Oct.. 191j
T I5 E J O C R S d L O F I S D 1.S T RI A L A S D EiVGIlV E E RI iITG C R E M I S T R Y
is sometimes t o precipitate in a ring marked b y the initial level of aliquot. Determine C 0 2 b y agitation a n d aspiration for 30 minutes. a t room temperature, with 4 inches vacuum, using j cc. concentrated HaPo4 t o effect liberation of gas.’ Hydrochloric acid may be used instead of H3P04, if proper precautions be taken for collection of volatile acid. T h e gravimetric method of absorption is decidedly preferable unless t h e analyst is thoroughly conversant with t h e technic of the liquid absorption and double titration procedure. Xlthough absolute theoretical recovery of COn cannot be secured in large amounts b y t h e volumetric absorption, a t room temperature, the factor is apparently uniform. However, t h e differential COS values in the small charges used in t h e method may be very accurately determined a t ordinary temperatures if proper precautions be observed.* I n this laboratory we have secured very satisfactory results, even on large amounts of C o n , b y the procedure of precipitating t h e alkali carbonate formed in t h e a b sorbent solution with a constant maximum amount of BaC12, and making t o joo cc. volume with COa-free distilled water. An aliquot of z j o cc. of the clear supernatant caustic liquid is t h e n titrated directly with standard acid, using phenolphthalein as a n indicator. From the determined strength of t h e absorbent is then deducted the blank obtained in t h e same manner upon the original solution. Ten cc. of approximately N / z S a O H , diluted t o j o cc. with C02-free water, is sufficient t o absorb the liberated COS. If the double titration procedure be followed, t h e number of cc. of X / z o acid used in t h e methyl orange titration of t h e blank, minus t h a t of t h e determined residual, will give, in terms of 1 V v / 2 0 acid. the CaCO:, decomposed b y the soil. This number, multiplied b y o . o o j g. and divided by t h e charge and multiplied b y I O O will give t h e per cent of lime requirement in terms of carbonate of lime. If t h e barium chloride precipitation procedure be followed the difference lietween cc. of titration of one-half of original absorbent solution after its treatment with BaClz and t h a t of z j o cc. aliquot after absorbing CO? multiplied b y t h e C a C 0 3 value of titration-acid and divided b y charge will give C a C 0 3 requirement. The small and nearly constant atmosphere blank of t h e apparatus is included in t h a t of t h e added C a C 0 3 and absorbent solution. This eliminates t h e necessity of rinsing t h e apparatus before each determination in order t o remove a n y acid residual from the preceding determinations. This, together with t h e elimination of necessity for sweeping t h e apparatus free of atmospheric COS prior t o each analysis, greatly facilit a t e s speed when making a large number of determinations. In very accurate work t h e slight action of t h e acid u p o n t h e soil organic matter in t h e cold should be recorded. T h e blank would t h e n be run simultaneously upon t h e aggregate of a charge of t h e original soil equivalent t o t h a t used in t h e evaporation, t h e Description of apparatus and detailed directions for manipulation of this determination werr given in Tennessee Station Bullelin 100 and in THIS J O U R N A L 7 (1915), 227. 2 See Lincoln a n d Walton. “El. Quant. Chem..” p. 64. 1
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boiled C a C 0 3 solution, the apparatus atmosphere, a n d the absorbent solution, if t h e volumetric absorbent method were used. If t h e apparatus above specified for determination of residual carbonates a t room temperature be not available, residual carbonates may be determined b y bringing t h e soil and acid t o boiling and continuing t h e boiling for otie minute, with passage of purified air during boiling and for 3 0 minutes subsequently. B blank should then be run upon the acid soil in the same manner and correction made therefor. The boiling necessitates great care in order to prevent moisture being carried through the sulfuric acid into t h e soda lime tubes. Camp absorption towers will be found to be very efficient in t h e drying of the evolved gas. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A N D AGROXOMY EXPERIMENT STATION AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYOF TENNESSEE. KNOXVILLE
ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE SEEDS OF MARTYNIA LOUISIANA’ By E. H. S. BAILEYA N D W. S. LONG Received June 9, 1915
Our attention was first called t o t h e possible industrial value of this plant b y Mr. J. A. Puntennay, of Granada, Colo., a locality just across the KansasColorado, line. He estimates t h a t under ordinary conditions of t h a t climate the plant will yield 2 0 bushels of cleaned seed per acre, a n d under more favorable conditions this amount may be much increased. The plant, which is found growing in waste places, escaped from gardens, from Maine t o Georgia, and which occurs wild from Indiana west and southwest through LTtah, Texas and New Mexico, is a coarse, diffusively branched, glandular, pubescent and viscid, strongly scented shrub. It is commonly known as utzicorn or Deoil’s C l a m . I t has opposite, ultimate, long-petioled leaves, and large, violet-purple, whitish or mottled flowers in short terminal racemes. The seed-pod when inverted has the shape of a n elephant’s t r u n k , hence t h e name Eleflhant’s Trunk, often applied t o t h e plant. When d r y t h e pod splits in t h e center and two horns or projections appear. T h e Martynia grows abundantly as a weed in a climate t h a t is so d r y t h a t few other plants will flourishj because i t has a t a p root t h a t penetrates the soil t o a great depth. The herb is very drought-resistant, and will mature its seed in localities where the moisture is not even sufficient t o produce Mexican beans. With abundant moisture the yield is much increased. The seeds, of which as many as seventy are often found in a pod, are surrounded b y a husk, and Ti-hen this is removed, a comparatively soft, nearly white kernel remains. This is easily crushed, even when dry, and its oily character is apparent t o the touch. The seed has the following percentage composition: E t h e r extract (Fat) 60.63
Protein
(h-X 6.25) 24 4 1
Starch
4.55
Crude fiber 3.05
LIoisture 2.91
Ash 3.80
1 Presented a t t h e 5Lst Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New Orleans, March 31 t o April 3 , 1915.
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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Vol. 7, No.
IO
T h e constants of t h e oil are as follows:
Although Pirogoff’s enthusiasm prompted him t o predict t h e . supplanting of t h e inhalation procedure b y Refractive Iodine Saponification Specific gravity index (15.5’ C.) NO. NO. 15.5’ C. t h e rectal method, references t o it disappeared from Sample I... . , . . . 1.4760 122.3 8 0.9157 t h e literature until 1884. T h e n hlolliers’ revived Sample 11.. . , , . . 1.4767 interest in t h e method b y using a hand bellows for T h e analysis was made from t h e oil expressed from forcing t h e ether vapor into t h e intestine. Variathe seeds, after warming. The seeds crushed very tions in t h e technique were introduced during t h e same easily, b u t with t h e press t h a t we were able t o con- year, b u t t h e experiences of Yversen, Harter, Bull,2 s t r u c t , only about 20 per cent of oil was extracted. Wancher4 a n d Post6 showed more or less diarComparing this oil with other edible oils, i t has a rhea a n d melena as after-effects. These after-effects, high iodine number-between t h a t of sesame oil a n d with one case of death directly attributable t o t h e propoppy oil, a n d much higher t h a n ’ordinary oils. I t s cedure: caused t h e method t o again fail in securing specific gravity is similar t o t h a t of olive oil a n d mus- serious recognition until 1903 when Cunningham6 t a r d oil; its saponification number is high-near t h a t employed air as a vehicle for sweeping t h e ether of poppy oil. T h e oil is readily hydrogenated, a n d a vapor into t h e colon. I n 1909 Leuguen, Money a n d bland product is produced which has a n iodine number, Verliac’ used oxygen as t h e vehicle for t h e ether 7 2 . 8 . Although experiments are lacking t o prove vapor. B u s t o n s in his splendid book on “Anesthesia” t h a t t h e oil is nonpoisonous, it seems t o have no says t h a t he found t h e procedure most satisfactory injurious effects from tasting small quantities. Feed- for certain operations, for example, those having t o ing experiments are in progress with mice, t o prove, if do with t h e mouth, nose, etc., b u t he remarks, “ D e a t h s possible, t h e bland quality of t h e oil. It is a well- have occurred.” Sutton’sg introduction of a return known fact t h a t under t h e name of Blartynia t h e flow tube for these gases introduced a n d unabsorbed green pods are often used a s food and for making constituted a distinct advance in anesthesia b y colonic pickles. absorption. I n a n effort t o avoid certain well-known difficulties’ If t h e plant is a b u n d a n t enough, or if it can be grown cheaply enough in t h e arid regions, i t may solve t h e in intravenous anesthesia, Gwathmey esperimented question as t o what t o do with t h e otherwise barren with mixtures of normal saline solution a n d ether per land. F u r t h e r experiments are in progress t o test t h e rectum. T h e concentration of ether in t h e aqueous quality of t h e oil. T h e press cake will no doubt solution was so small t h a t excessive volumes of liquid were needed, a n d furthermore t h e ether parted from prove t o be valuable stock food. t h e solution so very rapidly t h a t experimentation U N I V E R S I T Y O F KANSAS, LAWRENCE along those lines was abandoned. Gwathmey then applied a solution of ether in olive oil. 4 s oil a n d ether make perfect solutions i n all mixtures, it was his hope ON THE RATE OF EVAPORATION OF ETHER FROM t o reduce the total bulk of t h e fluid introduced into t h e OILS AND ITS APPLICATION IN OIL-ETHER colon by using a stronger solution of ether in oil t h a n COLONIC ANESTHESIA’ is possible with a n y known aqueous mixture. A s By CHAS.BASKERVILLE oils are lubricants it was also hoped t o avoid t h e irriReceived June 14, 1915 tation of t h e mucous membrane previously noted. It is conceded t h a t t h e anesthetic agent must get T h e ether may always be separated from the oil b y into t h e blood for distribution a n d for eventual elimi- warming, b u t unless t h e temperature of t h e mixtures nation, whatever theory of general or central anes- is suddenly raised t o a n excessively high point, t h e thesia one may support. T h e anesthetic agent has ether passes o f f deliberately. It was thought t h a t t h e normally been introduced into t h e blood b y inhalation evaporation of t h e ether would induce some cooling or intravenously. I t is normally eliminated v i a t h e of t h e mixture with a consequent checking of t h e lungs. evaporation a n d its absorption. These premises T h e intestinal mucous membrane of vertebrates coupled with slow absorption b y t h e colon i n comis well known as a n efficient transmitter of gases t o parison with t h e rapid elimination b y t h e lungs would a n d from t h e blood. Pirogoff2 appears t o have been automatically regulate a n y anesthesia t h a t might be t h e first t o mention t h e administration of ether b y induced i n this manner. As a result, Gwathmey this route. Liquid ether was used until hlagendie presented a paper before t h e 17th International gave warning as t o t h e danger of its use a n d ether Medical Congress in London in 1913 on t h e work with vapor was substituted. During t h e same year R O U X , ~animals done b y himself a n d Wallace. 1 L y o n Medical, 1884, p. 45. y’Yhedo,’ a n d ‘Dupreyj employed liquid ether or 2 N. Y . Med. J . , March 3, 1884. aqueous mixtures t o induce complete anesthesia. 8 Med. Rec., 1884.
i:;:]
1 Read before the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, April 23, 1915; the New York Section of the American Chemical Society, June 11. 1915; a n d the American Association of Anesthetists, San Francisco, June 21, 1915. 2 “Recherches pratique et physiologiques sur l’etherization,” St. Petersburg, 1847. 8 J . d. 1’Academie d. Sciences, 1847, p. 18. 4 Gazette med. d. Paris, 1847. 6 Academie royale de medicine, March 16, 1847.
Cong. internat. d . Sciences med., 1884. Boston Med. and Sur& J.. 1884. 6 Cunningham and Leahy, Boston Med. and Surn. J . , April 30, 1905: V i d e also Dumont, Corrcspond. B1. f. Schweitzer Aertne, 1903, 1904, 1908; Krugeline, Wiener klin. Woch., Dec., 1904. 7 Compt. rend. soc. Biol., June, 1909. 4
5
8
“Anesthesia,” London, 1907.
9
For full account of techniqup and literature, see “Anesthesia” b y
Gwathmey and Baskerville. Appleton, New York (1914): pp. 431-457.
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