Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde Condensates in the Vapor

5 Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde Condensates in the Vapor State D A V I D F. U T T E R B A C K , A V R A M G O L D 2, and D A V I D S. M I L L I N G T O N

Downloaded by PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on August 11, 2014 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 21, 1985 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1985-0210.ch005

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Department of Health Science, California State University—Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740 Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel H i l l , N C 27514 Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710

Quantitative analysis of vapor phase formaldehyde condensates with water and methanol was performed by reaction with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide to form trimethylsilyl derivatives of the condensates, which were then analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Methylal, methylene glycol, and a series of poly(oxymethylene) glycol monomethyl ethers accounted for the total formaldehyde content in vapors at equilibrium with a formalin solution. Structures of the formaldehyde species were confirmed by capillary gas chromatography— chemical ionization mass spectrometry with ammonia as the reactant gas.

F * O R M A L D E H Y D E is A H I G H L Y R E A C T I V E C O M P O U N D that equilibrates be-

tween many molecular forms in aqueous solutions. The addition of methanol to formaldehyde solutions as a stabilizer further increases the number of molecular species in which formaldehyde may exist (1-3), although molecular or monomeric formaldehyde is present only at very low concentrations (2). Many of the formaldehyde condensates with water and methanol have significant vapor pressure that results in their evolution into the gas phase, yet the molecular state of formaldehyde as it exists in the gas phase has not been verified. Formation of formaldehyde condensates, that is, poly(oxymethylene) glycols and the glycol monomethyl ethers in formalin solution, are represented by the following equilibria: 0065-2393/85/0210/0057$06.00/0 © 1985 American Chemical Society

In Formaldehyde; Turoski, V.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985.

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FORMALDEHYDE: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A N D TOXICOLOGY

C H 0 + H 0 ^ CH (OH) 2

2

2

CH (OH) + C H 0 2

2

2

HO(CH 0) H

2

2

2

HO(CH 0) H + C H 0 ^ HO(CH 0)„ H 2

n

2

2

+ 1

Scheme I HO(CH 0) H + C H 3 O H ^ HO(CH 0) OCH Downloaded by PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on August 11, 2014 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 21, 1985 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1985-0210.ch005

2

n

2

CH 0 + 2 C H 3 O H 2

n

CH OCH OCH 3

2

3

3

Scheme II Both oligomeric series, the poly(oxymethylene) glycols (Scheme I) and the poly(oxymethylene) glycol monomethyl ethers (Scheme II), are thermally unstable and decompose readily upon separation by gas chromatography (3). Trimethylsilylation of the hydroxyl groups of the oligomers in solution by AT,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) allows separation, identification, and quantitation of the respective trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers through combined analysis by capillary gas chromatogr aphy-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-CIMS) and gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) (2). Indications of the presence of methylene glycol and low molecular weight oligomeric forms of formaldehyde in the gas phase appear in the literature. Hall and Piret (4) determined an expression for the equilibrium constant, K , over the temperature range of 40 to 160 °C for a ternary gas phase system of water, formaldehyde, and methylene glycol: log(K ) = (3200/T) + 9.8, where T is temperature. On the basis of vapor pressure data, Hall and Piret predicted that at 10 °C above its boiling point, methylene glycol would be 95% dissociated into water and formaldehyde. Hence, formaldehyde may exist in the hydrated form even at 106 ° C . Their calculations assumed that poly(oxymethylene) glycols were not present in significant concentrations, although no experimental evidence supported this assumption. By indirect methods, Iliceto (5) investigated the formation of the dimeric species, oxydimethylene glycol, from formaldehyde and methylene glycol and calculated the enthalpy of formation to be - 11.6 kcal/mol in the gas phase. This equilibrium has been supported by the work of Bryant and Thompson (6). Using techniques similar to those of Iliceto, they predicted an exothermic reaction for the formation of both methylene glycol and oxydimethylene glycol in the gas phase and also calculated the Gibbs free energies and the equilibrium constants for the reaction. The thermodynamic data are consistent with those reported by Iliceto and by Hall and Piret. p

p



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UTTERBACK ET A L .

Formaldehyde Condensates in the Vapor State

59

Sawicki and Sawicki (7) assert that the 2-4% water present in paraformaldehyde causes repolymerization of formaldehyde generated in a gas stream that has passed over a paraformaldehyde permeation tube. Giesling et al. (8) also found that the decomposition of paraformaldehyde involves emission of water along with formic acid and methyl formate, and Walker (9), citing similar results, adds that the presence of these products in the gas phase of formaldehyde promotes rapid polymerization at temperatures below 100 °C. Schnizer et al. (10) reported that the yield of monomeric formaldehyde from acid-catalyzed depolymerization of trioxane was limited to 89 % because of deposition of solid paraformaldehyde on the surfaces of the generating apparatus. This deposition was said to be catalyzed by the presence of water. In all these investigations, solid paraformaldehyde, the polymeric form of formaldehyde, was observed in the gas phase emissions from a formaldehyde source. Short- and intermediate-length oligomers of formaldehyde must be involved in the gas phase equilibrium formation of the long-chain polymers from the monomer. A method was developed for the detection and quantitative analysis of these gas phase formaldehyde condensates. Experimental Analysis was performed on a Varian model 3700 capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an FID. Separation was accomplished with a 30-m DB-5 (methyl phenyl silicone) fused silica capillary column. Helium carrier gas flow rate was 1.5 mL/min, and a Grob type split-splitless injector was operated at a 10:1 split ratio. The injector was heated to 250 °C, and the detector was heated to 300 °C. After a 6-min isothermal period at 30 °C, column temperature was programmed to rise 6 °C/min to a limit of 230 °C. Detector output was recorded by a Hewlett Packard model HP3380 integrator. Previously reported retention times (2) for oligomers on the same chromatographic system were used for identification of the silylated oligomers. Headspace derivatization was performed by injecting 5 : 1 : : BSTFA: D M F through a serum stopper into an evacuated reaction vial (70 mL). Headspace above a reagent grade formalin solution (Fisher Scientific) at 24 °C in a 2-L flask equipped with a hypodermic needle (Figure 1) was then bled into the reaction vial, and the pressure was equalized with atmospheric pressure. Quantitative analysis was performed on both the liquid and gas phases in the reaction vial by G C - F I D . A derivatized gas phase aiiquot (100 JUL) was taken for analysis directly from the reaction vial with a gas-tight syringe. The liquid phase from a separate derivatization reaction was transferred by pipette to a vial equipped with a screw-top septum cap and a Teflon-lined septum from which an aliquot (1 fxL) was taken for analysis. Structures were confirmed by analysis of a liquid phase aliquot with capillary G C - C I M S with ammonia as the reactant gas (2). The G C - C I M S system consisted of a Hewlett Packard model HP5710A gas chromatograph with a 30-m DB-5 fused silica capillary column interfaced with a V G micromass model 7070F mass spectrometer and V G 2035 F - B data system. Ionizing voltage was 70 eV (tungsten filament, 200-/xA trap current), and the scan cycle time over the mass range 20 to 300 was 3.0 s. Source temperature was 200 °C, the injector was 250 °C, and the temperature program was the same as described earlier. Quantitative analysis of the total formaldehyde equivalents in the formalin



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Figure 1. Schematic representation of headspace generator used in gasphase derivatization technique.

headspace was performed by bubbling vapor (70 mL) from the headspace generator through an impinger containing distilled water (20 mL) (12). An aliquot was transferred to a volumetric flask (25 mL) and diluted with distilled water to obtain a concentration in the linear range of the calibration curve. Standard solutions were generated by dilution of 37% formalin solution (1 mL) containing 10 to 15% methanol (Fisher Scientific) in a volumetric flask (500 mL) with distilled water. Aliquots (1 mL) of this stock solution were then diluted to generate solutions of 3.2, 1.6, and 0.4 jug/mL formaldehyde equivalents. Aliquots (4 mL) of the sample, standards, and a blank of distilled water were then concurrently derivatized by addition of 0.1% chromotropic acid (1 mL) and concentrated sulfuric acid (6 mL). Absorbance of the solutions was measured at 580 nm by a Coleman 124 UV-vis spectrophotometer. Results and Discussion Gas phase trimethylsilylation of vapors in equilibrium with a formalin solution yields derivatives having sufficient vapor pressure to appear in the headspace as well as in the excess liquid BSTFA contained in the reaction vial. Quantitative measure, therefore, requires analysis of both gas and liquid phases in the reaction vial. Distribution of the reaction vial contents between the liquid and gas



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phases after headspace derivatization was approximated by injection of serial amounts of the 5:1:: BSTFA: D M F solution into evacuated reaction vials followed by introduction of room air. The volume of the reaction solution that totally vaporized (20 uh) was assumed to equal the volume of derivatization mixture in the gas phase of the reaction vial after derivatization. Hence, the volume of the liquid phase in the reaction vial after derivatization and equilibration could be estimated, and the total amount of derivatized formaldehyde oligomers in the headspace could be determined. Because oligomers of formaldehyde in the equilibrium mixture may not be isolated and purified, the FID response factors for TMS derivatives of the formaldehyde condensates were estimated by BSTFA derivatization of chemically similar compounds (2). These derivatives indicate FID response to TMS derivatives of poly(oxymethylene) glycols and the glycol monomethyl ethers is a function of the TMS groups present (2, 3,22). The response factor of the FID was determined to be 8.16 X 10 /mol TMS. Quantitative analysis of methylal, a thermally stable compound present in formalin solution, and headspace was readily accomplished by determination of the molar response factor of reagent grade methylal (Fisher Scientific) dissolved in methanol. Detector response for methylal was determined to be 1.77 X 10 /mol. Gas chromatograms from the derivatization of formalin headspace by BSTFA are shown in Figure 2. Amounts of the formaldehyde condensation products as TMS ethers and methylal calculated with FID molar response factors are shown in Table I. Formaldehyde equivalents are calculated and compared with the total formaldehyde concentration in the headspace determined by the chromotropic acid method (22). Within the accuracy of measurement, all the formaldehyde equivalents in the vapor phase in equilibrium with formalin solution were in the form of methylal, methylene glycol, and the oligomers of poly(oxymethylene) glycol monomethyl ethers containing one, two, and three formaldehyde units. Mass spectra for the TMS derivatives of the formaldehyde condensates and methylal from the formalin headspace derivatization liquid phase appear in Figure 3 and are identical to the fragmentation patterns of the TMS derivatives obtained for formaldehyde condensates in formalin solution (2). 12

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Conclusions Total formaldehyde content of the formalin headspace measured by a gas phase trimethylsilylation procedure closely approximated total formaldehyde content of the formalin solution headspace determined by chromotropic acid analysis. The vapor phase species in equilibrium with a formalin solution were shown to be methylal, methylene glycol, and three oligomeric poly(oxymethylene) glycol monomethyl ethers.


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Vapor

M

u

Ei J U i_ i i—i—i—i—i—•—i—i—r 8 16 Time, Minutes 1

Liquid

M

Ei

u

ami 1

Time, Minutes

r~

16

E, 24

Figure 2. Chromatograms of the liquid phase and the vapor phase in the reaction vial after gas-phase derivatization of formalin headspace with BSTFA indicating the presence of methylene glycol TMS derivatives (Gj), methylal (M), and the first three oligomers of polyoxymethylene glycol monomethyl ether TMS derivatives (E1-3).



2

3

3

1010101010-

9

7

8

6

7

5.43 X 1 0 2.17 X 1 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. 6

6

X X X X X 6

8

7

8

6

10~ 10 1010~ 10~

5.66 3.54 4.56 3.65 2.53

X X X X X

Gas

2.30 1.37 4.56 1.83 8.44

Liquid 4.70 2.22 1.08 2.46

X 10~ X 10~ X 10~ X 10~ n.d.

Liquid

7

7

6

7

6.26 X 10~ 1.73 X 1 0 n.d. n.d. n.d.

Gas 6

6

Derivatization Reaction Phase

Analysis II

6.73 3.95 1.08 4.91

X 10" X 10~ X 10X 10n.d.

7

7

6

6

Total Formaldehyde Content

5

- 5

6

NOTE: n.d. means not determined. The total formaldehyde by the gas phase derivatization method is 9 . 6 4 X 1 0 mol for Analysis I, and 1 . 1 3 X 1 0 mol for Analysis II. The total formaldehyde equivalents by the chromotropic acid method are 1.08 X 1 0 - mol.

2

2

3

2

3

2

2

3

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CH OCH OCH CH OCH OTMS TMSOCH OTMS CH (OCH ) OTMS CH (OCH ) OTMS

Compound

Total Formaldehyde Content

Derivatization Reaction Phase

Analysis I

Table I. Formaldehyde Condensation Products with Water and Methanol Found in Vapors (70 mL) at Equilibrium with a Formalin Solution (mol)


64

FORMALDEHYDE: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY

100

296

75

30

C H O C H O C H - -NH;

80

3

2

3

M

60-] 94

40


20 0

100

45

aiBii 20

60

100

140

180

90

CH

80-

30

100

OCH

300 1664

O-TMS—NH;

2

47 108

20 0

3

260

EI

6040-

220

62 20

120

78

60 74

80-

100 91

"M

"

i|mHmi|iiiHMM|inHMini

I

140

"So

180

90

300

536

TMS-OCH

2

O-TMS—NH; G

6040-

30

210

44

20-

164

58 0

100r

60

20

80-

140

100

Mp>»^n>^»M|m>^M^mMtiM>|nm>i>HMii|m>|

180 182

CH

152

74 90

220

3

0(CH

2

0) E

60 40

260

2

300 413

TMS—NH;

2

30 44

20

o U U U 20

60

"I"' !" 1

100

""I

140

|IIIHIIII|IIIHIIIHIIIHIIIHIIII|II

180

220

260

300

Figure 3. Chemical ionization mass spectra with ammonia as the reacting gas obtained from the liquid phase of the gas-phase derivatization of formalin headspace by BSTFA.


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Acknowledgments This work was supported by University of North Carolina Biomedical Research Support Grant 2S07 RR05450-21.


Literature Cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Walker, J. F. “Formaldehyde,” 3d ed.; Reinhold: New York, 1964; p. 96. Utterback, D . F . ; Millington, D . S.; Gold, A. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 470-73. Dankelman, W . ; Daeman, J. M . H. Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 401-4. Hall, M . N.; Piret, E . L. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1949, 41, 1277-86. Iliceto, A. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1954, 84, 536-52; Chem. Abstr. 1954, 48, 9318. Bryant, W . M. D.; Thompson, J. B. J. Polm. Sci. Part A-1 1979, 9, 2523-40. Sawicki, E . ; Sawicki, C . R. “Aldehyde—Photometric Analysis”; Academic: New York, 1978; p. 194. Geisling, K. L.; Miksch, R. R.; Rappaport, S. M . Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 14042. Walker, J. F. “Formaldehyde,” 3d ed.; Reinhold: New York, 1964; p. 44. Schnizer, A . W . ; Fisher, G . J.; McLean, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 4347-48. Sevcik, J. “Detectors in Gas Chromatography,”translated by K. Stulik; Elsevier Scientific: New York, 1976; p. 94. “National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Manual of Analytical Methods,”2d ed.; NIOSH: Cincinnati, 1977; Vol. 1, p. 127.

RECEIVED for review September 28, 1984. ACCEPTED April 1, 1985.


Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde Condensates in the Vapor

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