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VOl. 21, Yo. 2
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Sodium Aluminate as a Coagulant in Chemical Treatment of Cannery Waste Waters’ J. A. Holmes and G. J . Fink NATIONAL ALUMISATE CORPORATION, 6216 WEST 66TH PLACE, CHICAGO, ILL.
T ONE of the tomato
Improved results have been obtained at two tomato from this well the wastes are catsup and chili sauce canneries by use of small doses of sodium aluminate pumped by centrifugal pumps plants of the H. J. as a coagulant along with lime. The waste-water treatto the treating plant. Two Heinz Company, s i t u a t e d ing Plant at one of these canneries is described in detail. pumps are available so that j u s t o u t s i d e t h e c i t y of The average chemical treatment at this plant during any increase in volume of Princeton, Ind., it is neces1927 was 2.5 pounds of lime and 0.4 pound of sodium waste due to plant operation sary to discharge a large volaluminate per 1000 gallons of waste water. or rain can be handled. ume of tomato waste sewage into an open ditch, which passes into the storm sewers of Waste-Water Treatment Princeton and then on into another open ditch which passes The waste-water treatment is a continuous flow process. through a portion of the city and then through farms on the other side of the city. Without treatment or after passage The discharge from the Pump passes into a 6 by 10 foot, over coke filters as originally practiced, the organic matter 30 by 40 mesh (0.Ol.l-inch opening) North screen, where the of the sewage rapidly putrefied, producing an offensive odor coarser Particles are removed and discharged into a dump to which the citizens of the town objected and the stock on wagon. From the Screen the waste water Passes into a mechanically agitated mixing tank, where the lime and the farms refused to drink the water. The tomato skins are removed by peeling for chili Sauce sodium aluminate are added. The water then passes into and by scalding for catsup. The peeling table and scalding a 6 by 7’/z foot basin with eighteen ar0und-the-d bdfks. residues are passed through cyclones from which the solid From here it Passes into a series of Six hoppered concrete material is carried by two conveyors to a hoppered storage settling basins, each approximately 10 by 11 by 7.5 feet. tank and the liquid discharged into the plant sewer. The From the hoppered basins the water passes into another series solid material is hauled away in wagons. The waste which of three settling basins, the first two being rather small and large basin is baffled to Prevent requires treatment is made up of discharges from the cyclones the third, 20 by 30 feet. short-circuiting. The water then passes into a final settling and water used for genera] cleansing of floors and apparatus and for washing and sterilizing bottles. The cannery has a basin approximately 25 by 60 feet, which was formerly the maximum daily capacity of 15,000 bushels of tomatoes and drying bed. All these basins are equipped with sludging approximately 100 gallons of water are required for each lines. The effluent is discharged directly from the last basin bushel of tomatoes handled. During normal operation into the open ditch which runs beside the plant. The sludge (16 hours), however, the volume of waste is approximately from the settling basins is Pumped by means of a centrifugal 500,000 gallons per day. The storm sewers also discharge Pump into a nearby field, where it is allowed to dry- Forinto the waste sewers and during rains the total volume is merly the s l u d g h s were run into a large basin with a sand and greatly increased. The plant sewers empty into a concrete gravel bottom and after drying the material was removed and basin or well of approximately 4000 gallons capacity and hauled to the field. This method worked very well except during rainy weather. The method now used of pumping 1 Presented before the Division of Water, Sewage, and Sanitation Chemistry a t the 76th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Swampthe to the this as as the necessity for further handling. The dried sludge is scott, Mass., September 10 to 14, 1928.
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February, 1929
ISD CSTRIAL ALYDE,VGINEERIiYG CHEMISTRY
utilized as fertilizer in the company hothouses, cold frames, etc., and on the fields, with very good results. Chemical Precipitation
The chemical precipitation plant proper, which directly follows the screen, comprises duplicate mechanically agitated iron solution tanks of 300 gallons capacity, and a floatcontrolled slit-orifice chemical feed. Hydrated lime and sodium aluminate are mixed in the solution tanks in such concentrations that 1 gallon of water contains 1 pound of lime (65 per cent available CaO) and 0.16 pound of aluminate (10 per cent hTa2Al2O4). The discharge from the chemical feed enters the mixing tank a t about mid-depth of the mixing tank. The chemical dosage is controlled on the basis, not only of volume, but also on the concentration of waste. sufficient chemical being added to show proper flocculation and clarification a t end of the baffled mixing tank and to maintain a pH of 10 or above. The operating control of the quantity of chemicals is based on a phenolphthalein test on the final effluent, the operator simply dropping the indicator into the tank a t frequent intervals and adding enough lime and aluminate to obtain the alkaline reaction a t all times. Daily laboratory determinations of acidity of influent and alkalinity of effluent are made by titration with 0.05 N caustic soda and sulfuric acid, respectively. The acidity of the raw waste from both catsup and chili sauce manufacture, referred to calcium carbonate, will vary between a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 260 p. p. m. (tests from August 24 to September 24, 1927), this variation being caused chiefly by different dilutions by storm water and sterilizing water. Khen operating normally a perfect heavy yellow floc is formed before the waste passes beyond the mixing baffles and has almost completely settled in the first settling basin. Approximately 90 per cent of the total volume of sludge is produced in this basin. At the end of the first series of basins the effluent shows no turbidity and only an occasional particle of floc and a t the final discharge it is brilliant, colorless, and entirely free from turbidity and floc. Tests of Treated Waste
In tests which have been made in following the operation it has not been convenient, owing to the isolation of the plant relative t o a completely equipped laboratory, to make B. 0. D. tests; hence only rather approximate determinations of oxygen consumed have been run. According t o these tests the raw waste after screening has an oxygen-consuming value of 2100 p. p. m., while the treated effluent a t the end of the first series of basins shows a value of 802 p. p. m., a reduction of 62 per cent, and the final effluent a value of 396 p. p. m. or a total reduction of 81 per cent in oxygen-consuming power. The screened waste is quite turbid and the turbidity is not removed by, filtration through quantitative filter paper, a filtered sample showing an oxygen consuming value of 1400. The final effluent is sufficiently stable for the particular requirements and has no turbidity or odor in the open ditch over a mile below the cannery, where it is combined with the city sewage plant effluent. The effluent had approximately the same oxygen-consuming value as the city storm sewer water (338) on a day 48 hours after a heavy rain, and the city officials are extremely well satisfied with the cannery company's accomplishment in taking care of their waste. The sludge from the settling basins is pumped daily during normal operation. This sludge is dark yellow, dries rapidly, and is giving no trouble from putrefaction. It is alkaline in reaction t o phenolphthalein for several hours after pumping to the fields. KO data are available as to total volume since
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pumping of the sludge was begun, but calculations made during last season when the sludge-drying beds were being used indicated that the accumulated semi-dried sludge amounted to 8.3 cubic yards per million gallons of raw waste. costs
The average quantity of chemicals used is 2.5 pounds of hydrated lime and 0.4 pound of sodium aluminate per 1000 gallons, at a total chemical cost of $35 per million gallons or about $17 per day of 16 hours. The total cost of the treating plant was approximately $15,000 and the operating labor cost is $4 per day. Only one operator is required.
Sludge
Discharge
Chemical Tanks
Influent
Tomato Waste Disposal Treatment Plant
The plant was designed by the Heinz Company staff and has been developed to its present point of perfection by the superintendent of the cannery. The plant and process are sufficiently flexible to take care of all fluctuations in quality and quantity of waste. An accidental discharge of vinegar into the waste, for example, does not affect the quality of effluent. Costs could undoubtedly be reduced considerably by reducing the overtreatment to a minimum without sacrifice of stability of either effluent or sludge, but a large factor of safety is carried in order to eliminate any possibility of trouble. Results a t this plant have demonstrated without question the feasibility and practicability of bhis process for disposal of such wastes and have been the basis for design and operation of treating systems installed by the Heinz Company a t another cannery and by other canners.
Use for Other Cannery Wastes The use of aluminate for the coagulation of other cannery wastes including peas, beets, corn, and milk is being tried and, although tests are not yet completed or data compiled, the result's appear promising. Other chemical coagulants are also being developed which, either alone or with aluminate, will extend considerably the field of application of the chemical precipitation method to disposal of such wastes. Acknowledgment
The authors wish to express to the H. J. Heinz Company, and especially to F. F. Felts, plant superintendent, their appreciation of the courtesies extended in obtaining information and data on the operation of their plant. The exclusive right of development of radioactive raw materials in Russia is reported in the French press to have been granted the rare elements cartel in that country, according to the Department of Commerce.
