Removal of Soluble Phosphorus from Surface Water Using Iron (Fe

Subscriber access provided by READING UNIV

Article

Removal of Soluble Phosphorus from Surface Water using Iron (Fe-Fe) and Aluminum (Al-Al) Electrodes Tanner Ryan Devlin, Alessandro di Biase, Victor Wei, Maria Elektorowicz, and Jan Oleszkiewicz Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02353 • Publication Date (Web): 09 Nov 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 10, 2017

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Environmental Science & Technology is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 35

Environmental Science & Technology

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT 224x123mm (150 x 150 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 2 of 35

1

Removal of Soluble Phosphorus from Surface Water using Iron (Fe-Fe) and

2

Aluminum (Al-Al) Electrodes

3

T.R. Devlin1, *, A. di Biase1, V. Wei1, M. Elektorowicz2, J.A. Oleszkiewicz1

4

1

5

R3T 5V6, Canada

6

2

7

Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, QB H3G 1M8, Canada

8

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St. Room E1-368A, Winnipeg, MB

Building, Civil, & Environmental Engineering, Université Concordia, 1455 De

1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 3 of 35

9


Abstract

10

Soluble phosphorus removal using iron and aluminum electrodes was studied on water

11

samples from the Red River, a hyper-eutrophic stream in Winnipeg, Canada. Four trials

12

were conducted: I) mixed batch with 150-900 mA applied for 1 min to 1 L; II) stagnant

13

batch with 600-900 mA applied for 1 min to 1 L; and III, IV) continuously stirred-tank

14

reactor with 6.25-10 min hydraulic retention times and constant 900 mA. Maximum

15

soluble phosphorus removals of 70-80% were observed in mixed batch and there was

16

no significant difference between aluminum and iron electrodes (i.e., P-value 0.0526 to

17

0.9487). Aluminum electrodes performed significantly worse than iron electrodes under

18

higher hydraulic loads, with iron removing >70% soluble phosphorus and aluminum

19

70% of

422

soluble phosphorus at an HRT of 10 min, would be the preferred choice of material

423

when applied under natural, flowing conditions. In comparison, aluminum electrodes

424

failed to achieve >40% removal at HRTs of 6.25-10 min.

425

In general, flowing conditions with turbulence would be preferred over stagnant

426

conditions, which had a significant negative impact on soluble phosphorus residual in

427

batch. For this reason, ponds and lakes are not ideal locations to apply electrodes,

428

while streams and rivers would provide more appropriate mixing conditions. In addition,


Page 27 of 35


429

higher phosphorus loads provided greater efficiency per ampere applied. A 350%

430

increase in soluble phosphorus load (from 0.28 to 0.97 mg-P min–1) resulted in a 300%

431

increase in specific removal rate (from 0.21 to 0.64 mg-P C–1) for iron electrodes when

432

900 mA was applied (Fig. 5). Therefore, tributary streams with higher phosphorus load

433

and concentration should be targeted to improve efficiency.

434

435

Fig. 5. Specific sequestration rate as a function of soluble phosphorus load for iron

436

electrodes at 900 mA applied current intensity.

437

Scale-up and application to other watersheds would require bench-scale testing

438

to determine site specific design parameters. For instance, water characteristics such

439

as conductivity would likely influence process design and performance (Fig. 6). Bench-

440

scale testing would help assess site specific SARs and SRRs for desired levels of

441

phosphorus removal. Furthermore, electrode configuration and operational procedures 26 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 28 of 35

442

must be developed to maximize process efficiency. It would be interesting to examine

443

the ratio of power consumption to phosphorus removal as it related to operational

444

changes such as electrode spacing, submerged electrode surface area, and electrode

445

shape and number. The configuration must also be designed such that electrode

446

material could be readily replaced, since the sacrificial anode will be constantly losing

447

mass as it is solubilized to remove phosphorus.

448

449

Fig. 6. Current density as a function of applied voltage for iron and aluminum

450

electrodes, grouped into two sets of conductivity, shown with extrapolated trendlines for

451

water conductivity (K).

452

Typically, smaller electrode spacing would result in lower power requirements

453

and therefore lower operational costs for electricity. However, smaller electrode

454

spacings would also restrict the flow of water between the cathode and anode which 27 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 29 of 35


455

could have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, smaller cross-sectional

456

areas between the electrodes would increase flow-though velocities and may therefore

457

mitigate surface fouling of the electrodes. If significant fouling was observed, however,

458

smaller electrode spacings may have a negative impact since the flow of water through

459

the cross-sectional area may be completely restricted.

460

address physicochemical fouling of the electrodes would be to operate with intermittent

461

DC or transformed AC. The alternating role of anode-cathode in both cases would allow

462

for scouring of accumulated material on the electrodes through hydrogen gas

463

production (3). Biological fouling could be addressed by operating at current intensities

464

that inhibit the growth of microorganisms within the microenvironment of the anode and

465

cathode. 30

A foreseeable measure to

466

The simplest mechanism of phosphorus removal by the electrochemical device

467

would be by sedimentation and burial as precipitated/entrapped matter within iron or

468

aluminum hydroxides. Larger, natural basins such as lakes that have sufficient retention

469

time for settling of the chemical complexes would act as phosphorus sinks if the

470

electrochemical device was applied in more turbulent locations such as rivers and

471

streams. However, natural basins with highly active anaerobic sediment may not be

472

suitable for the burial method of phosphorus compounds or may require additional

473

treatment to increase oxidation reduction potential.10,11 There is potential to modify the

474

electrochemical device to extract precipitated/entrapped phosphorus, although this

475

method would need to be studied in more detail to determine capture rates and

476

operational efficiency. Instead of operating the electrochemical device to remove

477

accumulated physicochemical foulant and release it into the environment, the process



Page 30 of 35

478

may be optimized to collect the accumulated material and completely remove it from

479

suspension. Thereby, the precipitated/entrapped phosphorus in the physicochemical

480

foulant would be removed from the watershed. Further considerations for the

481

development of this method include the mechanism of removal from the electrode,

482

mechanism of material transfer to a drying/processing area, and ultimately end use of

483

the “recovered” material. In the worst case the material would be landfilled, while in the

484

best case it could be used as slow-release phosphorus fertilizer.

485

A more detailed discussion on the electrical and material costs for operation

486

based on experimental parameters determined from this study is provided in Supporting

487

information S.1. In general, consumable costs, reported per million litres treated, to

488

remove 70% soluble phosphorus from Red River water with soluble phosphorus of 0.35

489

g m-3 would include 5 USD to 17.5 USD electricity costs and material costs of 5.3 USD

490

to 12.2 USD for iron and 39.2 USD for aluminum. Further discussion is provided in

491

Supporting information S.2 to S.4 on the impact of the electrochemical process on pH,

492

conductivity, and sediment properties.

493

Acknowledgements

494

The authors are grateful to graduate students Damian Kruk, Mario Poveda, and

495

Kamil Wisniewski, who assisted with collecting water samples from the Red River. The

496

authors acknowledge the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of

497

Canada for the Undergraduate Student Research Award (USRA) and Canada Graduate

498

Scholarship-Master’s (CGS-M) to the senior author.


Page 31 of 35

499

500 501

502


References (1) Withers, P.J., Haygarth, P.M. Agriculture, phosphorus and eutrophication: A European perspective. Soil Use Manag. 2007, 23, 1–4. (2) Han, C.W., Xu, S.G., Liu, J.W., Lian, J.J. Nonpoint-source nitrogen and phosphorus

503

behavior and modeling in cold climate: a review. Water Sci. Technol. 2010, 62, 2277–

504

2285.

505

(3) Azevedo, L.B., van Zelm, R., Leuven, R.S.E.W., Hendriks, A.J., Huijbregts, M.A.J.

506

Combined ecological risks of nitrogen and phosphorus in European freshwaters.

507

Environ. Pollut. 2015, 200, 85–92.

508

(4) White, S.H., Duivenvoorden, L.J., Fabbro, L.D. Impacts of a toxic Microcystis bloom

509

on the macroinvertebrate fauna of Lake Elphinstone, Central Queensland, Australia.

510

Hydrobiologia. 2005, 548, 117–126.

511

(5) Song, L., Chen, W., Peng, L., Wan, N., Gan, N., Zhang, X. Distribution and

512

bioaccumulation of microcystins in water columns: A systematic investigation into the

513

environmental fate and the risks associated with microcystins in Meiliang Bay, Lake

514

Taihu. Water Res. 2007, 41, 2853–2864.

515

(6) Oberholster, P.J., Botha, A.M., Ashton, P.J. The influence of a toxic cyanobacterial

516

bloom and water hydrology on algal populations and macroinvertebrate abundance in

517

the upper littoral zone of Lake Krugersdrift, South Africa. Ecotoxicology. 2009, 18, 34 30 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


518 519 520 521 522 523 524

46. (7) Nørring, N.P., Jørgensen, E. Eutrophication and agriculture in Denmark: 20 years of experience and prospects for the future. Hydrobiologia. 2009, 629, 65–70. (8) Withers, P., Neal, C., Jarvie, H., Doody, D. Agriculture and eutrophication: where do we go from here? Sustainability. 2014, 6, 5853–5875. (9) Schindler, D.W. The dilemma of controlling cultural eutrophication of lakes. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2012, 279, 4322–4333.

525

(10) Wauer, G., Gonsiorczyk, T., Kretschmer, K., Casper, P., Koschel, R. Sediment

526

treatment with a nitrate-storing compound to reduce phosphorus release. Water Res.

527

2005, 39, 494–500.

528

Page 32 of 35

(11) Yamada, T.M., Sueitt, A.P.E., Beraldo, D., A.S., Botta, C.M.R., Fadini, P.S.,

529

Nascimento, M.R.L., Faria, B.M., Mozeto, A.A. Calcium nitrate addition to control the

530

internal load of phosphorus from sediments of a tropical eutrophic reservoir : Microcosm

531

experiments. Water Res. 2012, 46, 6463–6475.

532

(12) Schoumans, O.F., Chardon, W.J., Bechmann, M.E., Gascuel-Odoux, C., Hofman,

533

G., Kronvang, B., Rubæk, G.H., Ulén, B., Dorioz, J.-M. Mitigation options to reduce

534

phosphorus losses from the agricultural sector and improve surface water quality: A

535

review. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 468-469, 1255–1266.

536

(13) Yin, H., Kong, M. Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate from 31 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 33 of 35


537

eutrophic waters using natural calcium-rich attapulgite-based versatile adsorbent.

538

Desalination. 2014, 351, 128–137.

539

(14) Dobbie, K.E., Heal, K.V., Aumônier, J., Smith, K.A., Johnston, A., Younger, P.L.

540

Evaluation of iron ochre from mine drainage treatment for removal of phosphorus from

541

wastewater. Chemosphere. 2009, 75, 795–800.

542

(15) Buda, A.R., Koopmans, G.F., Bryant, R.B., Chardon, W.J. Emerging technologies

543

for removing nonpoint phosphorus from surface water and groundwater: introduction. J.

544

Environ. Qual. 2012, 41, 621.

545

(16) Meis, S., Spears, B.M., Maberly, S.C., Perkins, R.G. Assessing the mode of action

546

of Phoslock in the control of phosphorus release from the bed sediments in a shallow

547

lake (Loch Flemington , UK). Water Res. 2013, 47, 4460–4473.

548

(17) Wei, V., Elektorowicz, M., Oleszkiewicz, J.A. Electrically enhanced MBR system

549

for total nutrient removal in remote northern applications. Water Sci. Technol. 2012, 65,

550

737–742.

551

(18) Kruk, D.J., Elektorowicz, M., Oleszkiewicz, J.A. Struvite precipitation and

552

phosphorus removal using magnesium sacrificial anode. Chemosphere. 2014, 101, 28

553

33.

554 555

(19) Ebbers, B., Ottosen, L.M., Jensen, P.E. Electrodialytic treatment of municipal wastewater and sludge for the removal of heavy metals and recovery of phosphorus. 32 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 34 of 35

556

Electrochim. Acta. 2015, 181, 90–99.

557

(20) Parga, J.R., González, G., Moreno, H., Valenzuela, J.L. Thermodynamic studies of

558

the strontium adsorption on iron species generated by electrocoagulation. Desalin.

559

Water Treat. 2012, 37, 244–252.

560

(21) Kim, S.O., Moon, S.H., Kim, K.W., Yun, S.T. Pilot scale study on the ex situ

561

electrokinetic removal of heavy metals from municipal wastewater sludges. Water Res.

562

2002, 36, 4765–4774.

563

(22) Ottosen, L.M., Pedersen, A.J., Hansen, H.K., Ribeiro, A.B. Screening the

564

possibility for removing cadmium and other heavy metals from wastewater sludge and

565

bio-ashes by an electrodialytic method. Electrochim. Acta. 2007, 52, 3420–3426.

566

(23) Huang, J., Elektorowicz, M., Oleszkiewicz, J.A. Dewatering and disinfection of

567

aerobic and anaerobic sludge using an electrokinetic (EK) system. Water Sci. Technol.

568

2008, 57, 231–236.

569

(24) Ibeid, S., Elektorowicz, M., Oleszkiewicz, J.A. Electro-conditioning of activated

570

sludge in a membrane electro-bioreactor for improved dewatering and reduced

571

membrane fouling. J. Memb. Sci. 2015, 494, 136–142.

572

(25) Yousuf, M., Mollah, A.R., Parga, J.R., Cocke, D.L., Mokovsky, P., Gomes, J.A.G.,

573

Kesmez, M. Fundamentals, present and future perspective of electrocoagulation. J.

574

Hazard. Mater. 2004, B114, 199–210. 33 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 35 of 35


575

(26) Moreno, H., Cocke, C.D.L., Gomes, J.A., Morkovsky, P., Parga, J.R., Peterson, E.,

576

Garcia, C. Electrochemical generation of green rust with electrocoagulation. ECS Trans.

577

2007, 3, 67–76.

578

(27) Zhu, Y., Wu, F., He, Z., Guo, J., Qu, X., Xie, F. Characterization of organic

579

phosphorus in lake sediments by sequential fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis.

580

Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7679–7687.

581 582

583

(28) Lakshmanan, D., Clifford, D.A. Ferrous and ferric ion generation during iron electrocoagulation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 3853–3859. (29) Veli, S., Ozturk, T., Dimoglo, A. Treatment of municipal solid wastes leachate by

584

means of chemical- and electro-coagulation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008, 61, 82–88.

585

(30) Wei, V., Elektorowicz, M., Oleszkiewicz, J.A. Influence of electric current on

586

bacterial viability in wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2011, 45, 5058-5062.


Removal of Soluble Phosphorus from Surface Water Using Iron (Fe

Recommend Documents