INDVSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
880
TABLE111. CONSTANT-PRESSTRE EQWILIBRIVM OVER ANILINEPHASE AT 746 R I M . P R E S S ~ R E Run
a
B. P
,
7 -
C.
Liquid 1 98 5 2 phases 2 101 24.7 3 105 20.0 4 109 8 16.3 5 115.8 11.7 6 121 9.3 7 126 7.6 8 131 5.9 9 140 4.35 10 162 2.50 11 160 1 70 12 168 1.06 13a 99 2 2 phases 14a 110 15.3 15a 124 8.1 Determinations by Rosanoff apparatus. KO.
THE
Mole 70WaterVapor (2 samples) 96.5 94.6 94 5 92 5 88 4 85 5 81 4 77 3 69 3 54 1 48 0 34 2 97 0 93 6 8s 0
96.5 94 8 94 3 92 4 89 3 86 2 81 6 75 9 70 8 60 5 48 7 34 1 97 0 93 6 85 0
VOL. 32, XO. 6
TABLE IV. COXSTAXT-TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM OVER ANILINEPHASE AT 100" C.
THE
Pressure. -1Iole YoWaterR u n Pressure, hlole % Water blm Hg Liquid Vapora No. Mm. H g Liquid Vavora 750 2phases 96.40b 8 229 4:15 8d.45 2 693 21.7 95 3 9 175 2.80 76.9 3 609 16.45 94.0 10 I53 1.88 71.9 4 505 12.0 92.26 11 103 1.05 56.75 5 369 7.65 88.7 12 86 0.80 37.30 6 309 6 40 85.55 13 69 0.70 34.36 7 245 4.48 81.20 a Average of 3 successive samples, taken 1 hour after attainment of steady conditions. b average of 4 determinations a t different rates of distillation: maximum deviation, 0.02 per cent water. Run h-o. 1
~
of the cloud point in rapeseed oil ( 2 ) . Complete analytical methods are given in citation 1A.
The constant-pressure and constant-temperature data are summarized in Tables I11 and IT. The corresponding curves of Figures 1 and 2 are believed accurate to iO.5 mole per cent aniline. For dilute samples, aniline was determined by a potentionietric titration 11-ithbromine or bromate solution (1). For concentrated samples water was determined by observation
Literature Cited (1) Callan and Horrobin, J . SOC.Chem. Ind., 47, 334T (1028).
(1-4)Griswold. ISD. ENG. C H E M . , Anal. Ed., 12, 89 (1940). Jsnsen and Schut, Chem. Weekblad, 20, 657 (1923). Leslie and Goode, IXD.EXG.CHEX.,19, 453 (1927).
(2) (3) (4) (5)
Othmer, IND. ESG. C H E x . , Anal. Ed., 4, 232 (1932). Rosanoff, Bacon, and White, J . Am. Chem. Soc., 36, 1803 (1914). (6) Shreinemakers. Z . phusik. Chem., 35,459 (1900). (7) Speakman, J . Chem. SOC.,1935, 778.
Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Solids THE ASSOCIATED FACTORY MUTUAL FIRE INSCR.4NCE COMPANIES Boston, Mass.
T
HE following table (pages 881-884) gires pertinent data
as to the fire hazard of liquids, gases, and solids found in industrial plants. It has been assembled from the results of tests made by the Factory Mutual Laboratories and from other data carefully chosen as the most reliable. For any compound not found b y name in the first column, look carefully in the second column under "Synonyms".
Abbreviations and Symbols The numerical prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra- will be found in regular alphabetical order; d . = decomposes, sub. = sublimes. An asterisk following the name of a metal indicates that hydrogen will be liberated when the metal is in contact with mater. With the exception of potassium and sodium, hydrogen will be liberated in hazardous quantities only if the metal is in a finely divided form. FLASH POINT. The approximate closed-cup flash points of hydrocarbons (organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen) may be determined by the use of the following formula: Closed-cup flash point (" F.)
=
0.73 X
[initial ] boiling point (' F.)
-
122
For petroleum and coal tar distillates, the formula is applicable between initial boiling points of - 150' and +S50° F. EXPLOSIVELIMITS. The data given for the lower and upper explosive limits are, with few exceptions, the values for upward flame propagation through a cylindrical tube.
VAPORDENSITIES,for the most part, have been calculated. SUITABLEEXTINGUISHING AGENTS. The code numbers in the last column indicate the following extinguishing agents : 1. Water 2. Foam 3. Carbon dioxide
4. 5.
Dry chemical Powdered talc
K a t e r discharged from spray nozzles behaves differently from water discharged from sprinklers or hose streams. The finely divided drops from a spray nozzle absorb much more heat than an equal volume of water from a sprinkler or hose stream and also partmiallysmother the fire by excluding air. I n general, water spray nozzles are suitable for use on fires in flammable liquids having a flash point over 150' F. If either water or foam is applied to a body of flammable liq&l, all of which is heated above 250' F., the hot liquid may foam over and spread the fire.
I. C. C. Shipping Labels Flammable liquids rvith flash points a t or below 80' F. and flammable compressed gases YELLOW Flammable solids (except explosives) and oxidizing materials (chlorates, permanganates, peroxides, nitrates) KHITE Corrosive liquids (mineral acids) GREEN Nonflammable compressed gases
RED
Labels are required only for interstate shipments or for intrastate shipments by common carrier engaged in interstate or foreign commerce. Absence of a label does not necessarily mean that the material is nonhazardous.
JUTE, 1940
Name Acetaldehyde Acetanilide Acetic acid (glacial) Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetophenone p-Acetotoluide Acetyl chloride Acetylene Acetylene tetrabromide Scetylene tetrachloride Adipic acid Aldol Allyl alcohol Allylene Aluminum (powder)* Ammonia (anhydrous) Amyl acetate, nAmyl acetate, isoAmyl alcohol, nAmyl alcohol, prim-isoAmyl alcohol, sec-nAmyl alcohol, sec-isoAmyl chloride -Amylene, nAmyl salicylate Aniline Aniline hydrochloride Anthracene Anthraquinone Asphalt (typical) Benzaldehyde -Benzene Benzoic acid Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzyl benzoate Benzyl Cellosolve Benzyl chloride Borneol Bromobenzene Bronze d u s t (aluminumfree) Butane, nButvl acetate, nButyl acetate, isoButyl alcohol, nButyl alcohol, isoButyl alcohol, terButylbenzene, secButyl Carbitol Butyl Carbitol acetate Butyl Cellosolve Butylene nButylene'gl ycol Butyl formate, nButyl lactate Butyl phthallyl butyl glycollate Butyl propionate, nButyl ricinoleate Butyl stearate, nButyraldehyde Butvric acid nButGric anh$dride, nButyrone Camphor Camphor oil (light) Carbitol Carbitol acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl sulfide Carnauba wax Castor oil Cellosol\.e Cellosolve acetate Charcoal Chlorobenzene Chloroethyl acetate Chloroform Coal tar pitch Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Creosote oil o-Cresol p-Cresol Crotonaldehyde Crotonylene Cyanamide Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone A-C yclohexanone Cyclohexyl acetate Cyclopropane p-Cymene
ISDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
881
.....
Aminobenzene
Artificial almond oi Benzol
.....
148 12 2.30 216 2 13 298
.....
iio
Phenf;l'br'oinide
149
.....
Phenylcarliiiinl
.....
.....
..... ..... .....
75 64 84 82 :2 126 li2
111
..... .....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
.....
.....
..... ..... ..... ....
.....
Carbon oxysulfide E t h y l 'Ckllosolre
.....
Carbon Phenyl chloride Tricdlorbmrthane
....
..... .....
.....
Gas 104 61 160
...
..
Hexalin
.....
Hexa'lk &etate Trimethylene
.....
DecahvdronaDhthalene Decalin Decane, n... Denatured alcohol, 95% ..... Diacetone alcohol (comml.) ..... Diamyl phthalate .....
S O
6
... ... .. , ... ... ,..
...
...
...
...
1076
...
862 817
... ... ... ... ... ...
s0 KO
S O
No S O
No No So No
1-0 N0
Gas 90
1.6 1.7
8 5 15
806 790
110
1.7 1.68
...
...
...
693 525 901
...
442
...
472
No
...
... ... ...
No
...
...
... ...
200 240 165
... .. ...
...
200 125 215 230
540 446 104 124
,..
1.1
I50 117 20;
...
385
... ...
,.
.
...
...
595 545 190 135
...
90 ,.. 129 Xonflammable 490 40.5 420 510 490 ... ,590 163 is; 178 ., . 187 ... 55
...
.....
265
390 110
Gas
... ... ... ...
...
385 90 230 320 20 170 190 120
225 -22
1.4
iY0
S o ha l a r d
...
... ....
...
...
1RO
- 76
...
165
...
... ... ... ... ... 1.7 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... .
.
I
...
.. .. .. ...
1.0 12.5 11.9
...
...
2.6 1.71
...
...
... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
.
I
.
...
2.95 1.37
...
i:Bi ...
285 1 154 147 93 130 Gas 117
405
136 115 60
... ...
46 245
55 340
.., ... ...
... ...
,,
, . .
. ...
145
...
2.41
... ... 0.67 ... ... _ ..
...
...
... 9 0
...
... ... ...
...
...
...
...
...
si0
... ...
S O
s0 NO s0 NO
s0 S O
xo
No No KO
...
..
... ... ... ...
NO
871
NO
...
...
NO
...
50 74.2 28.5
...
...
15 7
... ... ... .. ...
...
... ... ... I
.
.
...
...
15.5
... ...
8.35
...
...
... ...
10.3
...
...
2.6
...
... ...
... ...
257 1204
...
... 840 460 715
...
...
... ... ...
... ...
650 637
... ... ...
... ... ... ...
...
... ... . .
No
...
No
h-0 s o
No KO
... ...
Yes NO
No Yes No
...
No
...
Yes Yes Yes
No
h-0 1-0 NO
...
...
s0 s o
No
N O
921
No NO No
504
No
... ...
So
>do0
, . .
...
0.88 0.871
0,806
0.805 0.786 0.8:0.9JJ 0.987 0,902
S O
s0
... ... ... ... ... ...
1.05 0 88 1.266 1.06 1.04 1.114 1.07 1.103 1.01 1.497
So
S o
...
1: o i 9 0.911 0.968 >1 0 875 0,906 0,855 0.817 0,960 0,978 0.815 0.999 0.88 0.99 1.013 1.256
..,
1.24
...
0.96 0.931 0.975 3.51 1.11 1.178 1,489
...
3.66 2.77 4.21 5.17 3.72 7.31 4:36 5.31 5 41
:
2 0k6 4 .OO 4.00 2.55 2.55 2.55 4.62 5.55
...
4.07 0.668 3.10 3.52 5.04
... ...
5.00
...
2.48 3.04 5.38 3.93
- 15 41 232 - 80 5 65
...
-41 413 sub. 23
-
...
-211
-- 107 148 - 120
- 162 77
6300 - 49
..
-82
..
_ ..
88 95 - 92
iii
0.86
1.45 2.90 3.46 3.38 3.31 4.90 1.45 4.62
0.895 0.730 0.82 0.931
4.76 4.90 1.60 4.00
1:073 0.779 0.962 0.947
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
ib5 700
408 347-392 396 424 114 -314
3.72 3.72 2.41
..,
33 260 244 243 295 181 345 448 474 340 23 379 225 320
354
72 14 15-30
091 092 0.925 >1 1.05 1.04 0.853
...
650 169 327 388 290
61
...
...
. .
313
- 148 18 - 102
5.24 4.62 6.07 2.64 0.967 2.10
355 176
162 417 403 614 493 349
...
43 75 - 50
... ...
-195 101
-
-194 -26 -60
...
...
122
. .
595 275 313 7600 270 293 142
382- 7.52 376 395 216 83 500 176 322 313
...
-29
1, 2, 3. 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3,
2, 1, 1, 1,
3, 4 4 4
3, 3, 3, 4 1, 2 , 3, 1, 2 , 3, 1, 2, 3,
4 4 4 4 4
4
..
...... 3, 4 3, 4 3, 4 3. 1 3, 4 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1. 3,
1 4
3, 4 4
.....
3, 4 2 , 3, 4 2 , 3, 4 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2 . 1, 2. 3, 4 1, 3 , 1. 3, 3, 4
3, 4 4 3, 4 3, 4 4 4
1, 2, 3, 4
2 , 3, 4 1. 3, 4
1. 3, 4 1, 3, 4
......
1 , 3, 4
1, 3. 1, 2 , 3, 4 3. 4 1 2 , 3, 1, 2,
4 3, 4
4 3, 4
......
1, 2 , 1, 2 , 1, 2 , 1, 2. 1, 2. 1. 2, 1, 3, 3. 4 2, 3, 1, 3, 2 , 3, 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 4 2 , 3,
3, 4 3, 4 3. 4 3. 4 3, 4 3, 4 4 4 4 4 3, 4 4
.....
334
2 , 3, 4
379 344 175 329 648
2, 3, 4 2 , 3, 4 3, 4 3, 4 1, 2 , 3, 4
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
882
VOL. 32, NO. 6
Suscepti-
F, Explosive Limits . Auto- bility t o Specific Vapor by Val, in Ai; ignition Sponta- Gravity Density Melting
Flash Point, Synonyms
Same Dianisidine Dibenzyl ether Dibutyl ether, nDibutyl oxalate, nDibutyl phthalate nDibutyl phthalate: isoDibutyl tartrate, no-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane 1 1-Dichloroethylene 1'2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether, symDichloroisopropyl ether Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylaminoethanol Diethyl Carbitol Diethyl carbonate Diethyl Cellosolve Diethyldiphenylurea Diethylene glycol Diethylene oxide Diethylene triamine Diethyl ether Diethyl glyco hthalate p-Diethyl p h t f a l a t e Diethyl eelenide Diethyl sulfate Diglycol chlorohydrin Dimethoxy tetraglycol Dimethylaniline p-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl ether Dimethyl glyco hthalate o-Dimethyl p h t f a l a t e Dimethyl sulfate 2,4-Dinitroaniline Dinitrobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzrne 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Diphenyl Diphenylamine Diphenylmethane Diphenyl oxide Dipropylene glycol Divinyl ether ,Dodecane \ E s t e r gum Ethane Ethanolamine E t h y l acetanilide E t h y l acetate E t h y l acetoacetate E t h y l alcohol Ethylbenzene E t h y l bromide E t h y l butyl carbonate E t h y l butyrate E t h y l chloride '-Ethylene Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene diamine Ethylene dichloride Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide E t h y l formate E t h y l glycol acetate E t h y l lactate E t h y l nitrate E t h y l nitrite E t h y l oxalate E t h y l phthallyl ethyl lycollate E t f y l propionate E t h y l p-toluene sulfonamide Ethyl p-toluene sulfonate Formaldehyde (soln. of gas in water) Fuel 011 No. 1 Fuel oil No. 2 Fuel oil N o . 3 Fuel oil No. 4 Fuel oil KO.5 Fuel oil No. 6 Furfural Gas, blast furnace Gas, coal gas Gas, illuminating Gas, natural Gas, oil Gas, producer Gas, water Gas oil Gasoline Glycerol Glyceryl triacetate Glycol diacetate Heptane, n-
- Hexane, n-
..... .....
..... ..... ..... Freon; F - i 2 1,l-Dichloroethene Acetylene dichloride
..... ..... .....
F-114
.....
... ... ...
Dioxane Ether'
'
Closed-- 5% cup
...
145 52 - 42 369 295 182 435 302 382
...
.....
v i n y i k'thkr Dihexyl
..... ..... .....
Acetic' &her Acetoacetic ester Ethanol Phenylethane Bromoethane
.....
Chlo&&ane
..... 1,2-D&hlbroethane Glycol
.....
..... .....
Kitrib'ith'er Nitrous ether
..... . .
.... ..... Methanal Range oil
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... ....
....
.....
Glycerin Triacetin Ethylene acetate
..... .....
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
..
,..
Ditane Diphenyl ether
Lower
...
...
226
Hexahy d;oxylol Methyl ether
cup
403 275 ... 77 .. 220 ,. . 315 335 ... 322 195 230 151 165 150 165 Konflammable 57 43 ... 131 185 185 kinflammable ... 280 , 140 ... 180 77 ... ... 95 302 ... 255 290 65 ... ... 215 -20 ... 343 243 305
235 307 266 239
< -22
iiS
24 184 55 59
...
.
I
5.6 9.7 .
.
I
...
... ... ...
... ...
...
... ...
1.97
... ... ...
13 12.8
.. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,.,
22.2
...
1.7
...
.. , 48.0 ...
... ...
2.5
...
225 285 170
... ... ...
325 240 510
...
... ...
... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
...
.. .. ..
...
...
405
255
... ...
is0
165
375 Gas
.
Upper
555
...
200
...
...
.. .. .. ... .
I
.
...
...
... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... .. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
ik6 ...
...
...
50 -30
...
200
... ...
380
... ... ...
250
320 155
3.6 3.02
...
...
...
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2.1
1.3
... 1-7 ...
...
...
...
350 295 220
...
...
35 6.3 5.3 4.8 6.0 20.7 9 0
...
... ...
.. .. .. 3.8 3 . 0 1 >50" ... ... ... ... ... ...
... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . I
14.8 34
...
...
...
... ... ... ... ...
NO NO
NO NO so
NO
... ...
No No
... ... ...
No NO No
... ... ...
...
680
...
...
...
ii:25
... ...
KO
... ..... .
...
6.75
...
... ... No .. .. .. NO
... ...
... ...
...
xo
700
799
130 100-165 110-190 125-200 l50+ l50+ 150+ 140
5
... ... 366 ... ... ... ... ... ...
19
385
'7
444
3.28
75
365 54 260 316
...
.
...
...
10
320 280
I
907
80 16.5
iio+ - 50
.
11.5
3 3.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ...
1224
... .. .. .. ...
...
... 952 ...
...
NO
No No
...
NO NO NO NO
No NO
775 775 804
NO
No No No
...
1 1.25
6 6.90
(Continued)
...
1200 1094
...
637
... ...
s o
No
so K O
N.o . A0
640 495 739
K O
.. .. ..
3-0
452 477
... ... 4.07 ... ... ...
...
..S.. i.. -45 ... ..
.. - 12
... .
I
36 - 123 -216 ..,
...
10
286 -278 51
1
...
...
hT 0
650 473
...
...
0.910 0.95
Yes Yes Yes
No
N O
475
...
... 0.92 0.631 2.48 ... 0.93
