Program for the Division of Chemical Education - ACS Publications

Chemical Education Today

ACS National Meeting

Program for the Division of Chemical Education: San Francisco, September 10–14, 2006 by Catherine H. Middlecamp, Boyd L. Earl, and Joseph L. March

All CHED technical sessions, including the High School Program, will be held in the San Francisco Marriott Hotel, 55 Fourth Street, at Mission. There are these exceptions: the Sunday evening Poster Session and the Undergraduate Research Poster Sessions will be in the Moscone Convention Center. Unless otherwise noted, morning sessions begin at 8:30 a.m., afternoon sessions at 1:30 p.m. Saturday, September 9

Evening, 6 p.m. Division Social Hour and Dinner

The CHED social hour and dinner will be held at Tres Agaves Restaurant, 130 Townsend Street; this is a Mexican kitchen and tequila lounge located in the SOMA (South of Market) area, about 5 blocks south of the Convention Center. It is possible to reach it by walking or by taking a cable car to Powell and Market Streets and the BART from there.

San Francisco Meeting Information

■ Meeting Program: All ACS Divisions • Program, Registration, Housing Information, including forms for registration, hotel reservations, and ordering tickets to social events (luncheons, dinners, etc.): use the ACS Web site, http://www.chemistry.org/. Early registration ends August 21, 2006.

Program and Activities: CHED • CHED Technical Sessions will be in the San Francisco Marriott Hotel, 55 Fourth Street, at Mission Street; morning sessions begin at 8:30 a.m. and afternoon sessions at 1:30 p.m. unless otherwise noted here or in the final program. • Tickets to the CHED dinner (Saturday evening, September 9; SE-01, $55) and the High School–College Interface Luncheon (Sunday, September 10; SE-02, $30) are available only through ACS. • Booth at Exposition will be 1211–1213 in the Moscone Convention Center, representing CHED in general, JCE, JCE Software, the Exams Institute, Outreach Activities, and more. Hours: Monday and Tuesday 9–5; Wednesday 9–1. • Abstracts of CHED sessions are available to CHED Members through the ACS Web site (http://www.chemistry.org/); they are expected to be available at the Division’s Web site, http:// www.DivCHED.org, to all Division Members and Affiliates. Information about accessing these abstracts will be announced through the CHED Newsletter. • General information about San Francisco (such as museums, parks, and historical attractions) appears on p 1277. Information is also available in the CHED Newsletter and in issues of Chemical & Engineering News.

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Cable Car with Bay Bridge at sunset. Reaching a top speed of 9.5 miles per hour, a cable car crests a hill on its way down California Street. In the background, a sun-touched tower of the Bay Bridge is centered between buildings. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photo by Mark Gibson.

The social hour will begin at 6 p.m., followed by dinner at 7 p.m. Tickets to the dinner (from ACS, $55) must be purchased in advance through ACS when registering for the meeting; they may not be purchased onsite. Sunday, September 10

Morning A. Teaching Chemistry and Biochemistry to Nurses: GOBs of Information, So Little Time Koni Stone, Organizer, Presiding

This symposium will focus on the trend to compact all of the chemistry that nurses and other pre-health professionals need into one semester. What is important? What do they need to know to be successful in their professional degree program? Presenters will show us new labs, class activities, and innovative approaches that you can use to help these students learn massive amounts of material in only one (or two) chemistry–biochemistry courses. B. Hiring and Promotion in Chemical Education I Barbara A. Sawrey, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with PROF. This symposium is organized by the ACS Division of Chemical Education Task Force on Hiring and Promotion in Research, Development, and the Practice of Chemical Education. Issues of interest for this symposium are guidelines for departments and administrators for evaluation of candidates, ways in which candidates can approach the hiring and tenure process, or lessons learned from those in the field. Catherine H. Middlecamp ([email protected]) is the Program Committee Chair of the Division of Chemical Education; Boyd L. Earl ([email protected]) and Joseph L. March ([email protected]) are the Meeting Co-Chairs for the San Francisco ACS Meeting.

Vol. 83 No. 9 September 2006

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ACS National Meeting Moscone West, part of San Francisco’s Moscone Center, overlooks the corner of Fourth and Mission streets, adjacent to Moscone North and South. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photo by J. Louie C. Community College Programs Designed To Help Students Transition to Four-Year Colleges and Universities: Articulation and Agreements Stephen P. Summers, Organizer Deborah L. Mead, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with SOCED, and CPT. The majority of Community College students taking chemistry courses will continue their education at a College or University. In many cases the Community College student is unprepared for the rigors of a science program at the upper-division level. It is common for the Community College to institute programs designed to make the transition easier for the student. This symposium will share the programs that have been instituted at various Community Colleges and their successes. D. NSF Partnership for Research and Education in Materials (PREM) I Frank A. Gomez, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with PMSE. This symposium will feature the awardees of the NSF Partnership for Research and Education in Materials (PREM) program, highlighting the materials and related research currently being conducted at the four recipient (non-Ph.D.) institutions and their partner (Ph.D.) institutions. Topics include microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices, nanocomposites, conducting polymers, and thin films. The novel research and educational collaboration among the eight non-Ph.D. and Ph.D. institutions will be highlighted. E. High School Program—Inquiring Minds Want To Know I Boyd L. Earl, Organizer Heather Periera, Organizer, Presiding Health Materials and Techniques: Research and Development over the Past 25 Years: Investment in Basic Research Leading to Benefits for Society

Sponsored by HIST, Cosponsored with PRES, CHED, MEDI, PMSE, and POLY

Noon High School–College Interface Luncheon

The luncheon will be held in the San Francisco Marriott Hotel. Purchase luncheon tickets (SE-02, $30) in advance through ACS.

Afternoon A. Symposium in Honor of Sylvia Ware: An Educational Leader and Visionary Mary M. Kirchhoff, Organizer Joseph Heppert, Organizer, Presiding

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Cosponsored with WCC. Sylvia Ware, who has been associated with the ACS Education Division for over 26 years, retired in November 2005 after 18 years as the Division’s director. Under her leadership, the Division has been a catalyst for reform in chemistry education at all levels. Secondary and college students have benefited from the production of such innovative and visionary chemistry texts as ChemCom, Chemistry in Context, and, most recently, Chemistry. The Division has also produced an incredible array of educational resources intended for learners at all levels, and facilitated the implementation of ACS education policy. This symposium will feature invited speakers who were key players in developing many of the curricular materials, educational programs, and resources under Sylvia’s leadership over the past 20 years. B. Hiring and Promotion in Chemical Education II Barbara A. Sawrey, Organizer Paul B. Kelter, Presiding

Cosponsored with PROF C. Community College Programs Designed To Help Students Transition to Four-Year Colleges and Universities: Research and Educational Programs Stephen P. Summers, Organizer Deborah L. Mead, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with SOCED, and CPT D. NSF Partnership for Research and Education in Materials (PREM) II Frank A. Gomez, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with PMSE. E. High School Program—Inquiring Minds Want To Know II Boyd L. Earl, Organizer Heather Periera, Organizer, Presiding Classic Chemistry Books of the Twentieth Century II: Organic Chemistry

Sponsored by HIST, Cosponsored with Bolton Society, and CHED

Evening General Posters, 7:30–9:30 p.m., Moscone Center D North Tyson A. Miller, Organizer, Presiding

Monday, September 11

Morning A. In Remembrance of Doris Kasey Kolb: An Anthology I Kenneth E. Kolb, Organizer Kurt W. Field, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with WCC. Doris Kolb (1927–2005) was a talented, multifaceted, pioneering woman. In the ACS she held a variety of offices and received several awards. She was a role model; in 1953 she was the first female Ph.D. chemist employed by Standard Oil (IND). An educator for 40+ years, she was a founding faculty member of two junior colleges and taught at two universities. She did a live TV chemistry program in 1957. She authored 60 papers and a very successful chemistry text book with John Hill. She was also known, by a great variety of groups, for her overhead demos. As an early activist, she had considerable success in several controversial


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ACS National Meeting

The foot of Powell Street is a downtown transportation hub—site of the cable car turnaround and underground Muni and BART stations, plus the F-Line Historic Streetcar route along Market Street. Four blocks up the hill lies Union Square. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photo by Phil Coblentz.

Chinatown is one of many interesting and colorful districts of San Francisco. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photo by Phillip H. Coblentz.

civic areas. She loved poetry and wrote many poems. Each speaker will relate an area of chemistry they shared with Doris and then expand upon the future of that topic. B. Chemical Education Research, Student Retention Diana Mason and Vickie M. Williamson, Organizers, Presiding

This symposium, sponsored by the CHED Committee on Chemistry Education Research, will provide a forum for the exploration of research conducted on the teaching and learning of chemistry. Papers will address three aspects of chemistry education research: (1) the motivation for the research and the type of problems investigated, (2) the methodology used to gather and interpret the collected data, and (3) the findings and the significance of their interpretation. C. Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) I Richard S. Moog, Organizer Frank J. Creegan, Presiding

POGIL is a student-centered instructional approach combining group learning and guided inquiry, with an emphasis on the development of important process skills. This symposium will include presentations concerning all aspects of this pedagogic approach, across a range of courses and institutional types, including lessons learned from classroom experience, the assessment of student learning outcomes, and the development of new materials and their use. D. Chemical Information and Chemical Information Education in the Electronic Age F. Bartow Culp, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with CINF. Why should students bother learning expensive and sometimes user-surly databases when they can Google for answers? Trying to teach them effective information seeking and gathering habits in this Age of Infoglut is like trying to sell oat cakes in a Twinkies factory – noble, but very, very frustrating. This session brings together experienced teachers and librarians who show us that it can be done, and done well! Patent Issues in Academe and the Petroleum Research Fund (PRF) Grants

Sponsored by CHAL, Cosponsored with CHED. ChemCensus 2005: The Present and Future of Chemistry. Current Status of Chemistry

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Sponsored by PROF, Cosponsored with SOCED, CHED, CEPA, and PRES. Dr. Percy L. Julian—Scientist, Humanist, Educator, Entrepreneur, and Inspirational Trailblazer

Sponsored by CMA, Cosponsored with PRES; the Committees on Public Relations and Communications, Patents and Related Matters, National Historic Chemical Landmarks; Board Task Force on Percy Julian; ANYL, CHED, HIST, COMSCI, CPS, CPT, WCC, YCC, SOCED, and MEDI.

Afternoon A. In Remembrance of Doris Kasey Kolb: An Anthology II Kenneth E. Kolb, Organizer Kurt W. Field, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with WCC B. Chemical Education Research, Learning New Concepts Diana Mason and Vickie M. Williamson, Organizers, Presiding C. Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) II Richard S. Moog, Organizer, Presiding D. Revision of the ACS Guidelines for Undergraduate Chemistry Programs William F. Polik, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with CPT, and SOCED. The ACS Guidelines for the approval of baccalaureate undergraduate chemistry programs are being revised to reflect changes occurring in the chemistry profession and in chemistry education. The Committee on Professional Training (CPT) will report on proposed guidelines revisions concerning curriculum; process, communication, and teamwork skills; pedagogy; faculty; infrastructure; and program self-evaluation. Interactive discussion will be held on how current chemistry curricula fit within the proposed new guidelines and how new curricular innovations could be implemented. Substantial time will be allocated for audience questions and dialog with CPT. Chemical Education and Chemical Safety Issues in the Aftermath of Disasters: Gulf-Coast Hurricanes, Midwest Tornados, and Laboratory Fires Frankie K. Wood-Black, Organizer Morton Z. Hoffman, Organizer, Presiding


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Sponsored by DSTR, cosponsored with CHAS, CHED, ENVR, GEOC, and SOCED. This symposium will explore the chemical education and safety issues resulting from Gulf Coast Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, tornados in the Midwest, and large laboratory fires. It will include discussions of the effects of these disasters on the state of chemical education, their impacts from the point of view of chemical safety in educational and research environments, and future mitigation. ChemCensus 2005: The Present and Future of Chemistry. Current Status of Chemistry

Sponsored by PROF, Cosponsored with SOCED, CHED, CEPA, and PRES.

The Transamerica building is one of the tallest buildings in San Francisco with 48 stories. San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau photo by Phillip H. Coblentz.

Dr. Percy L. Julian—Scientist, Humanist, Educator, Entrepreneur, and Inspirational Trailblazer: The Making of the Percy Julian Film

Sponsored by CMA, Cosponsored with PRES; the Committees on Public Relations and Communications, Patents and Related Matters, National Historic Chemical Landmarks; Board Task Force on Percy Julian; ANYL, CHED, HIST, COMSCI, CPS, CPT, WCC, YCC, SOCED, and MEDI.

more information.] Sponsored by AEI, Cosponsored with CHED, PRES, CWD, CMA, SOCED, CEPA, PROF, and WCC.

Strategies for Being a Successful Ph.D. Student

Sponsored by YCC, cosponsored with CHED and WCC. Undergraduate Research Poster Session, 2:30–4:30 p.m. Andrea T. Bennett, Organizer

Morning

Tuesday, September 12

A. Nuclear Chemistry in Context Steven W. Keller, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with NUCL. This one-day symposium will bring together experts in nuclear science and science educators to discuss topics of high relevance to those teaching chemistry in the context of the challenges and opportunities presented by today’s society. Key topics will include the next generation of reactors for nuclear power, nuclear safeguards, and spent fuel storage and disposal.

F. Analytical Chemistry

Posters 177–201 G. Biochemistry

Posters 202–229 H. Chemical Education

Posters 230–248 I. Environmental Chemistry

B. Chemical Education Research, Why We Teach Diana Mason and Vickie M. Williamson, Organizers, Presiding

Posters 249–263 J. Inorganic Chemistry

C. Using Pharmaceuticals To Teach Chemistry: Educational Innovations for Majors and Non-Majors I Trace Jordan, Organizer, Presiding

Posters 264–281 K. Nanotechnology

Posters 282–284

Evening

Development of effective pharmaceuticals ranks among the most important achievements of chemistry. Over a century of chemical innovation has provided a vast array of medications that have alleviated suffering and saved countless lives. Despite this success, the design and evaluation of new therapeutic agents is often poorly understood by chemists and the general public. This symposium examines creative ways in which educators are integrating pharmaceuticals into the curriculum of chemistry courses for majors and nonmajors.

A. Sci-Mix, 8–10 p.m. Catherine Middlecamp, Organizer

D. A Decade of Peer-Led Team Learning I David J. Malik, Organizer, Presiding

B. Successful Student Affiliates Chapter Poster Session, 7:30–9:30 p.m. Andrea T. Bennett, Organizer

It has been approximately 10 years since the appearance of Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) as an NSF project. About 25,000 students are known to be part of PLTL or PLTL-like programs. This symposium focuses on how its practice and refinement have occurred over this period, research findings on its efficacy, and how other learning interventions might have been integrated into its structure.

L. Organic Chemistry

Posters 285–331 M. Physical Chemistry

Posters 332–357 N. Polymer Chemistry

Posters 358–365

Cosponsored with SOCED The Academic Employment Initiative: Will Your Department Be Hiring New Faculty This Year? 8–10 p.m.

If you are planning to hire new faculty in your department, you are invited to attend the Academic Employment Initiative (AEI) Poster Session at Sci-Mix where academic recruiters will meet with academic candidates. [See p 1277 for www.JCE.DivCHED.org

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Equipping the 2015 Chemical Technology Workforce. Coordinating Career Development throughout the Enterprise


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Sponsored by TECH, Cosponsored with Committee on Technician Affairs (CTA), ChemTechLinks, CEN-ChemJobs, Committee on Corporation Associates, CHED, PROF, COMSCI, BMGT, CEPA, PRES, SOCED, and IEC Teaching Medicinal Chemistry to B.S. Undergraduate Chemistry Majors

Sponsored by COMP, Cosponsored with CHED. Recovery from and Prevention of Natural Disasters. Characterizing Flood Waters and Flood Sediments Produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Implications for the Environment, Human Health, and Cleanup

Sponsored by DSTR, Cosponsored with CHAS, CHED, ENVR, GEOC, and SOCED.

Afternoon A. Teaching Quantum Concepts in Chemistry Dan Dill and Morton Z. Hoffman, Organizers Peter Garik, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with PHYS. The teaching of quantum concepts as they apply to chemistry is one of the most challenging instructional problems facing chemical educators. This symposium will concentrate on the research and practice that our community has developed with a focus on innovative methods. B. Theoretical Frameworks for Research in Chemistry Education MaryKay Orgill and Provi M. Mayo, Organizers, Presiding

The type of data a chemist collects in an experiment is influenced by his or her choice of instrumentation. For qualitative research studies, a theoretical framework plays a role analogous to the role of the instrument. A theoretical framework is a system of ideas, aims, goals, theories, and assumptions about knowledge, how research should be carried out and how research should be reported that influences what kind of qualitative experiments can be carried out and the type of data that result from these experiments. During this symposium, different theoretical frameworks will be discussed in the context of chemistry education research. C. Using Pharmaceuticals To Teach Chemistry: Educational Innovations for Majors and Nonmajors II Trace Jordan, Organizer, Presiding D. A Decade of Peer-Led Team Learning II David J. Malik, Organizer Andy Jorgensen, Presiding Equipping the 2015 Chemical Technology Workforce. Tapping into Career Development Opportunities

Sponsored by TECH, Cosponsored with Committee on Technician Affairs (CTA), ChemTechLinks, CEN-ChemJobs, Committee on Corporation Associates, CHED, PROF, COMSCI, BMGT, CEPA, PRES, SOCED, and IEC. Recovery from and Prevention of Natural Disasters. Characterizing Flood Waters and Flood Sediments Produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Implications for the Environment, Human Health, and Cleanup

Sponsored by DSTR, Cosponsored with CHAS, CHED, ENVR, GEOC, and SOCED. Teaching Medicinal Chemistry to B.S. Undergraduate Chemistry Majors

Sponsored by COMP, Cosponsored with CHED.

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As seen from the Bay, the lighted towers of the Financial District and northern waterfront gleam under a clear sky just after sunset. In the forefront, the Ferry Building, whose spire was built in 1898 and was modeled after the Giralda cathedral tower of Seville, Spain, is today dwarfed by the Transamerica Pyramid, Bank of America building, and downtown skyscrapers. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photograph by Phil Coblentz.

Wednesday, September 13

Morning A. Green Chemistry: State-of-the-Art Symposium for Chemical Educators I Paul T. Anastas, Organizer, Presiding

This symposium will explore current research and advances in the field of green chemistry, with an emphasis on providing educators with the knowledge and tools needed to incorporate the most recent information about this field into the chemistry curriculum. B. Writing in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum I Judith M. Iriarte-Gross, Organizer Trixie G. Smith, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with WCC. Are your students writing in the classroom and in the laboratory? Are your advanced students writing term papers in chemistry classes? Do your students write lab procedures in their lab reports? Do you have essay questions on your chemistry exams? Do your students wonder why writing is important in the sciences? These are questions being discussed in this symposium where you hear success stories about what works in the classroom and laboratory and what does not work, when students are writing in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. C. Computational Chemistry Investigations for Undergraduates I Daniela Kohen, Organizer Tricia D. Shepherd, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with COMP. The introduction of computational chemistry methods in the undergraduate curriculum has become increasingly important in view of the widespread, interdisciplinary use of these approaches by both theoretical and experimental scientists. The availability and increasingly user-friendly nature of computational software has transformed the role of the computer into a useful instrument for molecular based experiments. This symposium will highlight:


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ACS National Meeting (1) Innovative approaches for introducing computational methods in undergraduate courses, in particular, initiatives designed to teach students how to critically evaluate and accurately interpret the results of their calculations; and (2) Successes and challenges regarding the use of these methods in research programs at primarily undergraduate institutions. D. Pseudoscience: What It Is and What It Is Not David J. Anick, Organizer Paul K. Shin, Organizer, Presiding

The appalling lack of scientific literacy within our society is only part of the larger issue at hand. The misrepresentation or worse—the deceptive representation of science and scientific information—can be more destructive as this can create an aversion to or outright fear of anything scientifically related. Examples of pseudoscience are presented to illustrate how to recognize, confront, and handle such unethical applications of scientific research, procedures, and data evaluation—along with their social impact. Recovery from and Prevention of Natural Disasters. Chemical and Biological Concerns in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Sponsored by DSTR, Cosponsored with CHAS, CHED, ENVR, GEOC, and SOCED.

Afternoon A. Green Chemistry: State-of-the-Art Symposium for Chemical Educators II Paul T. Anastas, Organizer, Presiding B. Writing in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum II Trixie G. Smith, Organizer Judith M. Iriarte-Gross, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with WCC. C. Computational Chemistry Investigations for Undergraduates II Tricia D. Shepherd, Organizer Daniela Kohen, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with COMP. D. Lives in Science as Illustrations of Scientific Practice John Theibault, Organizer, Presiding

Cosponsored with HIST. Science is carried out by individuals in various institutional contexts. One way of making chemistry accessible to students and the wider public is to tie chemical progress to the life experiences of the chemical practitioners that helped bring it about. This symposium will explore the varying ways that lives in science can illustrate chemical practice and the nature of science and generate a greater interest in chemistry and the molecular sciences. Thursday, September 14

Morning

This symposium will provide a forum for award winners from the NSF Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement-Adaptation and Implementation (CCLI-A&I) Program to discuss the results of their projects and impacts within the chemistry or science curriculum. It is anticipated that those attending the Symposium will gain an awareness of the type of projects supported by this and other NSF programs for the undergraduate curriculum, will gain information from experienced Principal Investigators and NSF personnel as to how to design and implement a successful project, and will hear reports on specific projects that have resulted in curricular improvements. A report on the 18th Symposium held at the Fall 2004 National Meeting can be found in the CHED Newsletter, Winter 2004, page 43. D. Distance Learning and the Chemistry Laboratory Kenneth P. Costello, Organizer David A. Katz, Organizer, Presiding

Distance learning through online courses is a reality at many schools. As colleges and universities expand their offerings to meet the demand for online courses, it is inevitable that physical science courses will be part of that online curriculum. As a physical science, chemistry requires a handson laboratory experience, yet with students who could be hundreds of miles away, commuting to the college campus may not be an option. This symposium will look at how this challenge can be met and even how it can generate new opportunities for teaching. Individuals either planning or teaching a distance learning chemistry course with a laboratory component will share their experiences. A. General Papers III Carmen V. Gauthier, Organizer Charity Flener, Presiding

B. General Papers II Carmen V. Gauthier, Organizer, Presiding C. NSF Catalyzed Innovations in the Undergraduate Curriculum I


Cindy Burkhardt and R. K. Boggess, Organizers Robert K. Boggess, Presiding

Afternoon

A. General Papers I Carmen V. Gauthier, Organizer Charity Flener, Presiding

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San Francisco’s Zeum is a hands-on arts and technology studio where young people can create their own audio, video, and animation projects. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photo by Tom Bross.

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B. Defining Outcomes and Preparing for Departmental Reviews: Maintaining a Healthy Department Luis Montes, Organizer, Presiding


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ACS National Meeting Cosponsored with PROF. In order to remain vital within a university setting, many chemistry departments occasionally undergo some type of review process. These reviews can range from self-studies to formal assessment by colleges, professional organizations, or accrediting agencies. The content of the reviews can examine the academic, research, or service missions of a department. This symposium provides a forum for an exchange of ideas and experiences concerning the definition of outcomes, collection of pertinent data, and the appropriate presentation of the data. C. NSF Catalyzed Innovations in the Undergraduate Curriculum II Robert K. Boggess and C. Burkhardt, Organizers Cindy A. Burkhardt, Presiding

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The world’s most famous bridge spans the Golden Gate Strait, a mile-wide gap between the bay and the ocean, separating Marin County from the City. The early Spanish explorers sailed up and down the fog-shrouded coastline for years before finally discovering this vital gateway, which, in 1769, led them from the violent Pacific to the vast shelter of the San Francisco Bay. The Golden Gate Bridge is actually painted “International Orange”. San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau photo by Phil Coblentz.


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Program for the Division of Chemical Education - ACS Publications

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