Oxygenates in Gasoline - ACS Publications

Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on May 4, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: November 6, 2001 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2002-0799.ix002

Subject Index Above ground biological treatment, remediation technology, 110 Activated carbon adsorption of ethersfromwater, 119, 121/ 123 See also Drinking water, MTBE removal; Granular activated carbon (GAC) Acute exposures, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 98-101 Adsorption activated carbon for removing ethers, 119, 121/ 123 methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) removal, 210 See also Drinking water, MTBE removal Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) removal, 209 remediation, 202 Aerobic degradation, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) and /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 229-232 Air fate and transport of /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 96 maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, and water, 69/ suggested maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, water for Denmark and US, 69/ Air quality benefits of gasoline formulations, 129-130 costs of gasoline formulations, 130

Air sparging combination with soil vapor extraction (SVE), 204 in situ remediation strategy, 201 Air stripping methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) removal, 209 remediation technology, 110 results for MTBE and ETBE removal, 122-123 See also Ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) Alcohols key physical properties, 95/ partitioning constants, 282/ Alkyl alcohols, physical properties, 270-274 Alkyl ethers, physical properties, 259269 Alternatives to methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) air quality benefits, 129-130 air quality costs, 130 analysis costs and benefits of gasoline formulations, 129-132 direct costs, 132 identification, 127-128 non-oxygenated option with least risk, 134 precautionary principle, 128 summary of costs and benefits, 132, 133/ use of ethanol, 134 water quality costs, 131 Anaerobic degradation, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) and /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 232 Anilines, partitioning constants, 284/ Animal studies

293

Diaz and Drogos; Oxygenates in Gasoline ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.


294 physical and chemical properties, acute exposure of /-butyl alcohol 192/ (TBA), 98-101 physical properties, 275-277 chronic exposure of TBA, 101-102 relative concentration distributions, Aquatic toxicity, /-butyl alcohol 36-38 (TBA), 101 temporal trends versus changes in Aqueous systems local hydrography, 34-36 oxygenate occurrence, 68, 70-76 See also Fuel oxygenates in Europe volatilization from water, 113-114 See also Aromatic hydrocarbons Arizona, programs for methyl /-butyl (BTEX); Leaking underground ether (MTBE) contamination, 51 fuel tank (LUFT) sites Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) Biodégradation behavior, 40 comparison of methyl /-butyl ether aerobic, 229-232 (MTBE) and BTEX anaerobic, 232 concentrations, 30-38 aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), 237 co-occurring contaminants, 237 bioaugmentation, 238 degradation by Fenton's reagent, 177 biostimulation, 238 modal decomposition using principal co-occurring contaminants, 237 component analysis (PCA), 32-34 degradation of methyl /-butyl ether physical properties, 275-277 (MTBE) under aerobic conditions, Association of State and Territorial 231-232 Solid Waste Management Officials degradation rates from representative (ASTSWMO), enhancing laboratory studies, 230/ communication on MTBE issues, in situ bioremediation approaches to 50-51 MTBE-impacted sites, 237-238 Attenuation, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 97 key factors affecting MTBE and Austria, gasoline and methyl /-butyl TBA in subsurface environments, ether (MTBE) consumption, 63/ 233,237 mechanisms of MTBE and /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 232-233 microcosm studies of MTBE in soil Β and groundwater, 231 Bacterial cultures, degrading methyl /MTBE and TBA under anaerobic butyl ether (MTBE), 245 conditions, 232 Belgium, gasoline and methyl /-butyl oxygen concentration, 233 ether (MTBE) consumption, 63/ potential of MTBE and TBA by Benefits, air quality for gasoline microbial populations, 239 formulations, 129-130 proposed metabolic pathway for Benzene MTBE degradation, 236/ concern, 43 review of MTBE and TBA studies, 229-232 local hydrological processes summary of representative MTBE influencing variation, 39 maximum concentration distribution, biodégradation field studies, 234/, 30,31/ 235/ partitioning constants, 284/ TBA, 97-98



295 See also Co-metabolic biological reactions Biological reactions. See Co metabolic biological reactions Biological treatment, above ground, remediation technology, 110 Bioremediation, in situ, strategy, 201 Blood stream, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 154 Boats, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) in surface water, 24 Boiling point alkyl alcohols, 270/, 271/ alkyl ethers, 259-260, 266-267 aromatic compounds, 275/ Boron pentasil Zeolite, decomposition of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 146 Breath, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) detection, 154

California comparing winter and summer methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) samples, 24/ cost and benefit analysis of gasoline formulations, 133/ expanded survey of rivers discharging into San Francisco Bay, 22, 24 ground water samples downstream from Niles Canyon monitoring location, 25 method for parts per trillion (ppt) MTBE detection, 19-20 MTBE concentrations for surface waters in June 1998, 23/ MTBE measurements in surface waters, monitoring wells, and production wells, 25/

programs for MTBE contamination, 51-52 recreational boating as source for surface water, 24 storm events at Niles Canyon, 21-22 storm water runoff event in March 1999, 22/ surface water samples, 26 See also Fenton's reagent; Leaking underground fuel tank (LUFT) sites California Air Resource Board Fuel (CARB), oxygenated fuels facts, 195/ Cancer carcinogenicity of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) metabolites, 86 female mouse liver tumors, 85 lymphomas and leukemias in female rats, 86 male rat kidney tumors, 85 potential of MTBE, 84-85 See also Health risk issues Carcinogen, methyl /-butyl ether suspected, 154 Carcinogenicity metabolites of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 86 /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 101 Case studies, MTBE remediation, 203-204 Chemical oxidation, in situ remediation, 201-202 Chronic exposures, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 101-102 Clean Air Act (CAA) expanding use of oxygenates, 3, 228 requirements and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) use, 43 Co-metabolic biological reactions bacteria growth on methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 248 degradation of MTBE by /sopentane enrichment, 251, 252/



296 degradation of MTBE by MTBE enrichment culture, 249/ enrichment cultures, 247 evidence of dominating co-metabolic mechanism, 249, 251 field test, 252-253 ground water characterization, 249 /so-pentane stimulation test in laboratory reactor, 254/ kinetic evaluation, 249, 250/ lactate stimulation of MTBE removal efficiency in full-scale reactor, 253/ methods, 246-247 microorganisms degrading MTBE co-metabolically, 246 MTBE biodégradation activity declining when MTBE as lone supplement, 251/ screening isolated cultures for ability to degrade MTBE in liquid media, 248/ stimulation experiments, 252 Costs air quality for gasoline formulations, 130 direct for gasoline formulations, 132 water quality for gasoline formulations, 131

D Degradation. See Biodégradation; T i 0 photocatalysis Denmark background concentrations of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 71/ gasoline and MTBE consumption, 63/ maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, and water, 69/ MTBE concentration in surface water bodies, 72/ 2

MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ Dermal exposure, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 99 Destruction of methyl /-butyl ether. See Electron beam process; Fenton's reagent Developmental effects, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 100 Diffused aviation, remediation technology, 110 Diisopropyl ether physical properties, 259-265 See also T i 0 photocatalysis Dimethyl ether (DME), physical properties, 266-269 Dispersion, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) stirred tank, 115, 116/ Distribution, national, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 7-10 Drinking water background concentrations of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) in Europe, 71/ MTBE detection, 4 regulations in Europe, 67-68 standards for /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 102-103 Drinking water, MTBE removal adsorption, 210 advanced oxidation processes (AOP), 209 air stripping, 209 analysis of water quality parameters, 214/ comparing breakthrough curves for PCB granular activated carbon (GAC) in three natural waters, 220/ comparison of isotherm with rapid small-scaled column tests (RSSCT) results, 221-223 cost analysis for adsorption as polishing process after AOP, 218 2



297 cost analysis for adsorption as sole process, 216-218 cost evaluation for adsorption as sole process for Lake Perris, 217/ cost evaluation for adsorption as sole process for South Lake Tahoe Utility District, 217/ effects of natural organic matter (NOM) and /-butyl alcohol (TBA) on equilibrium capacity of coconut GAC, 211,213/ estimated capital costs for representative systems, 216/ Freundlich parameters for PCB and coconut GAC in various water sources, 216/ isotherm data for six GACs used with MTBE in organic-free water, 211,212/ isotherm of two coconut GACs in organic-free water and three natural waters, 215/ isotherm vs. RSSCT, 219 membrane processes, 210 most cos/-effective adsorbent, coconut GAC, 211,214 objectives, 211 RSSCT data at 10 minute empty bed contact time, 222/ RSSCT results on impact of NOM on GAC adsorption, 219, 221 treatment options, 210 Dynamic underground stripping, remediation, 202-203

Economics adsorption as polishing process after advanced oxidation processes, 218 adsorption as sole process for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) removal, 216-218

costs of remediation and treatment, 204, 205 electron beam process, 162 Electron beam process advantages over oxidation technologies, 161 economic analysis, 162 electron beam research facility, 156— 157 estimated concentration of reactive species in pure water at several doses, 155/ experimental materials, 156 experimental methods, 156-157 experiments at nominal influent concentration, 159 future studies, 163 high concentration experiments, 158 kinetic model development as longterm goal, 158-159 kinetic model for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) destruction in aqueous solution, 160/ lower concentration experiments, 157-158 mechanism in initial kinetic model, 159 method generating oxidizing and reducing radicals, 154-155 MTBE analysis methods, 156 MTBE destruction at pH 5.30, 161/ MTBE destruction at pH 8.41, 162/ MTBE destruction for high concentration samples, 158/ MTBE destruction for low concentration samples, 157/ radiation chemistry, 155-156 Enrichment cultures. See Co metabolic biological reactions Environment behavior of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 139-141 co-occurring contaminants, 237



298 fate and transport of MTBE, 191, 194, 197 fate of MTBE, 18 key factors affecting MTBE and /butyl alcohol (TBA) biodégradation in subsurface, 233, 237 occurrence of MTBE versus use in gasoline, 10-16 regulations in Europe, 67-68 Enzymes, activity, 245 Epidemiological and clinical studies, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 98 Ethanol alternative for gasoline formulations, 134 partitioning constants, 282/ physical properties, 270-274 use, 7-10 Ethers key physical properties, 95/ partitioning constants, 282/ volatilization from water, 109 Ethylbenzene physical and chemical properties, 192/ physical properties, 275-277 relative concentration distributions, 36-38 See also Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) Ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) acid catalyzed reaction in water, 143-145 chemical structure, 142/ degradation in aqueous acid media, 145/ evaporation rates in ambient conditions, 148/ partitioning constants, 282/ physical properties, 259-265 volatility, 147-149 See also Fuel oxygenates in Europe; Tertiary butyl ethers; T i 0 photocatalysis 2

Ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) activated carbon adsorption, 119 adsorption results, 123 advantages of ETBE over MTBE, 108 air stripping, 117, 119 air stripping results, 122-123 analysis methods, 113 blending properties of gasoline with, 111-112 dispersion from stirred tank, 115 effect from Henry's gas law constant, 122 effect of air flow rate on air stripping, 117, 119 effect of MTBE on enhancing solubility of hydrocarbons in water, 109 effect of temperature on rate of desorption of ethers from water, 119 experimental studies, 112-122 experiments stimulating natural dispersion and volatilization, 122 highly crosslinked polystyrene for MTBE adsorption, 110 material compatibility for blended gasolines, 112 materials, 113 oxygen content for gasoline, 112 phase separation of gasoline-MTBE and ETBE blends, 122 physical characteristics in water, 108-109 rate of adsorption on activated carbon, 121/ rate of dispersion from water in highstirred tank, 116/ rate of dispersion from water in trough setting, 116/ rate of stripping ETBE from water in packed column, 118/ 120/ rate of stripping MTBE from water in packed column, 118/ 120/



299 remediation of, contaminated water, 117, 119 remediation technologies, 110 research and motor octane numbers, 111 solubility in water, 119, 122 vapor pressure of gasoline additives, 111 volatilization from flowing stream, 114-115 volatilization from water, 113-114 volatilization of ethers from water, 109 water solubility, 108 Europe. See Fuel oxygenates in Europe Ex-situ treatment. See Co-metabolic biological reactions

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engineering considerations, 187-188 factors to consider when evaluating, 178 formation of /-butyl alcohol during treatment of central California ground water with H 0 , 184/ gas formation during treatment, 185/ increase in temperature upon addition to soil, 186/ mass balance for treated central California groundwater, 182/ materials and methods, 179-180 methyl /-butyl ether degradation, 154 MTBE oxidation, 146-147 northern California ground water, 183 0 formation/H 0 decomposition, 184-186 product formation, 184 rate of 0 formation/H 0 decomposition, 180 reaction conditions for determination of dose requirements in ground water from central California, 181/ reaction mechanism, 178 temperature, 186 test samples, 179/ treatability testing, 178-179 Finland gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 63/ MTBE concentration in surface water bodies, 72/ MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ France gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 63/ MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ Fuel oxygenates facts, 195/ partitioning constants, 282-284 2

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Fate methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 20-26, 191, 194, 197 /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 96-98 See also California Fenton's reagent central California groundwater, 180— 183 change in temperature, 180 concentration of contaminants in aqueous and gaseous phases after ground water treatment (central California), 181/ concentration of contaminants in aqueous and gaseous phases after ground water treatment (northern California), 183/ conceptual well layout for in situ remediation of MTBE using, 188/ description, 177 disappearance of contaminants, 179, 180-183

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300 T i 0 photocatalysis, 167-168 See also Physical properties Fuel oxygenates in Europe available concentrations of methyl /butyl ether (MTBE) in ground and drinking water, 71/ available concentrations of MTBE in European surface water bodies, 2


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diffuse input and background concentrations, 70, 73 environmental and drinking water regulations, 67-68 German Environment Agency (UBA) recommending MTBE increase, 59 lack of representative monitoring data, 76-77 maximum concentrations in gasoline compounds in EU and US regulations, 61/ MTBE detection in ground water over time in Switzerland, 73/ occurrence in aqueous systems, 68, 70-76 overview of gasoline and MTBE consumption in European countries, 63/, 64/, 65/ oxygenate regulation in Europe, 62/ point source releases, 73-74, 76 regulation and consumption, 60, 62 regulations for construction and operation of underground storage, 66-67 representative concentrations of MTBE in ground water influenced by point sources, 75/ risk assessments, 59-60 storage facilities, 66-67 suggested maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, water for Denmark and US, 69/

Gasoline air quality benefits, 129-130 air quality costs, 130 amount of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) changing, 9-10 blending properties of MTBE and ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE), 111112 complaints during oxygenated gasoline introduction, 84 cost and benefit analysis of formulations in California, 133/ costs and benefits of formulations, 129-132 direct costs, 132 material compatibility, 112 maximum concentrations in Europe and U.S., 61/ MTBE content nationally, 244 oxygenated fuels facts, 195/ oxygen content, 112 phase separation of ether blends, 122 precautionary principle for formulations, 128 relation between MTBE environmental occurrence and use in, 10-16 remediation at contaminated sites, 190-191 research and motor octane numbers, 111 /-butyl alcohol (TBA) for, 95 vapor pressure, 111 water quality costs, 131 Gasoline oxygenates. See Ti0 photocatalysis Gasoline surveys, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 5-7 Genotoxicity, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 102 German Environment Agency (UBA), recommending methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) increase, 59


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301 Germany background concentrations of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 71/ gasoline and MTBE consumption, 63/ MTBE concentration in surface water bodies, 72/ MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ MTBE contaminationfromstorage facilities, 76 Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption for drinking water, 210 coconut GAC cos/-effective adsorbent, 211,214 effects of natural organic matter (NOM) and /-butyl alcohol (TBA) on equilibrium capacity of coconut GAC, 211,213/ Freundlich parameters, 216/ isotherms of two coconut GACs in organic-free and natural water, 215/ treating groundwater, 203-204 See also Drinking water, MTBE removal Greece, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 64/ Ground water background concentrations of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) in Europe, 71/ contaminant problems in Western states, 244 detectionfrequencyof MTBE by category, 12/ detectionfrequencyof MTBE versus MTBE content in gasoline, 13/

fate and transport of /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 96-98

MTBE detection, 4 See also California; Co-metabolic biological reactions; Fenton's reagent; Methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE)

H Hawaii, programs for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination, 52 Health risk issues cancer, 84-86 carcinogenicity of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) metabolites, 86 complaints during oxygenated gasoline introduction, 84 current status of MTBE, 86-87 EPA drinking water advisory for MTBE, 86-87 examining total life cycle of product, 87 female mouse liver tumors, 85 lymphomas and leukemias in female rats, 86 male rat kidney tumors, 85 non-cancer for MTBE, 83-84 Henry's gas low constant alkyl alcohols, 272/ alkyl ethers, 262/, 263/, 268/ aromatic compounds, 276/, 277/ effect on volatilization of ethers, 122 Hepatic effects, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 100-101 Human studies, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 98 Hungary, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 65/ Hydrocarbons, MTBE enhancing solubility in water, 109 Hydrography, temporal trends in benzene and MTBE versus changes in local, 34-36


302


I Inhalation exposure, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 99 In situ air sparging, remediation strategy, 201 In situ bioremediation, strategy, 201 In situ chemical oxidation, remediation, 201-202 Irradiation. See Electron beam process Isobutanol, physical properties, 270274 Iso-pentane. See Co-metabolic biological reactions Isopropanol, physical properties, 270274 Italy, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 64/

Κ Kansas, programs for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination, 5253 Ketones, partitioning constants, 282/ Kinetic model, methyl /-butyl ether destruction, 158-159, 160/ Kinetics. See Co-metabolic biological reactions

L Lactate stimulation. See Co-metabolic biological reactions Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model plot for degradation of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 172/ T i 0 photocatalysis, 170-171 Leaking underground fuel tank (LUFT) sites 2

background, 29 comparing behavior of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) and aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), 40 comparing benzene and MTBE concentrations from California sites, 31/ comparing MTBE and BTEX concentrations, 30-38 contaminant MTBE, 29 differences between BTEX and MTBE concentrations, 39 hydrological processes influencing mean variation in benzene and MTBE, 39 investigating in situ behavior of MTBE and BTEX, 29 locations, 29 maximum concentration distributions, 30 mean concentration trends versus representative hydrographie variability, 35/ modal decomposition of BTEX and MTBE covariability using principal component analysis (PCA), 32, 34 principal components using PCA, 33/ relative concentration distributions, 36,38 relative concentrations versus absolute benzene concentration, 37/ statistics, United States, 43 temporal trends in benzene and MTBE mean concentration versus changes in local hydrography, 34, 36 Leaking underground storage tank (LUST) sites. See State programs Life cycle, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 87 Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS), detection frequency of MTBE in ground and


303 surface waters versus gasoline content, 13/15


M Maine, programs for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination, 53 Maryland, programs for MTBE contamination, 53 Material compatibility, gasoline blends, 112 Mechanisms evidence of co-metabolic, dominating, 249, 251 methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) and /butyl alcohol (TBA) biodégradation, 232-233 proposed metabolic pathway for degradation of MTBE, 236/ Melting point alkyl alcohols, 270/ alkyl ethers, 259/, 266/ aromatic compounds, 275/ Membrane processes, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) removal, 210 Metabolism, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 102 Methanol partitioning constants, 282/ physical properties, 270-274 Methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) acid catalysis in chemical reactions, 146-147 acid catalyzed reaction in water, 143-145 areas designated as oxygenated fuels program (OXY), 8/ areas designated as reformulated gasoline program (RFG), 8/ behavior, 40 biological treatment, 244-245 blood stream and breath, 154 chemical structure, 142/

comparison with aromatic hydrocarbon (BTEX) concentrations, 30-38 complexity and changing with time, 9-10 costs of remediation and treatment, 205 current national distribution, 7-10 decomposition in boron pentasil Zeolite, 146 degradation in aqueous acid media, 145/ detection frequency in ground and surface waters by use category, 12/ detection frequency in ground and surface waters vs. content in gasoline, 13/ detection in ground water, 4-5, 138— 139 detection in surface water, 4-5, 1819 enhancing solubility of hydrocarbons in water, 109 environmental fate and transport, 18, 191, 194, 197 evaporation rates in ambient conditions, 148/ frequencies of detection, 11, 15 gasoline surveys, 5, 7 general characteristics of gasoline surveys, 6/ largest sources of, to atmosphere, 18 leaking underground fuel tank sites (LUFTs), 29 local hydrological processes influencing variation, 39 locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) lines, 15 management challenges, 29 maximum concentration distribution, 30,31/ method for part per trillion (ppt) detection, 19-20 metropolitan areas tested for, in


304 ground and surface waters, 14/ modal decomposition using principal component analysis (PCA), 32-34 natural attenuation studies, 19 nonpoint MTBE in surface water, 18 0 or 0 / H 0 treatment, 154 occurrence of additive in surface and ground waters vs. use in gasoline, 15-16 octane replacement for tetraethyl lead, 18 oxidation in Fenton's solution, 146147 partitioning constants, 282/ physical and chemical properties, 192/ physical properties, 259-265 radiation chemistry, 155-156 reference concentration, 83 relations between environmental occurrence and use in gasoline, 10-16 relative concentration distributions, 36-38 release and detection, 43-44 selected ion monitoring mode, 20/ state responses to MTBE contamination, 50-54 storage study, 20,21/ temporal trends versus changes in local hydrography, 34-36 trans-alkylation reaction in toluene, 146 use and environmental behavior, 139-141 use and environmental occurrence, 3-5 volatility, 147-149 See also Alternatives to methyl /butyl ether (MTBE); Biodégradation; California; Co metabolic biological reactions; Drinking water, MTBE removal; Electron beam process; Ethyl /butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl /-


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butyl ether (MTBE); Fenton's reagent; Fuel oxygenates in Europe; Health risk issues; Leaking underground fuel tank (LUFT) sites; Remediation; State programs; Tertiary butyl ethers; T i 0 photocatalysis Microbial populations potential of MTBE and TBA by, 239 See also Biodégradation Migration, zones of, and controlling properties, 193/ Monitored natural attenuation, remediation, 202 Montana, programs for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination, 5354 Motor octane numbers (MON) alkyl alcohols, 273/ alkyl ethers, 263/, 269/ gasoline blends, 111 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA), gasoline surveys, 5, 6/ MTBE. See Methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) 2

Ν National distribution, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 7-10 National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER), gasoline surveys, 5, 6/ National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) gasoline survey data, 9 metropolitan areas tested for MTBE content, 14/ Natural attenuation, monitored, remediation, 202 Netherlands gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 64/


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MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ Neurological effects, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 100 New Hampshire, programs for methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination, 54 Non-cancer health risks, methyl /butyl ether (MTBE), 83-84 Norway, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 65/

Ο Octane numbers, gasoline blends, 111 Oral exposures, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 99, 101-102 Oxidation, UV-catalyzed, remediation technology, 110 Oxygenated Fuels Program (OXY) areas of oxygenate use, 3 designated areas, 8/ Oxygenates adding oxygen to gasoline, 3 key physical properties, 95/ See also Fuel oxygenates in Europe; Methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE); T i 0 photocatalysis Oxygen content, gasoline blends, 112 Ozone/hydrogen peroxide treatment, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 154 2

Ρ Partitioning constants alcohols, 282/ anilines, 284/ benzene, 284/ definition, 281 ethers, 282/ ketones, 282/ phenols, 282/, 283/

pyridines, 284/ thiophenes, 284/ toluene, 284/ triazoles, 284/ Parts per trillion (ppt). See California Phase separation, gasoline-ether blends, 122 Phenols, partitioning constants, 282/, 283/ Photocatalysis. See T i 0 photocatalysis Physical properties alkyl alcohols, 270-274 alkyl ethers, 259-269 aromatic compounds, 275-277 Plume studies, MTBE and benzene, 194, 196/ Polar fuel components, partitioning constants, 282-284 Polystyrene, highly crosslinked, remediation technology, 110 Portugal, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 64/ Precautionary principle, gasoline formulations, 128 Principal component analysis (PCA) modal decomposition of aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 32-34 statistical technique, 32 Production, /-butyl alcohol, 94 Public awareness, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 47, 50 Pump-and-treat, remediation strategy, 199 Pyridines, partitioning constants, 284/ 2

R Radiation chemistry, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 155-156 Radio frequency heating, remediation, 202-203



306 Rapid small-scaled column tests (RSSCTs) breakthrough curves for PCB granular activated carbon (GAC) in drinking water sources, 220/ comparison of isotherm with RSSCT results, 221-223 data at 10 minute empty bed column time, 222/ isotherm vs. RSSCT, 219 RSSCT results on impact of natural organic matter on GAC adsorption, 219, 221 See also Drinking water, MTBE removal Recreational boats, source of methyl tbutyl ether (MTBE) in surface water, 24 Reference concentration, methyl /butyl ether (MTBE), 83-84 Reformulated Gasoline Program (RFG) areas of oxygenate use, 3 designated areas, 8/ oxygenated fuels facts, 195/ Regulation. See Fuel oxygenates in Europe; State programs Remediation activated carbon adsorption, 119 air stripping, 117, 119 case studies of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 203-204 costs, 204, 205 effect of air flow rate, 117, 119 emerging technologies, 202-203 environmental fate and transport of MTBE, 191, 194, 197 gasoline-contaminated sites, 190-191 in situ air sparging (IAS), 201 in situ bioremediation, 201 in situ bioremediation approaches to MTBE-impacted sites, 237-238 in situ chemical oxidation, 201-202 monitored natural attenuation, 202

MTBE and benzene plume studies, 196/ MTBE and ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) contaminated water, 117, 119 MTBE treatment and, technologies, 197, 199-203 operating costs, 204 oxygenated fuels facts, 195/ physical and chemical properties of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, oxylene, and MTBE, 192/ potential MTBE technologies, 200/ pump-and-treat, 199 rate of adsorption of MTBE and ETBE on activated carbon, 121/ rate of stripping MTBE and ETBE from packed column, 118/ rate of stripping MTBE and ETBE from water in packed column, 120/ relative difficulty for MTBE and BTEX contamination, 198/ soil vapor extraction (SVE), 199, 201 strategy selection, 198/ technologies, 110 zones of migration and controlling properties, 193/ Removal. See Drinking water, MTBE removal Research octane numbers (RON) alkyl alcohols, 273/ alkyl ethers, 263/, 268/ aromatic compounds, 277/ gasoline blends, 111 Risk assessment, European organizations, 59-60

S Self-reported sensitive (SRS), methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 84 Six-phase heating, remediation, 202203



307 Soil fate and transport of /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 96 increase in temperature, Fenton's reagent addition to, 186/ maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, and water, 69/ suggested maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, water for Denmark and US, 69/ Soil vapor extraction (SVE) case study, 203-204 remediation strategy, 199, 201 Solubility methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) enhancing, hydrocarbons in water, 109 /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 97 See also Water solubility Spain, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 64/ State programs Arizona, 51 California, 51-52 changing awareness by regulators and public, 47, 50 development of cleanup standards for MTBE, 44-50 enhancing communication on MTBE issues, 50-51 Hawaii, 52 interviews to regulatory programs, 45 Kansas, 52-53 Maine, 53 Maryland, 1, 53 Montana, 53-54 MTBE cleanup and drinking water levels, 45 MTBE groundwater cleanup levels for leaking underground storage tank (LUST) sites, 1997, 46/ MTBE groundwater cleanup levels for LUST sites, 2000, 48/ 49/

MTBE notoriety and public awareness, 47 New Hampshire, 54 recognizing need for positive management, 50 status of state-specific UST/LUST regulations by phone interviews, 47 taste and odor complications, 45, 47 UST/LUST program responses to MTBE contamination, 50-54 Wisconsin, 54 Steam stripping, remediation technology, 110 Storage facilities, regulations in Europe, 66-67 Storage study, methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 20,21/ Surface waters detectionfrequencyof MTBE by category, 12/ detectionfrequencyof MTBE versus MTBE content in gasoline, 13/ MTBE detection, 4 See also California; Methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) Sweden, gasoline and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) consumption, 64/ Switzerland background concentrations of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 71/ gasoline and MTBE consumption, 65/ gasoline spill from tank lorry, 74, 76 MTBE concentration in surface water bodies, 72/ MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ MTBE detection in ground water over time, 73/ Synthetic resin sorbents, remediation, 202


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Τ Tertiary amyl alcohol, physical properties, 270-274 Tertiary amyl ethyl ether (TAEE), physical properties, 259-265 Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) acid catalyzed reaction in water, 143-145 chemical structure, 142/ degradation in aqueous acid media, 145/ evaporation rates in ambient conditions, 148/ partitioning constants, 282/ physical properties, 259-265 volatility, 147-149 See also Fuel oxygenates in Europe; Tertiary butyl ethers; T i 0 photocatalysis Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) acute, in vitro studies, 99 acute dermal exposures, 99 acute inhalation exposures, 99 acute oral exposure, 99 animal studies: acute exposure studies, 98-101 animal studies: chronic exposures, 101-102 aquatic toxicity, 101 attenuation due to sorption, 97 biodégradation, 97-98 carcinogenicity, 101 chemical properties, 92-94 chronic oral exposures, 101-102 degradation in aqueous acid media, 145/ developmental effects, 100 drinking water standards, 102-103 epidemiological and clinical studies, 98 fate and transport in air, 96 fate and transport in ground water, 96-98 fate and transport in soil, 96 2

gasoline grade, 95 genotoxicity, 102 hepatic effects, 100-101 human studies, 98 key physical properties of oxygenates, 95/ neurological effects, 100 partitioning constants, 282/ physical properties, 270-274 production and use, 94 routes of exposure, 99-100 solubility, 97 toxicokinetics, 102 toxicological properties, 98-102 use as fuel oxygenate, 94-95 See also Biodégradation Tertiary butyl ethers acid catalysis of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) in chemical reactions, 146-147 acid catalyzed reaction of MTBE, /amyl methyl ether (TAME), and ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) in water, 143-145 chemical properties, 142-143 chemical structures, 142/ degradation in aqueous acid media, 145/ evaporation rates in ambient conditions, 148/ experimental, 149 hydrolytic decomposition, 139 physical properties, 141-142 review, 141-143 volatility, 147-149 Tertiary butyl formate, physical properties, 266-269 Tertiary heptyl ethyl ether, physical properties, 266-269 Tertiary heptyl methyl ether, physical properties, 266-269 Tertiary hexyl ethyl ether, physical properties, 266-269 Tertiary hexyl methyl ether, physical properties, 266-269


309 Tetraethyl lead, methyl /-butyl ether as octane replacement for, 18 Thermal processes, remediation, 202203 Thiophenes, partitioning constants, 284/ T i 0 photocatalysis comparison of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) degradation rates with different T i 0 types, 173/ degradation of MTBE, diisopropyl ether (DIPE), /-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE), 167, 169/ 174 effect of loading of variety of T i 0 types on degradation rates, 173/ experimental equipment, 174-175 experimental materials, 174 first order kinetic parameters for MTBE, 170/ first order rate law, 168 fuel oxygenates and product studies of MTBE, 167-168 kinetic studies, 168, 170-171 Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model, 170-171 L - H plot for MTBE degradation, 172/ plots of ln[MTBE] /[MTBE] vs. time, 172/ process, 166-167 rate of adsorption, 170 reaction profile and control experiments for MTBE degradation, 169/ surface coverage, 170 Toluene partitioning constants, 284/ physical and chemical properties, 192/ physical properties, 275-277 relative concentration distributions, 36-38 See also Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) 2


2

2

0

t

Toxicokinetics, /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 102 Toxicological properties, TBA, 98102 Transport methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 20-26, 191, 194, 197 /-butyl alcohol (TBA), 96-98 See also California Treatment. See Remediation Triazoles, partitioning constants, 284/

U Underground storage tank (UST). See State programs United Kingdom background concentrations of methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), 71/ gasoline and MTBE consumption, 64/ MTBE concentrations in ground water, 75/ United States maximum concentrations in gasoline compounds, 61/ maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, and water, 69/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water advisory for MTBE, 86-87 gasoline surveys, 5, 6/ information collection, 7 statistics, 43 UV catalyzed oxidation, remediation technology, 110

V Vapor pressure alkyl alcohols, 271/ alkyl ethers, 261/, 267/


310 aromatic compounds, 276/ gasoline blends, 111 Volatilization ethersfromwater, 109 flowing stream of water, 114-115 methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl /butyl ether (ETBE), and benzene from water, 113-114

Water solubility alkyl alcohols, 271/ alkyl ethers, 260/, 267/ aromatic compounds, 276/ methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE), 108, 119, 122 Wisconsin, programs for methyl /butyl ether (MTBE) contamination, 54


W Water suggested maximum target concentrations for MTBE in air, soil, water for Denmark and US, 69/ volatilization of ethers from, 109 Water quality costs of gasoline formulations, 131 parameters, 214/

X Xylenes physical and chemical properties, 192/ physical properties, 275-277 relative concentration distributions, 36-38 See also Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX)


Oxygenates in Gasoline - ACS Publications

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