Photon up-conversion via epitaxial surface-supported metal-organic

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Photon up-conversion via epitaxial surface-supported metalorganic framework thin films with enhanced photocurrent Shargeel Ahmad, Jinxuan Liu, Chenghuan Gong, Jianzhang Zhao, and Licheng Sun ACS Appl. Energy Mater., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.7b00023 • Publication Date (Web): 26 Jan 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 30, 2018

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ACS Applied Energy Materials

Photon Up-conversion via Epitaxial Surface-supported MetalOrganic Framework Thin Films with Enhanced Photocurrent Shargeel Ahmad,1 Jinxuan Liu,1, * Chenghuan Gong,1 Jianzhang Zhao,1 Licheng Sun1, 2, * 1

State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China 2 Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden

Supporting Information Placeholder ABSTRACT: We report a new triplet-triplet annihilation photon up-conversion (TTA-UC) system using an epitaxial Zn-perylene SURMOF grown on metal oxide surface as “emitter”, and a platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) as “sensitizer” in [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ acetonitrile solution. It has been demonstrated that the photocurrent can be significantly enhanced relative to epitaxial Znperylene SURMOF due to the TTA-UC mechanism. This initial result holds promising applications towards SURMOF-based solar energy conversion devices. KEYWORDS: triplet-triplet annihilation, up-conversion, metalorganic framework thin film, photocurrent.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a class of porous, crystalline materials constructed by metal-oxo connectors and organic linkers.1-2 Because of their tunable chemical and physical properties, MOFs have attracted enormous research efforts in gas storage,3 purification and separation,4 as well catalysis5 and sensing6 applications. In recent years, the use of MOFs as energy materials for the applications in photovoltaics,7-8 electronics9-10 and energy storage devices11 has received enormous attention, which requires the deposition of MOFs on solid surface. The surface-supported metalorganic framework thin films (SURMOFs) with well-defined orientation and thickness become an attractive platform for fabrication of devices.12-13 The regular and precise arrangements of organic linkers within SURMOFs, in particular, the well-defined organic/organic interface within multilayer SURMOFs are suited for efficient energy transfer via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC).14 This process allows for the conversion of high wavelength into low wavelength via Dexter energy transfer15 at the heterojunction between donor and acceptor followed by TTA-UC within the MOF between two acceptors by using low-intensity noncoherent light.16-19 In the past decade, a wide variety of TTA photon upconversion systems has been developed.16, 20-30 In the TTA-UC systems used in solar energy conversion, it can be categorized into two strategies i.e. optically and electronically coupled cells. The optical devices rely on UC emission from polymer31-33 or solution16, 27, 34-35 based filter back to a conventional solar cell. For

the devices with UC emission from polymer, the dyes are embedded in the rubbery polymer matrixes to permit a certain degree of dyes mobility in order to overcome the quenching by oxygen and promote TTA-UC efficiencies.36 The liquid upconversion systems comprise of a triplet sensitizer and an acceptor. In the TTA-UC process, the triplet energy transfer from sensitizer to acceptor generating the two excited states acceptor triplets, which interact with each other to produce a singlet excited state of the acceptor. In electronically coupled cells,37-40 the TTA-UC materials (organic dyes) are incorporated into the cell with one dye (A) capable of absorbing lower-energy photons as “sensitizer” and the other dye (B) as “emitter”. Upon photo-excitations, the excited triplet states of dye A interact with a ground-state dye B, leading to a triplet state of dye B, where the TTA-UC occurs and generates one higher-energy injecting state. With this strategy the low energy excited states can be converted into higher excited states, and further increase energy conversion efficiency. Herein, we reported a new electronically coupled TTA-UC system using epitaxial SURMOF anchored on TiO2 substrate as emitter, and platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) as sensitizer in a [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ acetonitrile solution26 as schematically shown in Figure 1. Further, we demonstrated the enhancement of photocurrent via utilization of TTA-UC in a photoelectrochemical device containing [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ acetonitrile solution.

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the electronically coupled TTA-UC system using an epitaxial Zn-perylene SURMOF anchored on mesoporous TiO2 substrate as emitter, and PtOEP as sensitizer in a [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ acetonitrile solution.

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The SURMOF was fabricated by using well-established liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) approach via alternative deposition of 3,9perpylenedicarboxylic acids24, 41 and zinc acetates onto mesoporous TiO2 substrate, which leads to the formation of homogeneous and epitaxial Zn-perylene SURMOF.42 The detailed preparation procedures regarding substrate and Zn-perylene SURMOFs can be found in Supporting Information. The as-prepared Zn-perylene SURMOF thin film was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) as shown in Figure 2. The pronounced (001) and weak (002) peaks observed in out-of-plane XRD pattern (Figure 2 (a)) suggest that the fabricated Znperylene SURMOF has grown exclusively along [001] direction on TiO2 surface, which is accordance with the simulated XRD diffractogram with preferred [001] orientation. Further analysis of XRD data reveals that the (001) peak at 2θ = 5.8° corresponds to a d value of 1.5 nm, which has the exactly same length of 3, 9perylenedicarboxylic acid and Zn paddle-wheel structure. In combination with simulated XRD patterns shown in Figure 2(a), the Zn-perylene SURMOF exhibits a similar structure as our previously reported a nonlinear linker: 2,6- naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (2,6-NDC) exhibiting a P2 symmetry as a result of the nonlinearity of the carboxyl functional groups on the ligand43 with perpendicular layers to the TiO2 surface containing one dimensional channels with a diameter of ~1.5 nm, and a layer distance of ~0.58 nm as shown in Figure 2 (b).

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The observed broad band centred at 408 nm for Zn-perylene SURMOF is blue-shifted compared with free perylenedicarboxylic acids45 (438 nm and 460 nm in acetonitrile solution, Figure S3), which are associated to the S1(B1u) ← S0(Ag) transition of perylene units.46 In the case of PtOEP in acetonitrile solution, a typical absorption characteristics of metallated porphyrin compounds was observed with an intense Soret band at 377 nm, Q bands at 532 nm and 497 nm due to singlet-singlet absorption.47 For the combined system of Zn-peylene SURMOF + PtOEP (Figure 3 (blue)), the absorption bands at 377 nm, 408 nm, 497 nm and 532 nm are identical to those bands observed for Zn-peylene SURMOF and PtOEP, respectively.

Figure 3. UV-Vis spectra of Zn-perylene SURMOFs (in red), PtOEP (in black) and Zn-perylene SURMOFs + PtOEP (in blue). All the spectra were recorded in acetonitrile solution.

Figure 2. (a) Out of plane XRD patterns of Zn-perylene SURMOF grown on TiO2 substrate (in red) and simulated XRD pattern of Zn-perylene SURMOF with preferred (001) orientation. (b) Proposed ideal structure of Zn-perylene SURMOF with lattice parameters of a = b = 1.5 nm, c = 0.58 nm. The proposed structure was generated by using Materials Studio based on previously reported SURMOF 2 in ref.43 The morphology of the Zn-perylene SURMOF films prepared with LPE method on TiO2 substrate was characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM) as displayed in Figure S1, which exhibits a homogeneous and compact surface with a thickness of ~200 nm (20 LPE cycles).44 The infrared characterization can be found in Figure S2. The electronic properties of Zn-perylene SURMOF (emitter), PtOEP (sensitizer) and Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP were further characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The recorded UV-Vis spectra of these samples in acetonitrile solution are shown in Figure 3.

In order to confirm whether up-conversion can be realized in the heterogeneous Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP system (Figure 4 (a)), we have carried out the fluorescence experiments. The Zn-perylene SURMOF was placed into a sealed cuvette filled with acetonitrile solution containing PtOEP sensitizers, which was purged with N2 for 30 min to get rid of the influence of O2. The recorded emission spectrum of Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP is shown in Figure 4 (b) (in black). As reference the emission spectra of Zn-perylene SURMOF (dotted blue), PtOEP (dotted green) and 3,9-perylenedicarboxylic acid in acetonitrile were displayed in Figure 4 (b) and Figure S5, respectively.

Figure 4. (a) Schematic representation of the molecular structure of Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP on TiO2 surface. (b) Emission spectra of PtOEP (dotted green, λex = 530 nm), FTO/TiO2-Znperylene SURMOF (dotted blue, λex = 430 nm) and FTO/TiO2Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP (solid black line, λex= 530 nm). All the spectra were recorded in acetonitrile solution. The 530-nm excitation peak is attributed to the wavelength of laser source. Excitation power density of 4.6 mW/cm2 was used to for 530-nm and 430-nm laser sources.


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ACS Applied Energy Materials Excitation wavelength of 530 nm was used for the Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP system generating the emission signal centred at ~ 460 nm and 643 nm (Figure 4(b), solid black), which is in accordance with the emission signal from Zn-perylene SURMOF (Figure 4(b), dotted blue, λex = 430 nm. The use of 430-nm excitation wavelength aims to make comparative analysis of the upconversion signal is generated from the Zn-perylene SURMOFs when the sample is excited with green light.) and PtOEP (Figure 4(b), dotted green, λex = 530 nm). A cell with similar architecture was prepared in the absence of PtOEP at λex = 530 nm, which gave no emission at 460 nm as shown in Figure S4. We attribute the emission signal at 460 nm observed in the PtOEP + Znperylene SURMOFs spectrum to direct triplet energy transfer (TET) from PtOEP to Zn-perylene SURMOF at interface followed by TTA-UC between the neighboring perylene molecules within Zn-perylene SURMOF (Figure 1). The result demonstrates that TiO2-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP is an effective architecture to facilitate λex = 530 nm to λem = 460 nm upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation on surface anchored metal-organic framework thin film (TTA-UC-SURMOF). In order to utilize the TTA-UC-SURMOF system, we assembled TiO2-Zn-perylene + PtOEP into a standard electrochemical cell by using TiO2-Zn-perylene + PtOEP or TiO2-Zn-perylene, or TiO2 + PtOEP as working electrodes, Ag/AgNO3 as reference electrode, and platinum wire as counter electrode in 0.01 µM [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ acetonitrile solution (with applied external potential 0 V vs Ag/AgNO3) as illustrated in Figure 5(a). The electrochemical cell was irradiated by using simulated solar light (AM1.5 solar) passing through a 530-nm long pass filter coupled with an automatic shutter control the light irradiation i.e. light on and light off. In Figure 5(b) (left), upon irradiation with the 530-nm light, the transient photocurrents of ~ 2 µA/cm2 for TiO2-Zn-perylene + PtOEP, ~ 0.1 µA/cm2 for TiO2-Zn-perylene and ~ 0.2 µA/cm2 for TiO2 + PtOEP were generated, respectively. By analysis of the transient photocurrents, we found that the photocurrent was substantially enhanced for TiO2-Zn-perylene + PtOEP with a factor of 10 compared with photocurrents for TiO2-Zn-perylene SURMOF and TiO2 + PtOEP. Under 530 nm irradiation, the singlet excited state of PtOEP sensitizer is converted into triplet state via intersystem crossing (ISC). The generated excited triplet states transferred from PtOEP sensitizer to Zn-perylene SURMOF (the perylene at top layer) resulting in the triplet excited states of perylene, followed by the TTA-UC between perylene molecules within Zn-perylene SURMOF, which diffused though the Znperylene SURMOF to the TiO2 surface followed by charge separation leading to the higher photocurrent relative to Zn-perylene SURMOF (acceptor) and PtOEP (sensitizer) (Figure 5(a)). In order to confirm that the photocurrent enhancement is due to an TTA-UC mechanism, the experiment of photocurrent density as a function of 530 nm excitation power density for TiO2-Znperylene SURMOF + PtOEP was carried out as shown in Figure 5(b) right. It can be seen that the TiO2-Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP exhibited a quadratic (slope ≈ 2) to linear (slope ≈ 1) intensity-dependent behavior, which indicates a TTA-UC mechanism,40 i.e. the sensitizers were excited with low energy light, followed by energy transfer, TTA-UC, and electron injection from the upconverted state. As control experiment photocurrent density with respect to 430 nm excitation power density was per-

formed for TiO2-Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtOEP as displayed in Figure S6. The observed linear dependence (slope ≈ 1) behavior suggests that with high-energy excitation the generation of photocurrent results from the electron injection to TiO2 from singlet excited states of perylene (acceptor). The observed upconverted signal shown in Figure 4(b) together with the quadratic to linear behaviour of photocurrent versus power density, strongly support the enhanced photocurrent is due to the TTA upconversion at low power region.

Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of photoelectrochemical cell using TiO2-Zn-perylene + PtOEP as working electrode, Ag/AgNO3 as reference electrode, and platinum wire as counter electrode in 0.01 µM [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ acetonitrile solution. (b) (left) The i-t curves for photoelectrochemical cell containing TiO2 + PtEOP, TiO2-Zn-perylene SURMOF and TiO2-Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtEOP photoanodes under AM1.5 solar irradiation passing through a 530 nm long-pass filter (power density = 35 mW/cm2) at external applied potential 0 V vs Ag/AgNO3 and (right) photocurrent density from photoelectrochemical cell containing TiO2-Zn-perylene SURMOF + PtEOP photoanode with respect to 530 nm excitation intensity with external applied potential 0 V vs Ag/AgNO3. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the realization of upconversion using epitaxial Zn-perylene SURMOF as acceptor and PtOEP as sensitizer in a photoelectrochemical device. The photocurrent was enhanced by a factor of 10 for the hybrid TiO2-Znperylene SURMOF + PtOEP system relative to Zn-perylene SURMOF (acceptor) and PtOEP (sensitizer) under the green light irradiation (530 nm) due to TTA-UC in the sensitized SURMOF. As matter of fact that the present system has ability to transfer the triplet energy from PtOEP to Zn-perylene SURMOFs interface to


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achieve enhanced photoelectrochemical current than Zn-perylene SURMOF (acceptor) and PtOEP (sensitizer). However, more research efforts are needed to have deeper understandings about this phenomenon such as investigation of TTA-UC mechanism, finding suitable redox mediator, energy transfer yields and quantum yields, optimization of oxygen removal technique, and improvement of TTA-UC efficiency etc. With the first example of generating photocurrent via TTA-UC from surface anchored metal-organic framework thin film, it may open the avenues for further development of MOF-based solar energy conversion devices.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Supporting Information is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. Details of preparation and characterization of the surfacesupported metal-organic framework thin films and photoelectrochemical measurements.

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author * [email protected] * [email protected]

Author Contributions The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

Notes The authors declare no competing financial interests.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Financial support from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 program) (2014CB239402), the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 21673032, 51372028), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT17LK21), the State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University (201507) is gratefully acknowledged.

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