9b 1 300 (292) 9c 1 200 (259) 4-8 a.op.5 7 0 "Each group of DBA/2J mice (wt 20-29 g) received ip inoculation of 1 X lo6 cells on day 0. Treatments (ip) were initiated on the designated days. Calculated based on survivors according to the NCI protocols.26 Increase in life span: (TIC - 1) X 100. dAs of day 45 (final day of observation).
tures were verified bv elemental analvsis. IH NMR. and UV spectrometry. Antitumor Activity Conjugates and 9b,c were for in antitumor activity against three L1210 leukemia cell lines which included ara-C sensitive (L1210/0) and two ara-C
resistant IL12lO/aru-C(I) and L1210/ara-C~11~1 strains.25 Prelimin& antitumor activity of conjugates ia;ii,e against L1210/0 lymphoid leukemia in mice have been reported (26) Hong, C. I.; An, S.-H.; Schliselfeld, L.; Buchheit, D. J.; Nechaev, A,; Kirisits, A. J.; West, C. R. J . Med. Chem. 1988,31, 1793.
Nucleoside Conjugates
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1990, Vol. 33, No. 5 1383
Table IV. Antitumor Activitv aeainst ID Imulanted LlPlO/ara-C Lvmuhoid Leukemia in Mice" ~
~~
~
survival days optimum dose,' 45-day cell line compd mg (Imol)/kg per day range median TICd % ILS survivors Ll2lO/ara-C (1)f 8a 1 300 (300) >45 >45.0/9.0 >400h 6 167 (166) 7->45 41.0/10.0 310 1 1, 5, 9 1-5 60 (60) 29->45 >41.0/9.0 >356h 3 400 (389) >45 >45.0/10.0 >35@ 6 8b 1 133 (129) >45 >45.0/10.0 >35@ 6 1, 5, 9 1-5 80 (78) 25->45 >45.0/10.0 >35@ 4 8b 1 300 (292) 8-10 9.0/9.0 0 0 L1210/ara-C (11)' 9b 1 300 (292) 7-8 8.0/9.0 -11 0 9c 1 300 (373) 8-9 8.0/9.0 -11 0 Each group of six DBA/2J mice (wt 20-26 g) received ip inoculation of 1 X lo5 cells on day 0. Treatments (ip) were initiated 24 h after tumor inoculation. Animals were observed daily until death or 45 days. Dose producing an increase in life span 250% over the controls. Dose producing greatest increase in life span. Calculated based on survivors according to the NCI protocols.26 e Increase in life span: (T/C - 1) X 100. 'Partially resistant to ara-C due to lower ara-C uptake than that of L1210/0.25 #Completely resistant to ara-C due to deoxycytidine kinase deficiency. hAs of day 45 (final day of observation). treatment schedule qd
active dose range,* mg (pmol)/kg per day 200 (200)-400 (400) 100 (100)-167 (166) 40 (40)-80 (80) 200 (195)-500 (486) 100 (97)-167 (162) 40 (39)-80 (78)
previously.l2 Table I11 shows further antitumor effects of contrast, conjugates Sa and 8b administered ip as a single the conjugates on ip-implanted L1210/0 lymphoid leukedose, in three doses over a 9-day period, or in five doses mia in DBA/2J mice with different dose levels and over a 5-day period were found to be curative in a high treatment schedules according to the procedure outlined percentage of the animals bearing L1210/ara-C(I). Howin the NCI protocolz6with some modifications.12 Previever, the conjugates were found to be ineffective against ously, the single (400 mg/kg) and the multiple courses (200 ip-implanted L12lO/ara-C(II) in DBAI2J mice. These mg/kg per day X 5) of therapy with ara-C produced ILS results indicated that, like ara-C and ara-CDP-L-dipalvalues of 14 and 129%, respectively.12 In contrast, single mitin, the ara-C conjugates seemed to require deoxycytidine kinase to be effective. Contribution of the thiodoses (200-400 mg/kg) of Sa and Sb, which contained an ether lipid moiety to the antitumor activity against L1210 acyl (palmitoyl) group at the sn-2-position of the glycerol lymphoid leukemia in mice also seemed to be negligible, moiety, produced a significant antitumor activity with increases in life span of 257-371% and one long-term since the cytidine conjugates 9b and 9c did not show any survivor out of six animals. Multiple courses of drug antitumor activity. therapy resulted in no gain in animal life span. The ara-C Discussion conjugates with a short alkyl (methyl or ethyl) group at the sn-2-position (8c and 8d) were found to be toxic and Two synthetic methods of the thioether lipid intermedid not improve the efficacy. However, the five consecutive diates reported in this paper are very significant since they doses (100 mg/kg per day X 5) of Se, which contained a are suitable for the scale-up synthesis of the lipid interlonger alkyl (hexadecyl) group at the sn-Zposition product mediates. The first one is elimination of column chroan ILS value of 169%. The cytidine conjugates (9b and matography for purification of the 1-S-alkyl-2-0-acyl-19c) were found to be ineffective. Conjugates Sa and 8b thioglycerols 3a and 3b and phosphatidic acids 5a-e. were also effective on survivals of the advanced state of Compounds 3a and 3b were separated conveniently from L1210 leukemic mice. Single doses (200-400 mg/kg) of their isomer 4a and 4b by crystallization in 95% EtOH. Sa and 8b on day 5 produced ILS values of 106-114%, The latter were crystallized at room temperature, while while that of ara-C with a single dose (400 mg/kg) on day the former were crystallized at 0-3 "C. Phosphatidic acids 5 was 43%. 5a-e were crystallized in EtzO at 10-15 "C in pure form. In order to determine whether the conjugates acted as The other significance is use of TBDMS as a protective a sustained release form, a single dose (400 mg/kg) of 8b group for the sn-3-OH group in spite of limitations rewas administered ip on day -1, 0, 1, or 2, and the lifeported p r e v i o u ~ l y . ~Dropwise ~ addition of tetrabutylprolonging effects were observed (Table 111). The maxiammonium fluoride at 5-10 "C during deblocking of the mum effect (ILS, >507% with 50% of the animals surTBDMS group minimized the acyl migration. viving for more than 45 days) was noted with treatment The conjugates possess two regions, hydrophobic and on day 0. Treatment on day -1 was still effective (ILS, hydrophilic, in their chemical structures, and thus, they 207% with two long-term survivors out of six). Treatment can form micelles in water upon sonication of their suson days 1 and 2 showed also remarkable activity with the pension. In fact, conjugate 8b in sonicated solution exists respective ILS values of 321 and 179%. as micellar disks (size 0.01-0.04 pm),28which are similar Table IV shows antitumor effects against ip-implanted to those formed by ara-CDP-~-dipalmitin~~ and CDP-diL1210/ara-C(I) and L1210/ara-C(II) lymphoid leukemia acylgly~erol.~~ The conjugates in micelles were chemically in DBA/2J mice. L1210/ara-C(I) was partially resistant stable during storage at 3-4 OC, and their structure reto ara-C, when ara-C uptake and antitumor results were mained intact for a period of more than 6 months.% Thus, observed, while L12lO/ara-C(II) was completely resistant the conjugates can be formulated safely in micellar solution to ara-C due to deoxycytidine kinase d e f i c i e n ~ y . ~ ~ and the drug formulation is stable in a refrigerator (3-4 L1210/ara-C (I) produced a similar deoxycytidine kinase activity to L1210/0. However, the ara-C uptake rate was lower than that of L1210/0.25 Previously, the multiple (27) Dodd, G. H.; Golding, B. T.; Ioannou, P. V. J. Chem. SOC. courses of therapy with ara-C (60 mg/kg per day X 15) Commun. 1975, 249. produced ILS value of 147% among DBA/2J mice bearing (28) Hong, C. I.; Buchheit, D. J.; Kirisits, A. J.; Nechaev, A.; West, C. R.; Bernacki, R. J.; Hui, S.-W. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. ip implanted with 1 x lo5 L12lO/ara-C(I) cells.25 In (26) Geran, R. K.; Greenberg, N. H.; Macdonald, M. M.; Schumacher, A. M.; Abbott, B. J. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 1972,3, 7 , 47.
1987, 28, 328. (29) MacCoss, M.; Edwards, J. J.; Seed, T. M.; Spragg, S. P. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1982, 719, 544. (30) Yang, V. C.; Turcotte, J. G.; Steim, J. M. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1985, 834, 364.
Hong et al.
1384 Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1990, Vol. 33, No. 5 "C). Among t h e conjugates reported here, conjugate 8b revealed t h e strongest a n t i t u m o r activity. I n fact, this agent also displayed a significant therapeutic activity in mice with various solid tumors such as colon 26 carcinoma, M5076 sarcoma,13 C-1300 n e u r o b l a ~ t o m a , 'a~n d 3-Lewis lung ~ a r c i n o m a . ' ~TJ h~i s agent also inhibited t h e metastases of M5076 sarcoma t o livers13 a n d 3-Lewis lung carcinoma t o lungs of mice.16 T h e mode of action of t h e a r a - C conjugates remains largely unknown. However, their therapeutic effects on L1210 leukemic mice seemed t o be mainly due t o the ara-C moiety, since (1) cytidine conjugates 9b a n d 9c were ineffective (Table 1111, (2) t h e ara-C conjugates were totally ineffective a g a i n s t d e o x y c y t i d i n e k i n a s e d e f i c i e n t L1210/ara-C(II) (Table IV), a n d (3) administration of 8b led t o a greater intracellular retention of a r a - C T P t h a n t h a t resulting from ara-C.13 T h u s , they may be lipophilic prodrugs of ara-C which a c t as sustained release form of a r a - C because of t h e effectiveness by a single dose treatm e n t of 8b on d a y -1, 0, 1, a n d 2 (Table 111). Some other possible pharmacologically favorable properties of t h e conjugates observed with ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin a n d its analogues include resistance t o hydrolysis by cytidine d e a m i n a ~ e rapid ,~ interaction with serum lipop r o t e i n ~ ,rapid ~ ~ uptake by cells,32 a n d effects o n lipid biosynthesis.33v34 Even though effects of t h e thioether lipid moiety on cytotoxicity against L1210 lymphoid leukemia are n o t a p p a r e n t , 1-S-alkyl (thioether) analogue 8b h a s shown considerably higher efficacy t h a n t h e 1-0-acyl analogue ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin against myelomonocytic WEHI-8B leukemia in mice.35 Thus, t h e ara-C conjugates of 1-S-alkyl- ( t h i o e t h e r ) phospholipids m a y e n h a n c e therapeutic activity by contributing an additional cytotoxic group, 1-S-alkyllysophospholipid, after t h e biotransformation of t h e lipid moiety according t o t h e biochemical pathways of 1-0-alkyl- (ether) phospholipids reported earlier.36v37 Superior a n t i t u m o r activity of 8b compared t o t h a t of ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin against other animal solid t u m o r models such as 3-Lewis lung carcinoma15 m a y be a t t r i b u t e d in p a r t t o release of two cytotoxic principles, a r a - C a n d 1-S-alkyllysophospholipid moieties, from t h e conjugate. From our present a n d previous studies,1°J2 we can only draw t h e conclusion t h a t t h e conjugate should be structurally a n analogue of t h e naturally occurring CDP-diacylglycerols which a r e t h e immediate biosynthetic precursors t o p h o s p h a t i d y l i n ~ s i t o la~n~d ~thioether ~~ lipid moiety with a long f a t t y acyl group at t h e sn-2-position seems to improve activity. However, further studies a r e necessary t o elucidate t h e mode of action of these agents. T h e enhanced therapeutic activity of conjugates 8a a n d 8b a n d their broad s p e c t r a in both mouse leukemia a n d MacCoss. M.: Edwards. J. J.: Loeocki. P.: Rahman. Y.-E. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. ?983,'116, 368. Schliselfeld, L.; Hong, C. I.; Nechaev, A,; Buchheit, D. J. Fed. R o c . , Fed. Am. Soc. Enp. Biol. 1987, 48, 2218. Raetz, C. R. H.; Chu, M. Y.; Srivastava, S. P.; Turcotte, J. G. Science 1977, 196, 303. Turcotte, J. G.; Srivastava, S. P.; Steim, J. M.; Calabresi, P.; Tibbetts, L. M.; Chu, M. Y. Riochim. Biophys. Acta 1980, 619, 619.
Berdel, W. E.; Okamoto, S.; Danhauser-Riedl,S.; Hong, C. I.; Winton, E. F.: West, C. R.; Rastetter, J.: Vopler. - W. R. E x p .
Hematol. 1989, 17, 364. Snyder, F.; Black, M. I,.; Malone, B. J. Biol. Chem. 1970,245, 4016. van den Bosch, H. Riochim. Biophys. Acta 1980, 604, 191. Agranoff, B. W.; Bradley, R. M.; Brady, R. 0. J . B i d . Chem. 1958, 233, 1077. Paulus. H.; Kennedy, E. P. J . Biol. Chem. 1960, 235, 1303.
solid tumor models warrant further clinical investigation.
Experimental Section Synthesis. Melting points were taken on a Mel-Temp capillary melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Nuclear magnetic resonance ('H NMR) spectra were recorded on a Varian Associate EM-390 spectrometer. The chemical shift values are expressed in 6 values (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane as an internal standard. UV absorption spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 4A spectrophotometer. AG1-X8 (Bio-Rad), [(diethylamino)ethyl]cellulose(DE-52, Whatman), Dowex 50W-X8 (BioRad), and Amberlite CG-50 (Mallinckrodt)were used for column chromatography. Evaporations were carried out on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure applied by a tap-water aspirator or a vacuum pump with a bath temperature of under 30 "C. TLC was performed on glass plates coated with a 0.25 mm layer of silica gel PF-254 (Brinkman) and on polygram si1 G/UV 254 (Brinkman) using the following solvent systems: (A) CHCl,, (B) CHCl,-MeOH (9551, (C) CHC13-MeOH-H20-HOAc (25:15:4:2), and (D) i-PrOH-H20-concentrated NH40H (7:2:1). UV absorbing compounds were detected by visualization under a UV lamp (254 nm), and phosphorus-containingcompounds were detected with a modified Dittmer-Lester spray.40 The organic compounds were also detected by charring after spraying with the above reagent. Elemental analyses were performed by Galbraith Laboratories, Knoxville, TN and Robertson Laboratory, Madison, NJ. When analyses are reported only by the element symbols, results are within f0.4% of the theoretical values, including the given numbers of H 2 0 of hydrations unless noted otherwise. The presence of H20 in compounds 8b,d,eand 9b was confirmed by 'H NMR spectroscopy. ara-CMP,4lara-CMP morpholidate,a and CMP morpholidate% were prepared by a literature procedure. CMP was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for ~ r a - c M P . ~ l rac-1-S-Octadecyl-1-thioglycerol (DL-Thiobatyl Alcohol). To a mixture of 3-mercapto-1,2-propanediol (DL-1-thioglycerol) (216.3 g 2 mol) in 1000 mL of CH,OH and stearyl bromide (333.8 g, 1 mol) in 2000 mL of hexanes was added dropwise 2600 mL of 1 N KOH in CH30H at room temperature for a period of 1 h and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The white product was filtered and washed with CH,OH, 50% aqueous CH30H, and CH30H (lo00 mL of each). The dried product weighed 322 g (89.4%). The filtrate was evaporated to a small volume until the white solid was formed and the additional product was collected on a filter (31.4 g): total yield 98%; mp 76-77 "C (lit.I7 mp 74-75 "C); 'H NMR (CDClJ 6 0.87 (3, t, J = 6 Hz, CH,), 1.23-1.50 (32, m, (CH&), 2.43-2.67 (4, m, CH2SCH,), 3.43-3.80 (3, m, 2-CH, 3-CH2). rue-1-S-Hexadecyl1-thioglycerol(DL-thiochimylalcohol) was prepared in an analogous manner with cetyl bromide: yield 98%, mp 70-71 "C (lit.171'8 mp 76-77 "C, 68-70 "C). rac-1-S-Octadecyl-3-0-trityl-1-thioglycerol (lb, X = CThis compound was prepared by a procedure similar to that reported previously.'8 A mixture of 36.1 g (0.1 mol) of rac-1-S-octadecyl-1-thioglyceroland 30.7 g (0.11 mol) of trityl chloride in 250 mL of anhydrous pyridine was refluxed for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residual pyridine was removed by coevaporation with toluene. The residue was then dissolved in 500 mL of E t O , and the ether layer was washed with ice-cold H20, 0.5 N HzS04,saturated NaHC03, and HzO and dried over Na2S04. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was dissolved in 300 mL of Me2C0. After cooling at -10 "C overnight, the solids were filtered and washed with cold Me2C0. The crude product, essentially homogeneous by TLC, weighed 46.8 g (yield 77.6%) and was used for the next step without further purification: mp 60-62 "C (lit.1864-66 OC). Compound la (X = C(C,H,),) was prepared by using an analogous procedure: yield 73.8%:mp 58-59 "C (lit.18 60.5-61.5 "C). rac-l-S-Octadecyl-3-0-(tert -butyldimethylsilyl)-1-thioglycerol (lb, X = TBDMS). A mixture of rac-1-S-octadecyl1-thioglycerol (108 g, 0.3 mol), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (49.7 g, 0.33 mol), imidazole (44.9 g, 0.66 mol), and DMF (500 mL) (40) Ryu, E. K.; MacCoss, M. J . Lipid Res. 1979, 20, 561. (41) Hong, C. I.; Nechaev, A.; West, C. R. J . M e d . Chem. 1979,22, 1428.
Nucleoside Conjugates was stirred a t room temperature for 2 days. The solvent was evaporated to dryness in vacuo a t 70 "C and the residue was partitioned between H 2 0 and E h O (500 mL each). The organic layer was dried over Na2S04and then evaporated to dryness. The oily residue was further evaporated by using a high vacuum a t 70 "C. The crude product, essentially homogeneous by TLC, weighed 140 g (98.2%) and was used for the next step without further purification. Compound la (X = TBDMS) was prepared by using an analogous procedure: yield 100%. rac- 1-S-Hexadecyl-2-O-pal~toyl-3-O-trityl-l-t~oglycerol (2a, X = C(C6Hj),).T o a mixture of 40.2 g (0.07 mol) of la (X = C(C6HJ3),6.7 g (0.084 mol) of anhydrous pyridine, and 150 mL of benzene was added dropwise 21.2 g (0.077 mol) of palmitoyl chloride at room temperature and the mixture was heated at 70-80 "C overnight. The mixture was then mixed with Et,O and H,O (500 mL each). The organic layer was separated and washed with 0.5 N H,S04, saturated NaHCO,, and H,O, dried over Na2S04, and evaporated to dryness. The oily residue was crystallized from a large volume (8 L) of 95% EtOH: yield 46.9 g (82.4%); mp 44-45 "C;'H NMR (CDCl3)ci 0.87 (6, t, J = 6 Hz, 2 CH,), 1.23-177 (54, m, (CHz)14,(CH2)13),2.23-2.78 (6, m, CH,SCH,, CH,CH,CO), 3.28 (2, d, J = 4.5 Hz, 3 - C H 2 ) , 5.10 (1, m, 2-CH), 6.97-7.47 (15, m, (C6Hj)3). Compound 2b (x = C(C&j)3) was prepared in an analogous manner: yield 79%; mp 56-52 "C. Compounds 2c and 2d (X = C(C,Hj),) were prepared by a literature procedure.18 r a c - I - S - 0 c t a d e c y l - 2 - 0-palmitoyl-3-0 -(tert -butyldimethylsily1)-1-thioglycerol(2b, X = TBDMS). T o a mixture of l b (X = TBDMS) (118g, 0.248 mol), anhydrous pyridine (23.5 g, 0.298 mol), and toluene (500 mL) was added dropwise palmitoyl chloride (75.1 g, 0.273 mol) at room temperature and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 day. The suspension was then partitioned between Et,O and HzO (500 mL of each). The organic layer was washed with 0.5 N H2S04, saturated NaHCO,, and H,O (200 mL each) and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was crystallized from 95% EtOH (2 L) at 10-15 "C. The solid was filtered and washed with 95% EtOH: yield 173 g (97.8%); 'H NMR (CDCl,) 6 0.07 (6, s, (CH3),Si), 0.88 (15, m, 2 CH3, (CH3),C), 1.23-1.67 (58, m, (CH2)16, (CH2)13), 2.23-2.77 (6, m, CH2SCH,, CH,CH,CO), 3.75 (2, d, J = 4.5 Hz, 3-CH,), 4.93 (1,quintet, J = 4.5 Hz, 2-CH2). The soft solid was essentially homogeneous by TLC and used for the next step without further purification. Compound 2a (X = TBDMS) was prepared by using an analogous procedure: yield 93.2%. rac - 1-S- 0 c t a d e c y l - 2 - 0 - h e x a d e c y l - 3 - 0 ( t e r t -butyldimethylsily1)-1-thioglycerol(le, X = TBDMS). To a suspension of 8 g (0.2 mol) of 60% NaH in dry THF (200 mL) was added dropwise 47.5 g (0.1 mol) of l b (X = TBDMS) in dry T H F (200 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred a t room temperature for 30 min and cetyl bromide (36.7 g, 0.12 mol) in dry T H F (50 mL) was added. The mixture was refluxed overnight and cooled to room temperature. Water (200 mL) was added dropwise to decompose excess NaH, the organic layer was evaporated to dryness, and the oily residue was boiled with 1500 mL of 95% EtOH. After standing at room temperature overnight, the oil was separated and dried in vacuo: yield 52 g (74%). The crude oil product, essentially homogeneous by TLC, was used for the next step without further purification. Compounds 2c and 2d (X = TBDMS) were prepared in 95% yield by a reaction of l b (X = TBDMS) and CH31 or C2HjI a t room temperature in an analogous manner. rac-1-S-Octadecyl-2-0-palmitoyl-1-thioglycerol (3b). Method A. To a mixture of 2b (X = TBDMS) (173 g, 0.24 mol) in HOAc (35 mL) was added dropwise 1 M tetrabutylammonium fluoride in T H F (340 mL) for period of 1 h at 5-10 "C and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The mixture was cooled a t 0-5 "C overnight and the solid was filtered and washed with 95% EtOH. The solid was mainly product 3b mixed with the isomer rac-1-S-octadecyl-3-0-palmitoyl-1-thioglycerol (4b). The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the residue was treated with ice-cold 95% EtOH. The solid was a mixture of 3b and 4b. The combined solids were dissolved in boiling 95% EtOH (2500 mL) and the solution was cooled to room temperature overnight, which resulted in a white precipitate (mainly 4b). The solid was removed by filtration (41.7 g, 29%) and the filtrate, which contained mostly 3b, was cooled at 6-5 "C overnight. The white solid (3b) was filtered and washed with cold 95% EtOH.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1990, Vol. 33, No. 5 1385 Repeated recrystallization of the crude products in this manner gave 90 g (62.6%) of 3b: mp 43-44 "C; 'H NMR (CDC13)6 0.85 (b t, J = 6 Hz, 2 CH,), 1.23-1.67 (58, m, (CH2)16, (CH2)13), 2.38 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CHZCHZCO), 2.60 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CHSCH&H2), 2.75 (2, d , J = 7 Hz, l-CH,), 3.80 (2, d, J = 4.5 Hz, 3-cH2),4.98 (1,quintet, J = 4.5 Hz, 2-CH). rac-1-S-Hexadecyl-2-0-palmitoyl-1-thioglycerol (3a). Method B. T o a cooled solution of 2a (X = C(C6Hj)3) (24.4 g, 0.03 mol) in CH2C12(300 mL) was added an equimolar amount of BF3 (4 g of BF3-2 MeOH) in one portion a t 0 "C. The yellow solution was stirred at 0 "C for 1 h and ice-cold water (200 mL) was added. The organic layer was separated and washed with two additional 300-mL portions of water. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04and evaporated to dryness. The residue was crystallized from 95% EtOH-hexanes (51)at room temperature, which gave isomer 4a (13.8 g, 80.6%). The filtrate, which contained mainly 3a, was cooled a t 0-5 "C overnight and the solid was collected on a filter, washed with cold 95% EtOH, and dried in vacuo: yield 2.5 g (14.6%); 'H NMR 6 0.92 (6, t, J = 6 Hz, 2 CH,), 1.26-1.73 (54, m, (CH2)14, (CHz)13), 2.37 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CH2CH,CO), 2.58 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CH,SCH,CH,), 2.73 (2, d, J = Hz, 1-CH,), 3.78 (2, d, J = 4.5 Hz, 3-CHz),4.97 (1,quintet, J = 4.5 Hz, 2-CH). rac - 1-S-0ctadecyl-2-0-palmitoyl- 1-thioglycerol3-P hosphate (5b). Method C. To an ice-cold mixture of POC13 (44.5 g, 0.29 mol) and hexanes (100 mL) was added dropise triethylamine (29.35 g, 0.29 mol) in hexanes (100 mL). T o this mixture was added dropwise a solution of dried 3b (111 g, 0.19 mol) in toluene (600 mL) at 0-5 "C over a period of 1.5 h, and then the mixture was stirred a t room temperature overnight. Water (100 mL) was added to the mixture and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was then partitioned between EtzO (1000 mL) and HzO (500 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na2S04and evaporated to dryness. The residue was crystallized from hexanes at 0-5 "C and then recrystallized from Et,O at room temperature: yield 57.7 g (44.7%); mp 65-67 "C; 'H NMR 6 0.87 (6, t, J = 6 Hz, 2 CH,), 1.25-1.65 (58, m, (CH2)16, (CHJ13), 2.37 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CH&H&O), 2.60 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CH,SCH,CH,), 2.73 (2, d, J = 7 Hz, 1-CH,), 4.17 (2, m, 3-CH2),5.12 (1, m, 2-CH). Phosphatidic acids 5a,c-e in Table I were prepared in an analogous manner. They were homogeneous by TLC and used for the condensation with ara-CMP morpholidate (6) and CMP morpholidate (7) without elemental analyses. ara -CDP-rac-l-S-octadecyl-2-O-palmitoyl-l-t~oglycerol (8b). Compound 5b (26.48 g, 0.039 mol) was dried azeotropically with pyridine three times and mixed with ara-CMP morpholidate (6) (21.43 g, 0.031 mol) followed by coevaporating with pyridine two times. The dried mixture was then mixed with anhydrous pyridine (1500 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 days. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was coevaporated with toluene to remove the residual pyridine. The residue was dissolved in 2000 mL of CHC13-MeOH-H20 (2:3:1) and then mixed with 200 mL of 0.2 N HC1. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CHC1, (2 X 100 mL). The combined organic layers were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 3000 mL of CHC1,-MeOH-H20 (2:3:1). The solution was then applied to a DE-52 (AcO-) column (10 X 30 cm) prepacked with the same solvent. The column was eluted with CHC13-MeOH-H20 (2:3:1) (3500 mL) and then with 0.04 M NH40Ac in the same solvent. The 0.04 M NH,OAc fractions between 11000-16 500 mL were evaporated to a small volume, and the solid was collected on a filter followed by washing with 50% aqueous Me2C0 and then Me2C0. The solid (NH, salt of 8b) was dissolved in CHC13-MeOH-H20 (2:3:1) and the solution was passed through a CG-50 (Na+) column (5 X 20 cm). The column was washed further with the same solvent until no UVabsorbing material was detected. The combined eluate was cooled at 0-5 "C overnight and the solid was filtered, which was 5b. The filtrate was evaporated to a small volume and the product (Na salt) was filtered, washed with acetone, and dried in vacuo: yield 24.13 g (37.85%); mp 206-207 "C; 'H NMR (CDCl3-CD3O&D2O, 2:3:1) 6 0.92 (6, t, J = 6 Hz, 2 CH,), 1.30-1.77 (58, m, (CHJ16, (CHz)13),2.32 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CHZCHZCO), 2.52 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, CH2SCH2CH2),2.72 (2, t, J = 7 Hz, 1-CH,),3.93-4.58 (7, m, 3-CH2, H-2', H-3', H-4', H-59, 5.08 (1, m, 2-CH), 5.94 (1,d, J = 7.5 Hz, cytosine H-5), 6.11 (1,d, J = 5.25 Hz, H-l'), 7.84 (1, d, J = 7.5
1386
J. Med. Chem. 1990,33, 1386-1392
Hz, cytosine H-6). Conjugates Sa,c-e and 9b,c in Table I1 were prepared in an analogous manner. Biological Studies. T u m o r Cells a n d Animals. L1210/0 and L12lO/ara-C(I) lymphoid leukemia cells were purchased from Arthur D. Little, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) and L12lO/ara-C(II) was obtained from Dr. Ralph J. Bemacki from Roswell Park Memorial Institute. The cells were routinely transplanted in DBA/2J mice, which were supplied by Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Antitumor Activity i n Vivo. DBA/2J male mice in groups of six (wt 20-30 g) were inoculated ip with 1 X lo6 L1210/0 or 1 x IO5 LlBlO/ara-C(I) or LlBlO/ara-C(II) lymphoid leukemia cells,26and a sonicated solution of the conjugates was given ip as reported earlier.’* Each drug was tested over a wide range of doses. The results from the representative dose levels are shown in Tables I11 and IV.
Acknowledgment. We are very grateful to Roswell Park Memorial Institute for providing us with DBA/BJ
mice. We appreciate the excellent secretarial assistance of Donna Strain. Registry No. la (X = H), 25666-00-6; l a (X = TBDMS), 125592-12-3; la (X = Tr), 103321-06-8; la (X = R1 = H), 53023-42-0; l b (X = H), 25666-01-7; l b (X = TBDMS), 95244-99-8; l b (X = Tr), 91274-06-5; 2a (X = TBDMS), 125592-15-6;2a (X = Tr), 103612-81-3;2b (X = TBDMS), 125592-14-5;2b (X = Tr), 125592-13-4;2~ (X = TBDMS), 125592-17-8;2d (X = TBDMS), 125592-18-9;2e (X = TBDMS), 125592-16-7;3a, 103612-83-5;3b, 125592-19-0; 3c, 103304-70-7; 3d, 103304-71-8; 3e, 125592-22-5; 4a, 103612-82-4; 4b, 125592-20-3;5a, 103612-84-6;5b, 125592-21-4; 512, 125592-23-6;5d, 125592-24-7;5e, 125592-25-8;6, 125592-26-9; 7, 87713-33-5;8a.2Na, 125592-29-2;8b.2Na, 125592-28-1;8b.2NH3, 125592-27-0;8c.2Na, 125592-30-5;8d.2Na, 125592-31-6;8e.2Na, 125592-32-7; 9b.2Na, 125592-33-8; 9c.2Na, 125592-34-9; stearyl bromide, 112-89-0; cetyl bromide, 112-82-3; palmitoyl chloride, 112-67-4.
Cytotoxicity and Antitumor Activity of Some Tetrahedral Bis(diphosphino)gold(I) Chelates Susan J. Berners-Price,? Gerald R. Girard,* David T. Hill,$ Blaine M. Sutton,* Penelope S. Jarrett,+ Leo F. Faucette,§ Randall K. Johnson,! Christopher K. Mirabelli,%and Peter J. Sadler*st Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gordon House and Christopher Zngold Laboratory, 29 Gordon Square, London WClH OPP, UK, and Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Smith Kline and French Laboratories, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939. Received August 14, 1989 We report the cytotoxicity toward B16 cells and antitumor activity in three transplantable tumor models of a series of ionic, tetrahedral, bischelated gold diphosphine complexes of the type [ A U ’ ( R ~ P Y P R ~ ) ~where ] X , Y = (CH&, (CH2)3, or cis-CH=CH. The anion (X = C1, Br, I, CH3S03,NO3, PF,) had little effect upon activity. The R = R’ = phenyl complexes I, 7, and 8 [Y = (CH2)2,(CH2)3, cis-CH=CH, X = Cl] were the most active against P388 leukemia, with an increase in lifespan ranging from 83 to 92% and were also active against M5076 sarcoma and B16 melanoma. Complexes with pyridyl or fluorophenyl substituents had reduced activities. For the latter, 19F and 31PNMR were used to verify the formation of bischelated gold(1) complexes in solution. The reduced activity of the complex with R = E t and R’ = P h and inactivity with R = R’ = E t are discussed in terms of their increased reactivity as reducing agents. 31PNMR studies show that [ A U ’ ( E ~ ~ P ( C H ~ ) ~readily P P ~ ~ reacts ) ~ ] Cwith ~ serum, albumin, and Cu2+ions to give oxidized ligand.
plexes has arisen from the observation that the bridged The linear two-coordinate triethylphosphine gold(1) (A, X = C1 complex auranofin (l-thio-P-~-glucopyranose-2,3,4,6- digold complexes [p-Ph2P(CHz)nPPh2]Au1zX2 or P-D thioglucose) readily undergo rearrangement reactetraacetato-S)(triethylphosphine)gold(I), “Ridaura”, tions in the presence of thiols or blood plasma to give Smith Kline and French Laboratories) is an orally active antiarthritic agent2 with in vitro antiproliferative effects against B16 melanoma cells and P388 leukemia cells as well (1) Presented in part at the 192nd National Meeting of the Amas cultured human cancer cell^.^^^ It is active against erican Chemical Society, Anaheim, CA, September 1986, Abintraperitoneally (ip) implanted P388 leukemia in mice,5 stracts INORG 9 and 11. but only when administered ip, and it is inactive in other (2) Sutton, B. M.; McGusty, E.; Walz, D. T.; Dimartino, M. J. J . tumor models.6 This restricted range of activity may be Med. Chem. 1972,15,1095. related to facile ligand-exchange reactions which auranofin (3) Mirabelli, C. K.; Johnson, R. K.; Hill, D. T.; Faucette, L. F.; Girard, G. R.; Kuo, G. Y.; Sung, C. M.; Crooke, S. T. J . Med. can undergo. In plasma and in cells the tetraacetyl-P-DChem. 1986,29, 218. thioglucose ligand is readily displaced by other thiolate (4) Simon, T. M.; Kunishima, D. H.; Vibert, G. J.; Lorber, A. ligands, and the phosphine ligand can b e released and Cancer (Philadelphia) 1979, 44, 1965. undergo oxidation to the o ~ i d e . ~ - ~ ( 5 ) Simon, T. M.; Kunishima, D. H.; Vibert, G. J.; Lorber, A. We have recently prepared stable four coordinate gold(1) Cancer Res. 1981, 41, 94. (6) Mirabelli, C. K.; Johnson, R. K.; Sung, C.-M.; Faucette, L.; diphosphine complexes.lOJ1 These ionic, chelated, tetraMuirhead, K.; Crooke, S. T. Cancer Res. 1985,45, 32. hedral complexes exhibit a spectrum of chemical activity (7) Grootveld, M. C.; Razi, M. T.; Sadler, P. J. Clin. Rheumatol. different from that of auranofin. For example, they do not 1984, 3, 5. readily react with thiols.12 Moreover extensive testing of (8) Coffer, M. T.; Shaw, C. F., 111; Eidsness, M. K.; Watkins, J. W., bis [ 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]gold(I) chloride, 11; Elder, R. C. Inorg. Chen. 1986, 25, 333. ([Au(dppe),]Cl, 1) showed that it was active in several (9) Snyder, R. M.; Mirabelli, C. K.; Crooke, S. T. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986, 35, 923. tumor models.12 Further interest in the tetrahedral comDepartment of Chemistry, University of London. 3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Smith Kline and French. 5 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Smith Kline and
French.
(10) Berners-Price, S. J.; Mazid, M. A.; Sadler, P. J. J . Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 969. (11) Berners-Price, S. J.; Sadler, P. J. Inorg. Chem. 1986,25, 3822. (12) Bemers-Price, S. J.; Mirabelli, C. K.; Johnson, R. K.; Mattern, M. R.; McCabe, F. L.; Faucette, L. F.; Sung, C.-M.; Mong, S.-M.; Sadler, P. J.; Crooke, S. T. Cancer Res. 1986,46, 5486.
0022-2623/90/1833-1386$02.50/0 0 1990 American Chemical Society
