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Sisson, W. A., Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 8, 389 (1937). Ibid., 9, 239 (1938). Ibid., 9, 381 (1938). Sisson, W. A., IND.ENQ.CHEM., 27, 51 (1935). Sisson, W. A., Textile Research, 7 , 425 (1937). Sisson, W. A., and Saner, W. R., J.P h y s . Chem., 43, 687 (1939). Sponsler, 0. L., and Dore, W. H., Colloid Symposdum Monograph, 4 , 174 (1926). (114) Stamm, A. J., and Hansen, L. A . , J. Phys. Chem., 41, 1007
(107) (108) (109) (110) (111) (112) (113)
(1937). (115) (116) (117) (118) (119) (120) (121) (122)
Staudinger, H., Cellulosechem., 15, 53, 65 (1934). Staudinger, H., Naturwissemchafta, 25, 673 (1937). Staudinger, H., and Sorkin, M., Ber., 70, 1565 (1937). Staudinger, H., Sorkin, M., and Frans, E., Melliand Teztilber., 18, 681 (1937). Steinberger, R. L., Textile Research, 4, 207, 271, 331 (1934). Ibid., 6, 325 (1936). Steinbrinck, C., Naturwissenschaften, 15, 978 (1927). Trotman, S. B., and Pentecost, S. J., J . SOC.Chem. Ind., 29, 4 (1910).
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(123) Turner, H. A., Ann. Rept. SOC.Chem. Ind., 22, 196 (1937); 23, 198 (1938). (124) Ulmrtnn, M., “Molekulegr6ssen-Bestimmung hochpolymerer Naturstoffe”, Steinkopff, Dresden, 1936. (125) Urquhart, A. R., J. Teztile Inst., 20, T125 (1929). (126) Walker, A. C., J . Teztile Inst., 24, T145 (1933). (127) Walker, A. C., and Quell, M. H., Ibid., 24, T123 (1933). (128) %‘eltzien, W., and Gotze, K., “Chemische und physikalische Teohnologie der Kunstseiden”, p. 125, Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellsohaft, 1930. (129) Wergin. W., Naturwissenschaften, 26, 613 (1938). (130) Whistler, R. L., Martin, A. R., and Harris, M., A m . Dyestuf Reptr., 29, 244 (1940). (131) Whistler, R . L., Martin, A. R., and Harris, M., J . Research Natl. Bur. Standards, 24, 13 (1940). (132) Willows, R. S., and Alexander, A . C., J . Textile Inst., 13, T237 (1922). (133) Wilson, R. E., and Fuwa, T., IND. ENG.CHEM.,14, 913 (1922). CONTRIBUTION from the Cotton Research Foundation Fellowship a t hlellon Institute.
Removal of Chlorides and Sulfates bv Svnthetic Resins J
A resin prepared from rn-phenylenedi-
M. C. SCHWARTZ, W. R. EDWARDS, JR.,
amine, formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid has been used to treat a variety of aqueous solutions containing either chlorides or sulfates. The influences of a number of variable factors upon the effectiveness of this resin in removing the solutes have been measured. These factors included : effect of drying before and after rinsing, temperature of water sample, reaction time, particle size, initial concentration, and acidity. From the data thus obtained, tentative attempts have been made to determine the nature of the removal process.
AND GRACE BOUDREAUXI Engineering Experiment Station and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, University, La.
T
H E use of siliceous zeolites for removing cations and the regeneration of these substances by sodium chloride has been known for a long time. The use of carbonaceous substances for removing cations, and regeneration in this instance by either sulfuric acid or sodium chloride, is a recent development. However, the use of synthetic organic resins for removing anions as well as cations is a still more recent development and, as far as the authors are aware, has not yet been applied in full-scale commercial practice in the United States although a number of test units are being operated. At present the chief interest in these methods of removing cations and anions from solutions comes from the field of water treatment, particularly from producers of boiler feed water for large, high-pressure, complete make-up steam power stations. The possibilities are such, however, that it is not unreasonable to expect that further applications will be found in the chemical industries. 1
J
Present address, Mississippi State College for Women, Columbus, Miss.
Although our present interest in the synthetic organic resins concerns the removal of entire molecules, it is worth noting that the literature on the preparation and use of resins for cation removal is expanding rapidly. A considerable portion of available literature is confined to patent issues (1, 6, 26-29, 31-36,38, 40, 41, 48). General articles by Akeroyd and Broughton ( B ) , Austerweil (9),Burrell (i9),and Griesshave appeared, bach (W), With respect to anion removal by synthetic resins, it is equally true that most of the available literature is confined to patent issues (2, S, 4, 7, 12, IS, 20, 2i, SO, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, &). The development of this field may be considered as starting with the paper of Adams and Holmes (6),followed by studies of Austerweil and Fiedler (ii), Bird, Kirkpatrick, and Melof ( l 7 ) , Austerweil (io),Bird (i6),Broughton and Lee (i8), Bhatnagar, Kapur, and Bhatnagar (14, 16), Griessbach (Z4), Richter (45, 46), and Goudey (22). In the case of the siliceous zeolites the practical application was far ahead of the fundamental studies on the use of these materials. It is to be hoped that the same situation will not be true in the case of these recent L‘carbonaceouszeolites” and synthetic organic resins. The present paper describes the initial steps in an investigation of the effectiveness of a suitable resin on water samples containing a variety of dissolved substances. One object was to measure the effects produced by alterations of a number of variable factors under control of the operator, to determine which of these factors were material and which were negligible. I n the case of those factors which proved to play a material part, a second object was to gain some idea of optimum con-
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