Reusable Hydrophilic-superhydrophobic Patterned Weft Backed

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Reusable Hydrophilic-superhydrophobic Patterned Weft Backed Woven Fabric for High-efficiency Water-harvesting Application Yue Gao, Jun Wang, Wei Xia, Xiaofeng Mou, and Zaisheng Cai ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.8b01387 • Publication Date (Web): 08 May 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 9, 2018

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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Reusable Hydrophilic-superhydrophobic Patterned Weft Backed Woven Fabric for High-efficiency Water-harvesting Application Yue Gao,† Jun Wang,† Wei Xia,† Xiaofeng Mou† and Zaisheng Cai*†‡ †

College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua

University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China ‡

Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education,

2999 North Renmin Road, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China * E-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected]. (Prof. Zaisheng Cai)

ABSTRACT: Here we report a hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned surface, which was fabricated via a readily weaving method to mimic the hybrid wettable areas arrangements on the back of Stenocara beetles. The fabric exhibited excellent water-harvesting rate (WHR) of 1267.2 mg h-1 cm-2. Besides, the fabric could be recycled for 10 times while the WHR stayed almost invariant. This work offers a very feasible and novel tool to achieve mass production of water-harvesting materials, providing novel ideas to bridge traditional textile industry with environmental conservation field in future. KEYWORDS: Hydrophilic-superhydrophobic, Biomimetic process, Weft backed weave, High-efficiency, Reusable, Water-harvesting

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INTRODUCTION High efficiency fog collecting materials are urgently needed for developing countries in arid and semi-arid regions.1-6 Artificial materials inspired by creatures in nature are offered as great option for water-harvesting.7 Stenocara beetles8 exhibit intriguing water-harvesting ability for the special structure on their back. Observation reveals

lots of

well-organized

hydrophilic

waxy

dots

distribute

on

the

superhydrophobic non-waxy regions,9 which allows water to be collected and delivered efficiently. Thus, the hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned surface is widely studied to apply for water condensation from fog. Wang et al10 introduced an efficient water-harvesting fabric with superhydrophobic surface mingled with light-induced superhydrophilic bumps. The superhydrophobic surface was modified via facile finishing methods with SiO2 sol and OTES/ethanol solution while followed by a spray coating of TiO2 nanosol to create light-induced superhydrophilic bumps. This fabric successfully imitated the structure of beetle’s back and showed efficient water harvest. Zhang et al2 utilized a simple thermal pressing procedure to incorporate a hydrophobically modified metal-based gauze onto the surface of a hydrophilic polystyrene (PS) flat sheet and fabricated hydrophilic– superhydrophobic patterned hybrid surfaces, illustrating superior water collection capability. Kostal et al11 used a process combination of femtosecond laser machining and surface coating to fabricate high-contrast wetting patterns on glass surfaces, revealing higher-contrast wetting patterns collected the higher amount of fog. Although plenty of methods have been created to fabricate surfaces imitated the


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structure on Stenocara beetles’ back for water-harvesting, however, areas where are in urgent need of water-harvesting materials are relatively poverty-striken and underdeveloped regions, supplies and manufacturing facilities are inadequate, issues still exist for easier manufacturing technique, mass production, recyclability in moderate and crude processing environment. Herein, we firstly introduce a hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned weft backed woven fabric12-13 fabricated by facile weaving method with simple textile equipment. The hybrid wettable surface was produced by hydrophilic viscose and hydrophobic PP yarns finished with common commercial agents, which sharply relieved the cost, making it possible for water-harvesting materials to put into wider range of application in future. Different proportion of viscose yarns and PP yarns were designed to fabricate the hybrid surface. When the area was certain, it turned out that the as-prepared sample featured the finest water-harvesting rate of 1267.5 mg h-1 cm-2 at a proportion of 1:1 (viscose yarn: PP yarn). The water-harvesting rate (WHR) of our hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned weft backed woven fabric was 59.2 times higher than beetles and made a 31.9% improvement compared with other fog-water harvesting fabric.14-15 Furthermore, WHR on this sample stayed invariant even after 10 cycles without apparent variations of water contact angles (WCA) and contact angle hysteresis (∆θ), illustrating excellent reusability. The textile-inspired hybrid wettable materials were readily available for mass production due to their simplicity and economy, providing innovate directions for future fog-water collection. Experimental section



Materials. Polypropylene yarns (250D) and viscose yarns (300D) were purchased from Changzhou Guoxing Textile Group Co., Ltd. and Dongguan Hengzhisheng Textile Co., Ltd. separately. Hydrophobic agent (water-proofing agent 407) was purchased from Shanghai Ding Gift Industry and Trade Co., Ltd. Hydrophilic agent (ternary block copolymer silicone oil 897) was purchased from Zhengjiang Transfar Co., Ltd. All of the reagents were directly used without further treatment. Fabrication of weft backed woven fabric with hydrophilic-superphydrophobic patterns. 1.Hydrophobic treatment to polypropylene yarns and hydrophilic treatment to viscose yarns: After cleaning in the deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol and drying in the oven, polypropylene yarns and viscose yarns were finished by dipping treatment with hydrophobic agent (60 g L-1) and hydrophilic agent (60 g L-1) for 30 minutes separately. Baking at 120

for 10 minutes after drying, the hydrophobic

polypropylene yarns and hydrophilic viscose yarns were ready to be used. 2. Preparation of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned weft backed woven fabric: To fabricate the fabric with superhydrophobic surface mingled with hydrophilic dots, the hydrophobic polypropylene yarns were used as warp yarns, hydrophilic viscose yarns and hydrophobic polypropylene yarns were used as weft yarns and interlaced with warp yarns to form hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned surfaces in proportion of 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 0:1 (viscose yarns: PP yarns) while the other side was completely superhydrophobic as scheme 1 showed, the reed number used for weaving all samples is 80#. All the samples were weaved with the semi-automatic loom.


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Water-harvesting evaluation. A laboratory-made fog harvesting system (28 cm × 20 cm × 17 cm) was set up to evaluate fog-harvesting performance of our fabric samples, an ultrasonic humidifier (HQ-UH812L, Zhongshan Qi Hao Electric Appliance Co.) was applied to generate fog, the diameters of fog were between 1µm to 10µm, the as-prepared samples were cut into 2×2 cm and fixed perpendicularly to the horizon plane in the box. The constant relative humidity and temperature in the box are kept as 80±2% and 20±2

respectively, the distance between the nozzle of

fog generator and the as-prepared sample was kept at 7 cm, the fog flow rate was about 0.1 L h-1. The water droplets collected by the surface were gathered by a beaker placed on the bottom of the box. Five tests were conducted for each sample to gain average water-harvesting efficiency, every test lasted for 4 hours. The weight of the harvest water was calculated every 0.5 hour. The weight of the beaker with no sample in it was also undergone the test as a control. Characterizations. Morphology of the fabric was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition was investigated by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The static water contact angles and rolling-off angles measurement were performed using a contact angle meter at ambient temperature, the advancing water contact angle (θadv) and receding water contact angle (θrec) were measured by a dynamic contact angle measuring instrument via the incremental and descending method, five different points of the surface were tested to get an average value. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION



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The hybrid wettable patterned fabric was fabricated on the basis of the weft backed weave structure (Figure S1), it meant that the weft yarns would be weaved into two separate sides after interlacing with the warp yarns (Scheme 1). PP yarns16 were used as both warp and weft yarns due to their extremely small hygroscopic moisture regain at general atmospheric conditions, which made the superhydrophobic area less subject to moist conditions and exhibited better hydrophobicity. Viscose yarns17 were chosen as weft yarns due to their extraordinary hygroscopicity while few hairness, improving the hydrophilicity and making it easier for water mist to land on. The weft and warp densities for all samples are 170×170 (numbers of weft or warp yarns within 10 cm). More importantly, by taking advantage of the special structure, finished hydrophilic and hydrophobic yarns would be weaved in one side according to the designed proportion. The hydrophilic viscose yarn was wider than hydrophobic yarn, leading to hydrophilic raised regions after interlacing with hydrophobic PP yarns, which imitated the

natural

water-harvesting

structure

of

Stenocara

beetles and

realized

water-harvesting. The water condensation ability was attributed to two different wettable areas arrangements, achieving water-harvesting and water-delivery separately.18 After easy finishing with ordinary commercial hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents,19 hydrophilic viscose yarns and hydrophobic PP yarns were applied as two weft yarns to be weaved with warp hydrophobic PP yarns in different ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 0:114 and corresponding proportions of hydrophilic weft regions as illustrated in Figure S2 and Scheme 1. There existed films on finished yarns (Figure S3, Figure 1a and 1c), which endowed the surface with disparate


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wettability and roughness, these films also protected hydrophobic PP yarns from absorbing fog water during the harvesting procedure. General molecular formulas of both agents can be seen in Figure S4, the electrostatic attraction between positively charged amino and negatively charged viscose yarns contributed to the strong binding force for hydrophilic agent and viscose yarns20, while the strong binding force between polymers of hydrophobic agent and fibers resulted from hydrogen bonds and cross-linking between functional polymers in hydrophobic agent and PP yarns,21-22 endowing excellent mechanical performance for finishing agents. A peak for silicon (Si) was found on the hydrophilic viscose yarns (Figure 1b), and due to the polysiloxane segments were main components of the outermost layer for the film when viscose yarns are dry, according to the C 1s spectrum (Figure S5a), peaks with the centers localized at 285.9 eV, 284.8 eV, and 283.8 eV, representing C-O, C-C and C-Si bonds respectively, Figure S5b illustrated peaks at 102 eV (Si-O bonds) and 101 eV (Si-C bonds); while hydrophobic PP yarns showed a peak for fluorine (F) (Figure 1d)23-24; while a peak for fluorine (F) can be seen on the hydrophobic PP yarns (Figure 1d), according to the C 1s spectrum (Figure S5c), peaks could be seen at 284.7 eV, 288.8 eV and 291.8 eV, which were attributed to C-C, C-O and C-F bonds respectively, Figure S5d exhibited the F 1s spectrum, one peak could be seen at 688.3 eV, corresponding to the covalent C-F bond25, the EDS spectrum and XPS spectrum proved that both hydrophobic agent and hydrophilic agent have been finished onto PP and viscose yarns respectively 13. Scheme 1.



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Figure 1.

Research has proved that water-harvesting efficiency could be improved through the enhancement in hydrophobicity, which meant increasing the water contact angle or decreasing the contact angle hysteresis,26-27 that was to say, decreasing the rolling angle. By quantifying the hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic regions, a final WCA of 153.16° (Figure S6 and Figure 2a) as well as a low RA of 6.1° were obtained (Figure S6 and Figure 2c). Since the volume of water drops were increasing over time, the advancing angle as well as the receding angle were also tested to explore the dynamic wettable process. The advancing angles, receding angles and hysteresis of contact angles of superhydrophobic regions for all samples could be seen in Figure S7-S8, hysteresis of contact angle was defined as the following equation28: ∆θ=θadv − θrec

(1)

Where is the hysteresis of contact angle, θadv is the advancing angle, θrec is the receding angle. The hysteresis of contact angle for every sample was smaller than 6°, which meant the water drops were easy to roll down even during the process of volume increasing, the high static contact angles and low hysteresis together facilitate on the hydrophobic regions of the fabric. Water-harvesting processes on different samples (all hydrophilic viscose yarns, hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned ratios of viscose yarns and PP yarns of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, all hydrophobic PP yarns) were observed and exhibited in Figure S9 and Figure 2b and 2d. Some beads from the fog would land on the hydrophilic dots and began to grow while the superhydrophobic


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arrays were responsible to deliver the water droplet after it overcame the capillary force and detached from the hydrophilic dots.29 Figure 2. The laboratory-made fog harvesting system30 (Figure 3a) with no sample in it was also weighted every 30 minutes over a period of 4 hours as a blank sample. Then, the rest of samples (all hydrophilic viscose yarns, hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned ratios of viscose yarns and PP yarns of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, all hydrophobic PP yarns) were tested to compare their water-harvesting ability. Figure S10 and Figure 3b showed the water-harvesting tendency of all as-prepared samples as well as control sample. The water-harvesting weights (WHW) on all samples were nearly liner to the collecting time. Water-harvesting rate (WHR) could be deducted from the equation31: R = (w − w ) ∕ S ∙ t

(2)

Where wt is the weight of the collecting water for different samples, w0 is the weight of the collecting water for the blank sample, S is the area of the fabric, t is the collecting time. Figure 3. Figure 3c illustrated the water-harvesting rate was deeply influenced by the ratios of viscose yarns and PP yarns, the WHR reached its maximum when the ratio of viscose yarns and PP yarns was 1:1, which came up to 1267.5 mg h-1 cm-2 as well as a water contact angle exceeds 150°, while decreased when PP yarns occupied more in the fabric. However, totally superhydrophilic or superhydrophobic surface demonstrated very low water-harvesting rates. Due to the fog water was difficult to



land on the surface with the absence of hydrophilic bumps18, it was also hard for water drops to roll down without hydrophobic regions, which differentiated totally hydrophobic and hydrophilic samples from others; the reason of different WHR for rest samples lied in that higher proportions of hydrophilic regions attracted more fog water in the air, which led to higher mobility of drops on hydrophobic regions (Figure S9). To mimic the flexible way beetles collect fog water in nature, Figure 3d exhibited the influence of different inclination on WHR (when the ratio of viscose yarns and PP yarns was 0:1, 1:7, 1:1), steeper slopes with different angles from 10°, 30°, 60° to 90° lead to higher WHR. So samples could get the best value of WHR when they were inclined with angle of 90° to the horizontal plane, due to contact angle hysteresis plays minimal impact when samples fixed perpendicularly to the horizon plane. Conclusions could be drawn out that with alternating arranged hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, more hydrophilic regions could contribute to higher WHRs for more tiny water droplets would be lured from the fog and waited to coalesce with one another in a higher mobility. In the light of study of Stenocara beetle, its WHR was 21.4 mg h-1 cm-2 and other fog-water harvesting fabric featured a WHR to 961.0 mg h-1 cm-2. The WHR of our hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned weft backed woven fabric was 59.2 times higher than beetles and made a 31.9% improvement compared with other fog-water harvesting fabric. What’s more, the WHR of the fabric, which ratio of viscose yarns and PP yarns was 1:1, can be repeated for 10 times without obvious of WCA (Figure 3e) and ∆θ (Figure S11). After 2000 times’ tests of abrasion, it could be noticed that the contact angles for the superhydrophobic region


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still exceeded 140° while for the hydrophilic region remained 0, and the fabric stayed intact (Fig. S12), illustrating excellent stability and the recycling of the hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned fabric proved to be excellent.

Conclusion In summary, the hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned fabric was successfully fabricated with facile weaving method by taking advantage of the weft backed weave structure. At the ratio of 1:1 for viscose yarns and PP yarns, the hybrid surface exhibited highest WHR of 1267.5 mg h-1 cm-2 beyond other hybrid patterned or unitary wettable surfaces due to higher proportion of hydrophilic regions contributed to higher mobility of water drop. More importantly, the fabric could be recycled for 10 times while the WHR stayed almost invariant, the weft backed woven fabric remained intact even after 2000 times’ abrasion tests, water contact angles exceeded 140° on hydrophobic regions and remained 0 on hydrophilic regions respectively. In virtue of the magnificent water-harvesting rate, excellent reusability, easy and rapid fabrication, the hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned weft backed woven fabric offers a very simple tool and matches the pragmatic requirements of large scale fog water harvesting application.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Simulated diagrams and optical paragraphs of samples; SEM; general molecular formulas of finishing agents; XPS; figures of water contact angles, rolling-off angles,



advancing angles, receding angles and hysteresis of contact angle; figures of water-harvesting weight test on the control sample. AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author * Prof. Zaisheng Cai. E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID Zaisheng Cai: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-9330 Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The paper is supported by Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China, 20130075130002. Special thanks from Yue Gao to Jay Chou and August Cai, their songs and experience have encouraged her to get over the last busy year. REFERENCES (1) Fessehaye, M.; Abdul-Wahab, S. A.; Savage, M. J.; Kohler, T.; Gherezghiher, T.; Hurni, H. Fog-water collection for community use. Atmospheric Research 2014, 29, DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.063. (2) Zhang, L.; Wu, J.; Hedhili, M. N.; Yang, X.; Wang, P. Inkjet printing for direct micropatterning of a superhydrophobic surface: toward biomimetic fog harvesting surfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015, 3 (6), DOI 10.1039/c4ta05862c. (3) Azad, M. A. K.; Krause, T.; Danter, L.; Baars, A.; Koch, K.; Barthlott, W. Fog Collection on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Fibers: Influence of Cross Section and Surface Structure. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2017, 33 (22), DOI 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00478. (4) Zhang, Y.; Zuo, L.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Y.; Lu, H.; Fan, W.; Liu, T. Cotton Wool Derived Carbon Fiber Aerogel Supported Few-Layered MoSe2 Nanosheets As Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2016, 8 (11), DOI 10.1021/acsami.5b12772. (5) Nguyen, T. K. V.; Zhang, Q.; Jimenez, J. L.; Pike, M.; Carlton, A. G. Liquid Water: Ubiquitous Contributor to Aerosol Mass. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2016, 3 (7),


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Scheme 1. Weaving process of the freely-regulated hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned weft backed woven fabric.

Figure. 1 (a) and (c) SEM images of hydrophilic viscose yarn and hydrophobic PP yarn. (b) and (d) EDS spectrum of Si and F elements on the hybrid hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned surface with a ratio of 1:1 (viscose yarns: PP yarns).



Figure. 2 (a) WCA of 153.16° on the superhydrophobic area of the hybrid wettable surface. (b) Practical fog water harvesting situation on the horizontal arranged sample. (c) RA of 6.1° on the superhydrophobic area of the hybrid wettable surface. (d) Practical water harvesting situation on the vertical arranged sample.

Figure. 3 (a) Schematic illustrating the laboratory-made water harvesting setup. (b) WHW tests of all samples during a period of 4h. (c) WHR of all samples. (d) WHR on the sample with ratios of 0:1, 1:7, 1:1 (viscose yarns: PP yarns) with inclinations from 10° to 90°. (e) WHR on the sample with a ratio of 1:1 (viscose yarns: PP yarns) for 10 times’ repeats during the water-harvesting processes, WCA on the superhydrophobic areas of the sample were 153.16°, 152.3°,


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151.8°,151.3°, 150.6° after 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 cycles respectively.



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Synopsis This work offers a very feasible tool to fabricate reusable fog-water harvesting materials by originally introducing weft backed weave, which makes it possible to produce these materials substantially in an energy-efficient and economic way.


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Reusable Hydrophilic-superhydrophobic Patterned Weft Backed

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