JANUARY, 1954
Report of Committee on Codes for Employment of Graduate Assistants
SINCE the adherence to any "code"
in the employment of graduate assistants must be o n a distinctly voluntary basis, the wmmittee felt that its function must he first of all to trv < t o sererruin the sentiment of farultirs of the V I I T ~ O U Bi n ~ t i l u f i ~ over n s the rountry. On the bnais of preliminary dirmuuions by thc conunittee, three pasaihle stntemcntn differing in the epificiry of their provisions were d r a m up. A questionnaire on these was tlien .ent to chemistry departments of the various sohwls and colleges on the "approved" list of the Society (A. C. S. Committee on Professional Training, Progresa Report No. 23, Chem. Eng. New& 29,396 (1951)). The institutions answering are a representative list both of Isrzer and smaller schools. A wide varietv, of minions was PYprmsed, of row=, but in gmernl th? r e d t e were fnvomhle 10 the rstnhliahment of a code nvd swn to indicate that a trial would tw prrtetieable. Four replies expressed the view that such codes are simply not practical, four could be classed as doubtful of the results, and ten preferred not to be bothered, considering that the trouble involved would outweigh any good accomplished. Thus s. l i t less than 16 per cent of the answers were unfavorable. The majority, some 84 per cent of the answers, were favorable to a code. Since a number of those objecting to the codes were allso willing to cwperate if other schools desired it, a total of 97 per cent of the answers expressed willingness to try e. code. No outstending preference wasevidenoed far any one of the three codes aver t,he other two, but Code I1 seemed to be somewhat preferred over the others. It received a positive reting in the largest number of cases; it was listed first most frequently rand third least frequently. The basis expressed far abjection to a code was almost uniformly the feeling that not all schools would actually cooperate, rtnd those who did follow the code would be a t a disadvantage. On the other hand, a number of institutions are now following essentially the suggested practice and feel that it has been best in the long Nn, zlthough it may have lost a n occasiond graduate for them. If a trial is to be made, emphasis should be given to the fact that the code is simply proposed as a basis for voluntary cooperation in a reasonably flexible plan. Some chemistly departments may not be able t o participate for legal or administrative reasons. Others may, of course, simply not agree that the suggested procedures are best. However, even though not every institution may fallow such a code i t seems that a large majority will do so. Many opportunities for misunderstandings between departments can be eliminated; and much can he gained by stating and eremplifying clearly for students general principles of good practice. ~~~
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QUESTIONNAIRE
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Cod* I
Code for Universities (1) Offers of teaching assistantships for the following September
shall not be msde before March first. (2) Recipients shall have two weeks to accept or reject an offer. (3) Offers of assistantships will not knowingly be made to students whe have already accepted a similar appointment st another institution.
Code for S l d n k (1) Students shall not resign one teaching assiston2ship to accept
another. (2) Students may resign a teaching asaistankh.ip to accept a fellmuship a t any time prior to June first. (3) Students who decide to resign an assistankhip for any reason shall give notice of such decision a t the earliest p o ~ i b l e date. (41 Students who accept an asaistankhip shall give notice of such action immediately t o all other schools where applications have been submitted. Coda I1
Offer8 of assistantships for the following September will, in general, be made on or just after March first. Recipients will be asked to accept or reject the offer within two weeks. Thereafter, an offer of an assistantship will not knowingly be made to a student who has already accepted a similar appointment a t another institution. Should a n offer of an assistantship he made before March first, i t should be stated that definite acceptance or rejection of the offer is not necessary until March 15. Students who accept assistantships should give notice t o all other schools to which applications were submitted. A student who decides to resign an assistantship for any reason should give notice of this decision a t the earliest possible date. A student should not simply resign one teaching assistantship to accept another, but he may always request release froma previous commit~nentif n bcltt~ropportunity :tri~es. 11" m y resign B t ~ ~ r h i :nt gs r ~ r t ~ n r s l10 ~ inr.wpt p H frllowhip nt anv time prior to J ~ m rtirrt. .\itr.r r h ~ date. t P(.I~IU(.C~PIII hcromrs a rritic~lnrohlem; so he should alw& &ke certain release from onebosition is possible before accepting any other. Cod. 111
To avoid misunderstandings between schools, or embsrraasment to prospective graduate students, i t ia agreed tha6regardless of the exact date of receipt of an offer-March 15 shall be designated as the final date for a student t o accept or reject an offer of a teaching assistantship for the following September. Thereafter, no school will knowingly offer an assistantship to a student who has already accepted a similar position elsewhere.
Accompanying the questionnaire below, the following covering letter was sent to all institutions on the Accredited List: "Recently a. special committee of the Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society was appointed t o O u ~ t i o n .on P r o p d Coda. atudy tbc question of a proposed code to be followed in handling Would your department be able and willing t o cooperate in appointments of teaching assistantethe objective being to following one of the above codes of procedure in hiring teaching establish some simple procedure which might help in avoiding assistants, if approved by other departments? embarrassment or difficulties for graduate students and misunderWould you prefer not t o bother with such a code s t all? standings between departments. The committee feels that, since Please indicate your first, second, and third choices from the such a code must be on a purely cooperative basis, our first ob- three alternative statements of a. code. jective should simply be t o ascertain the wishes and interest8 LIST OF INSTITUTIONS ANSWERING of the various de~srtmentsof chemistrv aver the nation. ' F o r your ronridemtion we h a w listed, then.forr, three ilterSchool Loeation l L.Pnative s t o t m m t s oi $1possible code a m l lmw noted ~ ~ v e r i~l U tioud 01. which we p?rticul.wly need information. \Ye rould Agricultural and Mechanical College Station, Texas greatly appreciate your answering these questions, and would also College of Texas be glad to have any comments or suggestions you might wish to Alabama Polytechnic Institute Auburn, Ala. Yellow Springs, Ohio make on the proposals." Antioch College
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION Beloit College Boston College Boston University Bowling Green State Universitv Bradley University Brigham Young University Bryn Mawr College Bucknell University Case Institute of Technology Catholic University of America City College of New York Clarkson College of Technology Colgate University College of Wooster Cornell University Dartmouth College Davidsan College DePauw University Drexel Institute of Technology Duke University Emory University Fordham University Gettysburg College Harvard University Haverford College Illinois Institute of Technology Indiana University Iowa State College Johns Hopkins University Juniata College Lawrence College Lehigh University Louisiana State University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Miami University Michigan State College Mississippi State College Monmouth College Montana State College Mount Halyoke College New York University N. Carolina University Northeastern University Northwestern University Occidental College Ohio State University Ohio Wesleyan U ~ ~ e r 8 i t y Oklahoma A. and M. College Oregon State College Pennsylvania State College Pomona College Princeton University Pnrdue University Queens College Reed College Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Rutgers University St. Louis University St. Olrtf College Smith College South Dakota A. and M. State College of Washington State University of Iowa Syracuse University Temple University Trinity College Tufts College Tnlane University Union College University of: Alabama Arizona
Beloit, Wis. Chestnut HillMass. Boston, ass:" ' Bowling Green, Ohio Peoria. Ill. Provo; Utah Bryn Mawr, Pa. Lewishurg, Pa. Cleveland, Ohio Washington, D. C. New York, N. Y. Potsdam, N. Y. Hamilton, N. Y. Wooster, Ohio Ithaoa, N. Y. Hanover, N. H. Davidson, N. C. Greencastle, Ind. Philadelphia, Pa. Durham, N. C. Emory University, Ga. New York, N. Y. Gettyshurg, Pa. Cambridge, Mass. Haverford, Pa. Chicago, Ill. Bloomington, Ind. Ames, lows Baltimore, Md. Huntingdon, Pa. Appleton, Wis. Bethlehem, Pa. University, La. Cambridge, Mass. Oxford, Ohio East Lansing, Mich. State College, Mis~. Monmouth, Ill. Bozeman, Mont. South Hadley, Mass. New York, N. Y. Raleigh, N. C. Boston, Mass. Evanston, Ill. Los Angeles, Calif. Columbus, Ohio Delaware, Ohio Stillwater, Okla. Corvallis, Ore. State College, Pa. Claremont. Calif. ~rineeton,'~ J.. Lafayette, Ind. Flushing, N. Y. Portland, Ore. Troy, N. Y. New Brunswick, N. J. St. Louis, Mo. Northfield. Minn. ~orthrun&on,Mass. Braokings, S. D. Pullman, Wash. Iowa City, Iowa Syracuse, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Hartford, Conn. Medford, Mass. New Orleans, La. Schenectsdy, N. Y. University, Ala. Tucson, Aria.
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Arkansas Bu5alo California Chicago Colorado Connecticut Delaware Denver Detroit Georgia Idaho Illinois Kansas Louisville Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nevada New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Notre Dame Oklahoma Oregon Portland Southern California Tennessee Texas Virginis Wisconsin Utah State Agricultural College Vanderbilt University Vassar College Virginia Polytechnic Institute Wahash College Washington University Wayne University Wellesley College Weat Virzinis Universitv Western keserve ~nive&it,y
Fayetteville, Ark. Buffalo, N. Y. Los Angeles, Calif. Chicago, Ill. Boulder. Colo. Storrs, conn. Newark, Del. Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Athens, Ga. Moscow, Idaho Urhana, Ill. Lawrence, Kan. Louisville, Ken. Orano, Me. College Park, Md. Amherst, Mass. Ann Arbor, Mich. Minneapolis, Minn. Columbia, Mo. Reno, Nev. Durham, N. H. Chapel Hill, N. C. Grand Forks, N. D. Kotre Dame, Ind. Norman, Okla. Eugene, Ore. Portland, Ore. Los Angeles, Calif. Knoxville, Tenn. Austin, Texas Chmlottesville, Va. Madison, Wis. Logan, Utah Nashville, Tenn. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Blacksburg, Va. Crawfordsville, Ind. St. Louis, Mo. Detroit, Mich. Wellesley, Mass. Morgantown, W. Va. Cleveland, Ohio
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS
No. sent out: 189 No. replies: 118 Pvt I
Dialribution of answers: Codes not practical.. . . . . . . . . . . Prefer to have no code.. . . . . . . ,
4 10 Code
Preference
I: 2nd 11: 111:
Doubtful.
' 4
I: 11:
Don't employ assistants but favorable to codes.. . . . . . . . . . .
Generally favorable.. . . . . . . . . . .
3rd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 1st
2 4 4 3 4 1 1 1 2
JANUARY, 1934
11: 1st 2nd 3rd 111: 1st 2nd 3rd 118 Code I: 1st 2nd 3rd
Total.
11: 1st 2nd 3rd
41 19 8
23 12
32 28 37 20 85 53 23 9
PIIt I1
Samples from letters of appointment now in use: (1) We would appreciate having your acceptance as soon as possible, but it should he understood that you have until April 15th to withdraw your acceptance if it would be in your best interest to change your plans. (2) You are advised that in accordance with current recommendations of the Association of American Universities, you are to feel free to rescind your acceptance at any time through April 15, 195-, without prejudice, for the purpose of accepting any other fellowship, scholarship, or assistantship. In return, we hope you will keep us informed as to your plan8 so that we may take appropriate steps to keep filled our quota of assistantships. (3) You may accept this appointment at any time with the understanding that you may withdraw the acceptance prior to April 15, 19&, without prejudice. I t is possible that you may prefer to accept a similar offer from some other institution which you have received. Your official appointment will not be made until after July 1, 19&, but your acceptance of this offer will he equivalent to appointment. Pert 111
A few direct quotations from individual letters embodying criticisms or specific suggestions: (1) These codes don't work in the long run-there is always someone who breaks them whenever it suits his couveuience to get a good man-I think they sse unrealistic as it makes those people who abide by them left with the poorer men. (2) I cannot get very enthusiastin about codes, especially when there is no ma~hineryfar their enforcement, and I certainly cannot support the setting-up of machinery for enforcement. We hear a lot about "our freeenterprise system" (which probably never has existed to the extent many people believe), but if we begin to surround our appointments by restrictive codes, we are doing away with much of our free choice. Gentlemanly behavior should prevail in these relationships. . . . Those departing from such practices will not be cured by edict. I'll have to vote a tepid "no" on this proposel. (3) In general the feeling of the members was very sympathetic toward the efforts your committee is making. One of the difficulties was that all three codes seem to prevent a university and a graduate student from making a definite commitment even though both were quite willing to make such a commitment.
In our own case we usually have six or eight teaching assistantshins and if several of our offers were turned down on Marah -~~~ .-15t,h we feel that we \rould I,? at quite x diixlvantnge thrn in trying to fill thr positions. \Ve all rmlize what a difficult jol, it i.; to put in nny rules and it almost seem4 to me thxt lome sort oi r i ~ n l ing house is necessary if there is going to be cooperation. (4) Assistantships become effective at other dates than S e p tember. They are outside the code and eonfuse the whole plan. (5) 1 should like to see paragraphs 1 and 2 combined and made to read. "Students shall not resinn one teachine ansistmntship or fello&hip to accept another Zter April 15th and shall not be accepted by s. second institution until a written release from the first institution is submitted." (6) In these days in which there is much sponsored research in which the various agencies of the government are quite active I think that June 1st as a deadline beyond which an assistantship would not he resimed in order to accept a fellowship would often entail some hardship because many 01the government research programs are set up ahout July 1st and this seems to me to be a more appropriate date. It is true that this proposes a less favorable condition for the department seeking teaching assistants but the situation seems to me to demand a change. (7) It certainly would not be ethical for a university to withdraw an offerof an assistantship which had been accepted by a student, even if a more likely candidate appeared later. It seemed to us similarly unethical for a student to resign an assistantship which he had accepted and to go to another university to accept either a more advantageous assistantship or a fellowship. In drawing up such a code, you would also have to he very careful to define what is meant by an assistantship, since m m y universities classify as "teaching fellows'' those who would he called "assistants" if they did the same type of work elsewhere. Is this code intended to cover only teaching assistants, or to include also people carrying out research work on grants of various types, sometimes olassified as "research assistants" and sometimes as "research fellows"? These are points which your committee certainly will have to clarify before you can get widespread agreement and acceptance of any code. (8) Much duplicitton of effortboth on the part of the applicant and of the institution offering the assistantship, etc., can be avoided if it is possible for the applicant to send out one a p plication to the institution to which he would prefer to go or to whieh he is referred on the advice of his major ~rofessorand expect and receive in a reasonable time an acceptance or rejection. This might be effected very early in the year preceding the a p nointment. Then the annlieant could settle down to work if accented or make aonlioation elsewhere~. (0) I can srr no w a ' i ~ uin the world why n studrrrt ~lrouldbe given an opportunity to resip from an srsistmtship in order to take a fellowship. This is a very unethical thing to do. I can think of nothing that will work more against the entire assistantship system both became it will make hiring such people extremely doubtful and it will materially reduce the quality of graduate assistants anyway. Our practice is to put all new men on as sssistauts and to promote to fellows in following yews. In this way they have the advantage of the assistantship experience and they are not forced to take a problem whieh they might not want under a professor whom they might not have chosen under some fellowship arrangement. The great number of sponsored fellowships now available is a most dangerous thing to pure research and it might well destroy the freedom of choice of our graduate students which is the basis of our free research system. (10) It appears to he unrealistic to have any code for students, since manv of them will never hear of it. and their actions are largely determined by the policies of the chemistry departments offering them assistantships. ~
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