Protective effects of sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax Ginseng

on fulminant liver injury induced by. 22 lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine. 23. 24. Abstract: It is reported sesquiterpenoids from Panax ginseng (SPG...
0 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size
Subscriber access provided by Technical University of Munich University Library

Food and Beverage Chemistry/Biochemistry

Protective effects of sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax Ginseng on fulminant liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine Weidong Wang, Yanguo Zhang, Haijun Li, Yan Zhao, Enbo Cai, Hongyan Zhu, Pingya Li, and Jinping Liu J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02627 • Publication Date (Web): 05 Jul 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 7, 2018

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 28

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

1

Protective effects of sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax Ginseng

2

on fulminant liver injury induced by

3

lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine

4

Weidong Wang†,#, Yanguo Zhang‡,#, Haijun Li§,#, Yan Zhao†,*, Enbo Cai†, Hongyan

5

Zhu†, Pingya Li§, Jinping Liu§,*

6 7



8

Changchun, China

9



.

.

College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University,

Department of Anesthesiology, Changchun Shuangyang District Hospital,

10

Changchun, China

11

§

.

Jilin University, Changchun, China

12 13

* Corresponding author:

14

College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun

15

130118,

16

[email protected] (Y. Zhao); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University,

17

Changchun 130021, Jilin, China. Tel/Fax: +86 431 85619803, E-Mail address:

18

[email protected] (J.P. Liu).

19

#

Jilin,

China.

Tel/Fax:

+86

431

84533358,

These authors contributed equally to this work.

20

1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

E-Mail

address:

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 2 of 28

21

Protective effects of sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax Ginseng

22

on fulminant liver injury induced by

23

lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine

24 25

Abstract: It is reported sesquiterpenoids from Panax ginseng (SPG) possess various

26

pharmacological

27

antiinflammatory. The purpose of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective

28

effects of SPG (2.5 and 10 mg/kg, i.g.) on fulminant liver injury induced by

29

D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and discuss its mechanisms

30

of action. 24 h after D-GalN (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and LPS (25 µg/kg, i.p.) exposed, the

31

serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST),

32

hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level, hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase

33

(SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), and hepatic tissue histology were

34

measured. Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1

35

beta (IL-1β) were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. Moreover, the nuclear factor-κB

36

(NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuin type 1 (Sirt 1) and

37

heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were determined by western blotting. The results indicated

38

that SPG evidently restrained the increasement of serum ALT and AST levels induced

39

by D-GalN/LPS. SPG obviously down-regulated TNF-α and IL-1β levels and their

40

mRNA expression in liver. In addition, D-GalN/LPS injection induced severe

41

oxidative stress in liver by boosted MDA level as well as decreased CAT, GSH and

42

SOD capacities, and SPG reversed these changes. Meanwhile, SPG inhibited NF-κB

activities,

for

example,

antidepressant,

2

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

antioxidative

and

Page 3 of 28

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

43

activation induced by D-GalN/LPS and up-regulation Sirt 1, Nrf2 and HO-1

44

expression levels. Therefore, SPG might protect against the fulminant liver injury

45

induced by D-GalN/LPS via inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. The

46

protective effect of SPG on fulminant liver injury induced by D-GalN/LPS might be

47

mediated by Sirt 1/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. All these results implied that SPG

48

might be a promising food additives and therapeutic agent for fulminant liver injury.

49 50

Keywords: ginseng, sesquiterpenoids, D-GalN/LPS, fulminant liver injury, NF-κB,

51

Sirt 1, Nrf2

52

3

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

53

Page 4 of 28

INTRODUCTION

54

Liver is a relatively important organ in human, and plays a key effect in material

55

metabolism and biotransformation. In addition, the liver is susceptible to a variety of

56

pathogenic factors and stimuli in vitro and vivo, causing liver damage and

57

inflammatory reaction 1, 2. Fulminant liver injury is a common serious liver disease

58

with rapid degeneration of liver function occurring in patients without history of

59

hepatic disease, and might lead to lethal outcomes 3. Fulminant liver injury induced by

60

D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a representative acute

61

liver injury animal model, which has been widely used to elucidate the mechanism of

62

fulminant liver injury and find new hepatoprotective agents 4-6. As we known, the

63

endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria can induce acute liver injury. LPS, as the

64

main endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria cell wall 7, 8, promotes the secretion of

65

inflammatory mediators from hepatic giant salivary cells 9-11. D-GalN can directly

66

deplete uridine nucleotides in liver cells and prevent the regeneration of organelles,

67

architecture and function of the hepatic cells are abnormal 12. According to a large

68

number of studies, D-GalN/LPS is an inflammatory mediator-induced hepatotoxicity,

69

which can induced excessive production of inflammatory cytokines and lead to

70

abnormally activated inflammatory responses

71

D-GalN/LPS can activate the signal pathway of NF-κB/Nrf2

72

erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as an important regulator for regulating oxidative

73

stress in cell defense, can prevent oxidative damage caused liver injury by regulating

74

the expression of antioxidant proteins 16, 17. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is considered

13, 14

. Recent reports displayed that

4

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

15

. Nuclear factor

Page 5 of 28

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

75

to be response to oxidative stress when it is activated. Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer, as a famous nourishing medicine, has been widely

76

18

77

used in the treatment of various diseases, for example, tumor

, cardiovascular

78

diseases 19, nervous system diseases 20 and so on in China, Japan, Korea and other

79

countries 21, 22. Sesquiterpenoids from of P. Ginseng (SPG) were the active ingredients

80

refined from fat-soluble part of ginseng. Our research group attached great importance

81

to the SPG and had conducted a series of interesting studies. We found that SPG

82

exhibited good antidepressant-like activity 23, 24, and strongly prevented the liver from

83

chemical acute liver injury induced by CCl4 via its antioxidative and antiinflammatory

84

capacities 25. However, the hepatoprotective effect of SPG on fulminant liver injury

85

induced by D-GalN/LPS is undefined. Previous study also indicated that red ginseng

86

oil showed good safety in rat at dose of 5000 mg/kg

87

experiment is to explore the protective effect of SPG on fulminant liver injury

88

induced by D-GalN/LPS and its potential molecular mechanisms.

89

MATERIALS AND METHODS

26

. Therefore, the aim of this

90

Animals. Male ICR mice (18 - 22 g) were obtained from the experimental

91

animal Changchun ACEE Technology Co. ltd (Changchun, China). The mice were

92

fed a standard diet and controlled environment under a 12 h light/dark cycle at 23 ± 2

93

o

94

acclimated for at least 7 days before the experiment. All the experiments on animals

95

were abided by Jilin Agricultural University guidelines for the care and use of

96

laboratory animals.

C and 50 ± 10 % humidity. In order to adapt the mice to the environment, mice were

5

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 6 of 28

97

SPG. SPG was extracted from the roots of P. ginseng (4 years, Ji’an, China) by

98

the ASI Spe-ed SFE-2 supercritical CO2 extraction system (Allentown, PA, U.S.A.)

99

and

separated

by

distillation.

According

spectrometry

to

our

previous

(GC−MS)

was

used

to

methods,

gas

analyze

the

100

chromatography−mass

101

sesquiterpenoids fraction, and there were 21 kinds of sesquiterpene compounds in

102

SPG, with a total content of 66% 23, 25.

103

Experiment Model and Experimental Protocol. ICR mice were randomly

104

divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): the control group, D-GalN/LPS group,

105

SPG (2.5 or 10 mg/kg) + D-GalN/LPS groups. The mice of the SPG (2.5 or 10 mg/kg)

106

+ D-GalN/LPS groups were intragastrically (i.g.) treated with SPG (2.5 and 10 mg/kg,

107

dissolved in soybean oil.) for 7 days; and the D-GalN/LPS group and the control

108

group were administered with normal saline (0.1 mL/10 g body weight 0.9 % NaCl aq,

109

i.g.). 1 h after the 7th treatment, the mice of the D-GalN/LPS group and SPG (2.5 or

110

10 mg/kg) + D-GalN/LPS groups were attacked by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of

111

D-GalN (400 mg/kg) and LPS (25 µg/kg). Within 24h after D-GalN/LPS injection, the

112

survival analysis of mice was monitored. The amount of dead mice was counted every

113

2 h after the D-GalN/LPS injection. The whole blood and liver tissue were obtained,

114

and the liver tissue was placed at -80 oC for subsequent analysis.

115

Biochemical analysis. The blood samples were centrifuged at 10000 rmp for 10

116

min at 4 oC to get the serum. The serum ALT and AST levels were determined with

117

the corresponding kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute of Nanjing, Nanjing, China)

118

according to the manufacturer's instructions. 6

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 7 of 28

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

119

Analysis of oxidative stress parameters. Liver tissue was homogenized using

120

an automatic homogenizer. First, nine fold (w/v) cold ice normal saline was added to

121

the liver tissue for homogenization. Second, a part of liver tissue was centrifuged at

122

12000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. Finally, the supernatant was assayed for biochemical

123

indicators. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione

124

(GSH) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were detected by the enzyme

125

linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (R&D, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according

126

to the manufacturer’s instructions.

127

Analysis of inflammatory cytokines levels. The serum tumor necrosis factor-α

128

(TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels were determined by ELISA kits (R&D,

129

Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

130

Histopathological analysis. So as to detect histopathological alterations, liver

131

tissue was fixed with 10 % formalin buffer, embedded in paraffin and sliced into 5 µm

132

sections. The sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), the

133

pathological alterations were observed using light microscope.

134

Quantitative real-time PCR. The hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β

135

was detected by Real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The total RNA of

136

liver tissue was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The RNA was

137

reverse transcribed into cDNA with RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit

138

(Thermo Fisher Scientific,San Jose,CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

139

RT-PCR was operated with a 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems,

140

Carlsbad, CA). The multiple changes between the mRNA levels in the treatment 7

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

141

groups and the untreated group were corrected by the level of β-actin. Primer sets for

142

RNA quantification were used: β-actin: 5’-CTG AGA GGG AAA TCG TGC GT-3’

143

(forward) and 5’-CCA CAG GAT TCC ATA CCC AAG A-3’ (reverse); TNF-α:

144

5’-GGC AGG GAG TCT ACT TTG GAG C-3’ (forward) and 5’-ACA TTC GAG

145

GCT CCA GTG AAT TCG G-3’ (reverse); IL-1β: 5’-GCA ACT GTT CCT GAA

146

CTC A-3’ (forward) and 5’-CTC GGA GCC TGT AGT GCA G-3’ (reverse).

147

Western blotting. According to the instructions of the protein extraction kit

148

(Beyotime, Nanjing, China), the nuclear (Nrf2, NF-κB, Sirt1) and cytoplasmic (HO-1)

149

proteins were extracted from the liver tissue. The protein concentration was detected

150

by BCA protein determination kit (Beyotime, Nanjing, China). The protein extracts

151

were separated on a 12 % sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (SDS) gel and

152

transferred to a PVDF membrane. At 4 °C, membranes were incubated with primary

153

antibody overnight. After washing three times with Tris buffered saline, the

154

membrane is incubated with secondary antibodies. The membrane was indicated by

155

the ECL Plus Western blot system (Amersham Life Science, Amersham, the United

156

Kingdom).

157

Statistical analysis. The values presented are the mean ± SD. SPSS statistical

158

software was used for statistical analysis. The Prism 5 software package (version 5,

159

GraphPad Software, USA) software was used to generate the figures. A value of P