PFAS - ACS Publications - American Chemical Society

Mar 22, 2017 - Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley,. Califor...
0 downloads 0 Views 695KB Size
Subscriber access provided by HACETTEPE UNIVERSITESI KUTUPHANESI

Article

Predictors of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) plasma concentrations in 6-10 year old American children Maria H Harris, Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman, Antonia M. Calafat, Xiaoyun Ye, Ana Maria Mora, Thomas F Webster, Emily Oken, and Sharon K. Sagiv Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05811 • Publication Date (Web): 22 Mar 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 24, 2017

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Environmental Science & Technology is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 33

Environmental Science & Technology

Predictors of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) plasma concentrations in 6-10 year old American children Maria H. Harris*,1,2, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman3, Antonia M. Calafat4, Xiaoyun Ye4, Ana Maria Mora5,6, Thomas F. Webster5, Emily Oken3,7 and Sharon K. Sagiv1,2

Affiliations 1

Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, University of California, Berkeley

School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA 2

Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health,

Berkeley, California, USA 3

Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and

Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 4

Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA 5

Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston,

Massachusetts, USA 6

Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia,

Costa Rica 7

Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

*Corresponding author: Maria H Harris, PhD Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health 1995 University Ave., Suite 265 Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Telephone: (510) 642-9508 Fax: (510) 642-9083 Email: [email protected]

1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

Page 2 of 33

Supporting Information: Tables presenting (1) results from unadjusted bivariable models; (2) predictors of linear and branched PFOS isomer (n-PFOS and sm-PFOS) concentrations; (3) summary statistics for PFAS concentrations measured in maternal plasma samples from early pregnancy; (4) PFAS plasma geometric means by year of collection in Project Viva compared to geometric means for NHANES participants.

Acknowledgments: We thank the participants and staff of Project Viva. We also thank Kayoko Kato, Ayesha Patel, and Tao Jia for the PFAS measurements. This work was supported by grant funding from the National Institutes of Health: R01 ES021447, R01 HD034568, K24 HD069408, and P30 DK092924. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or any other body. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

TOC/Abstract Art

2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 3 of 33

1

Environmental Science & Technology

ABSTRACT

2

Certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are suspected developmental

3

toxicants, but data on PFAS concentrations and exposure routes in children are limited. We

4

measured plasma PFASs in children aged 6-10 years from the Boston-area Project Viva pre-birth

5

cohort, and used multivariable linear regression to estimate associations with sociodemographic,

6

behavioral, and health-related factors, and maternal PFASs measured during pregnancy. PFAS

7

concentrations in Project Viva children (sampled 2007-2010) were similar to concentrations

8

among youth participants (aged 12-19 years) in the 2007-8 and 2009-10 National Health and

9

Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); mean concentrations of most PFASs declined from

10

2007 to 2010 in Project Viva and NHANES. In mutually-adjusted models, predictors of higher

11

PFAS concentrations included older child age, lower adiposity, carpeting or a rug in the child’s

12

bedroom, higher maternal education, and higher neighborhood income. Concentrations of

13

perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate

14

(PFHxS), and 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate (Me-PFOSA-AcOH) were 26-

15

36% lower in children of black mothers compared to children of white mothers and increased 12-

16

21% per interquartile range increase in maternal pregnancy PFASs. Breastfeeding duration did

17

not predict childhood PFAS concentrations in adjusted multivariable models. Together, the

18

studied predictors explained the observed variability in PFAS concentrations to only a modest

19

degree.

20 21 22 23

BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic compounds employed since the 1950s in a range of industrial and consumer products, including stain3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

24

resistant fabric and carpet treatments and oil-resistant coatings for food packaging.1-3 Certain

25

PFASs are persistent in the environment, accumulate in the human body, and have been widely

26

detected in human biosamples.2, 4, 5 Though evidence on the developmental health effects of

27

PFASs is mixed, early-life exposure to PFASs has been linked in some studies to

28

neurobehavioral problems,6-9 immune suppression,10, 11 and increased adiposity12-14 in children.

29

Exposure to PFASs for the general population can occur through use of PFAS-containing

30

products and contact with PFASs in household dust and air.2, 15-17 The use of PFASs in food

31

packaging as well as their presence in some foods suggests dietary exposures may also be

32

important.2, 4, 15, 16 Young children, who have increased hand-to-mouth activity and exposure to

33

dust on household surfaces and greater food consumption relative to body weight, may have

34

higher uptake of PFAS than adults.15 Breastfeeding may also be an important exposure pathway

35

for infants and toddlers.18-20

36

Page 4 of 33

Evidence on factors influencing PFAS concentrations in children is limited. PFASs are

37

known to cross the placenta,21 and concentrations of PFASs in maternal peripheral blood

38

correlate highly with infant cord blood concentrations,22-24 suggesting that placental transfer

39

could represent an exposure route for children. Prior studies have also reported higher

40

concentrations of PFASs among children with longer duration of breastfeeding.18, 25, 26 In studies

41

that examined PFAS concentrations in mothers and children aged 2-826 and 6-1127 years, mother

42

and child levels measured at the same time point were moderately to highly correlated, with

43

concentrations higher among children.

44

Though some studies have reported higher PFAS concentrations in boys28, 29 and older

45

children,18, 28, 30 others have not observed consistent patterns by sex18, 30 or age.25, 26 A small

46

study investigating potential predictors of serum PFASs in young children (age 2-8 years, n=68)

4 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 5 of 33

Environmental Science & Technology

47

in California identified residential dust PFAS levels and frequency of wearing waterproof clothes

48

as significant predictors; dietary predictors varied across measured PFAS analytes, but included

49

consumption of canned and fresh fish, French fries, hot dogs, chips, and microwave popcorn.26

50

Further research is needed to characterize factors affecting PFAS concentrations in

51

children, who appear to have higher PFAS body burdens than adults and may also be particularly

52

sensitive to potential developmental toxicity. In a large prospective cohort of mothers and

53

children followed from pregnancy onwards, we measured plasma concentrations of PFASs in

54

children (aged 6-10 years), and examined associations with potential predictors including

55

demographic characteristics, behavioral and health-related factors, and maternal PFAS

56

concentrations measured in pregnancy.

57 58

METHODS

59

Study population

60

Participants were drawn from Project Viva, a prospective pre-birth cohort that enrolled

61

pregnant mothers from 1999-2002 at their first prenatal visits at Atrius Harvard Vanguard

62

Medical Associates, a multispecialty group practice in urban and suburban Eastern

63

Massachusetts.31 Of 2,128 enrolled mothers with live single births, 1,668 contributed blood

64

samples during early pregnancy (median 9.7 weeks gestation, range 4.8‒21.4) in 1999-2000. At

65

visits in mid-childhood (median age 7.7 years, range 6.6-10.6) in 2007-2010, a subset of children

66

(n=702) contributed blood samples. The Human Subjects Committees of participating

67

institutions approved all study protocols. All mothers provided written informed consent, and

68

children provided verbal assent at the mid-childhood visit. The involvement of the Centers for

5 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

69

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratory did not constitute engagement in human

70

subjects research. All study forms are available at https://www.hms.harvard.edu/viva/.

Page 6 of 33

71 72 73

Maternal and child PFAS measurements Maternal and child plasma samples were stored in cryovial (non-PFAS containing) tubes

74

in liquid nitrogen freezers. Samples were subsequently thawed, aliquoted, shipped to the

75

Division of Laboratory Sciences at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and

76

analyzed for concentrations of 8 PFAS analytes: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS),

77

perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), 2-

78

(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate (Et-PFOSA-AcOH; also known as EtFOSAA), 2-

79

(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate (Me-PFOSA-AcOH; also known as

80

MeFOSAA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDeA; also known as PFDA), and perfluorooctane

81

sulfonamide (PFOSA; also known as FOSA). Analyses of maternal plasma were conducted in

82

2014 and have been previously described.32 Child plasma samples were analyzed in 2015 using

83

on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution high-performance liquid

84

chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Low-concentration quality control materials (QCs)

85

and high-concentration QCs, prepared from a calf serum pool, were analyzed with the study

86

samples, analytical standards, and with reagent and serum blanks to ensure the accuracy and

87

reliability of the data.33 Analytical methods for the maternal and child samples were the same as

88

those used to analyze PFAS concentrations in NHANES samples for the 2011-12 and 2013-14

89

NHANES cycles, respectively.34, 35 Child plasma samples were also analyzed for concentrations

90

of linear and branched isomers of PFOA [n-perfluorooctanoate (n-PFOA), branched

91

perfluorooctanoates (Sb-PFOA)] and PFOS [n-perfluorooctane sulfonate (n-PFOS),

6 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 7 of 33

Environmental Science & Technology

92

perfluoromethylheptane sulfonates (Sm-PFOS), perfluorodimethylhexane sulfonates (Sm2-

93

PFOS)]. A total of 653 child plasma samples had sufficient volume for PFAS quantification and

94

limits of detection (LOD) were 0.1 ng/mL; values below the LOD were estimated as LOD/√2

95

(0.0707 ng/mL).

96 97 98

Predictor data Project Viva study staff collected data on participant demographics and health-related

99

behaviors via study questionnaires and interviews. We included data on sociodemographic

100

characteristics, health history, and behavioral factors that we hypothesized might serve as

101

potential predictors of PFAS plasma concentrations in childhood.

102

At the mid-childhood visit, mothers were asked about child participants’ fast food

103

consumption and the presence of carpeting or rugs in the rooms where the child “usually sleeps”

104

and “spends most awake time.” Mothers also reported on children’s outdoor activities in summer

105

and winter [“In the past year, how much do your child’s activities (playing outdoors, playing

106

sports, spectator sports, etc.) take him/her outside?”] with possible responses “1. not that often,”

107

“2. a moderate amount,” “3. quite a lot,” and “4. virtually all the time.” Based on response

108

frequency, we categorized outdoor activity time as low (1 or 2 for summer/1 for winter), medium

109

(3 for summer/2 for winter) or high (4 for summer/3 or 4 for winter). .

110

Project Viva staff measured children’s height and weight at the mid-childhood visit. We

111

calculated body mass index (BMI) as weight in kilograms/(height in meters)2 and calculated BMI

112

percentiles for age and sex using 2000 CDC reference data.36 Per CDC guidelines, we

113

categorized BMI as underweight/normal weight (