Study on Mobility, Distribution and Rapid Ion Mobility Spectrometry

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Study of mobility and distribution of seven pesticides in peel and pulp in cucumber, apple and cherry tomato, and detection of pesticides using surface swab capture method followed by ion mobility spectrometry Nan Zou, Chunhao Yuan, Ronghua Chen, Juan Yang, Yifan Li, Xuesheng Li, and Canping Pan J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03084 • Publication Date (Web): 12 Dec 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 13, 2016

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

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Study of mobility and distribution of seven pesticides in peel and pulp in

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cucumber, apple and cherry tomato, and detection of pesticides using surface

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swab capture method followed by ion mobility spectrometry

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Nan Zou1, Chunhao Yuan1, Ronghua Chen1,2, Juan Yang1, Yifan Li1, Xuesheng Li2,

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Canping Pan1, *

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University, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China

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Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural

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Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning,

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530005, China

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*(Author for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +86 10 62733620;

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Tel: +86 10 62731978)

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ABSTRACT: :

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The research explore the mobility and distribution rules of simazine, acetamiprid,

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hexazinone, paclobutrazol, amitraz, clofentezine and boscalid in pulp and peel of

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apple, cucumber and cherry tomato. A lab test was carried out by treating the matrices

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with standard solution for different periods of time. The percentage sorption of

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pesticides ranged from 0.02% to 89.34% for three matrices. The pesticides

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distribution was also determined, and all pesticides showed the ratio values (Q)

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between pulp and peel concentrations in three matrices lower than 0.8, which proved

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that the highest pesticides’ content was found in the peel. In addition, a rapid and

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simple process combining surface swab capture method and pulse glow discharge-ion

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mobility spectrometry (PGD-IMS) detection was established for detection of

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pesticides on matrix surfaces. In swab method, the whole matrix surface was swabbed

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manually by swab sticks, and swab sticks were agitated in acetonitrile to release the

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pesticides. The releasing factors of pesticides in three matrices were calculated. The

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linearity, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were investigated to assess the applicability of

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swab-IMS process in practical analysis. The swab-IMS method is rapid, sensitive, and

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quantitative, and can be achieved in the field.

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Keywords: Pesticides, Mobility, Distribution, Peel and pulp, Surface swab, Ion

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mobility spectrometry

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Introduction

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Application of pesticides in farm land is increasing rapidly all over the world to

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increase the quality and yield of agricultural products and prolong the storage time.1

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In spite of the obvious benefits of the use of pesticides, there are still growing concern

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over environmental and food safety due to the presence of pesticide residues.2 Proper

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use of pesticides can result in beneficial yield and better economic benefit, but

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excessive use of pesticide has caused serious attention for supervisory control. In

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addition, improper use of pesticides cause poisoning and health risk.3

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Several conventional technologies for the detection of trace amount of pesticides, 4,5

and gas chromatography (GC),6,7 have

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for instance liquid chromatography (LC)

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been reported in published articles. However, these methods were limited to

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laboratory analysis because of the requirement of long detection time, special mobile

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phases, vacuum conditions and skilled or semi-skilled man power for operation.8

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These analytical technologies are not able to meet the pesticide residue detection

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requirement of rapid, on-site and real time. Hence, it’s important to develop more

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simple and sensitive technologies to promote pesticides rapid analysis in agricultural

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products.

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IMS is a rapid detection technology used to identify and separate ionized

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compounds based on their size and structure. As a screening tool and large-scale and

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monitoring programs on site, IMS could be potentially more popular than the more

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widely used chromatographic technique for its operation sample, rapid, portable and

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inexpensive. IMS is not need complicated vacuum system, and it could perform under

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atmospheric pressure conditions, and it could performed screening of pollutants

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within a few seconds. IMS technology has been applied in detection of trace amount

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of explosives,9 drugs,10,11 pharmaceuticals,12 pesticides13,14,15 and other chemical

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contaminants.16 For PGD-IMS, ion source with pulse type glow discharge are the key

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component. The PGD ion source realizes the controllability to pulse width and pulse

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ion flow intensity, meanwhile it solves the problem of ions cling to the tube wall,

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which raises the sensitivity of IMS effectively.13

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The element affecting the pesticide migration and distribution mechanism from

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peel to pulp may cover: the peel’s preventing property (such as epicuticular waxes);

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the pesticides’ physico-chemical properties (such as systemic, polarity and solubility);

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contacting time between pesticides and matrices, and so on.17 In theory, pesticides

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with systemic and penetrating are expected to be found in the pulp, and those with

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touch killing property are more likely to appear in the peel.18 The distribution and

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migration behaviour of pesticides has been observed in apples19,20 and grapes.17, 21-24

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The aim of distribution and migration study was to explore that the highest pesticides’

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content was found in the peel or pulp. The distribution and migration study is the

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basic research following by surface swab capture method, which would be helpful for

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selecting suitable pesticides and matrices to establish appropriate surface capture

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methods detection for quantitative detection of pesticides on matrices surface.

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In this study, matrices such as cucumber, apple and cherry tomato, pesticides

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such as amitraz, simazine, acetamiprid, hexazinone, clofentezine, paclobutrazol and

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boscalid, were used as models to investigate the mobility and distribution rules from

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peel to pulp by LC-MS/MS. The work was developed by analysing samples treated by

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standard solution in lab. The percentage sorption of pesticides and the ratios between

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pulp and peel concentrations in three matrices were calculated. Meanwhile, a simple

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and rapid surface swab process for capture of the selected pesticides followed by

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PGD-IMS detection was established and optimized. The releasing factor (RF),

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linearity, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were investigated for evaluation of the

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swab-PGD-IMS method. The swab-PGD-IMS method was simple, fast and fieldable,

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and could be extended to analyze pesticides on other samples like grape, pear,

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eggplant, etc.

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Experimental

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Instrumentation and parameters. IMS detection conditions: In our study, an

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IMS detector with PGD ion source (IMS-KS-100) was used, which was provided by

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Wuhan Syscan Technology Co.Ltd. The experimental parameters for IMS analysis are

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summarized in Table 1. The schematic diagrams of IMS device and the fused-silica

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capillary hold device are illustrated in Figure 1. The silica capillary is used to load the

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extracts, and it can be substituted by original at anytime.

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LC-MS/MS analytical conditions: Determinations of 7 pesticides were carried

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out using an Agilent 1260 series HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Inc., USA).

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Chromatographic separations were performed with a ZORBAX SB-C18 (2.1 × 50 mm,

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3.5 µm, Agilent) reversed-phase column at 30 °C. The injection volume was 5 µl. The

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constant mobile phase for analysis of pesticides was acetonitrile/0.1% acetic acid

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water (70:30, v/v) with flow velocity at 0.3 mL min-1. Mass spectrometry was carried

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out using an Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole system provided with ESI source. The

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nebulizing gas pressure was 35 psi. The capillary current and voltage was 9 nA and

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4000 V, respectively. The drying gas flow rate was 8 L min-1, and the drying gas

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temperature was 350 °C. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) parameters for

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each analyte were shown in Table 2.

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Chemicals and reagents. Pesticide standards with purity of 96~99% were

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obtained from China Agricultural University (CAU, Beijing). A summary of CAS,

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Kow logP, as well as the mode of action of 7 pesticides are summarized in Table 3. All

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individual stock standard solutions (1000 mg L-1) were madeup in acetonitrile solvent

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and reserved at -20 °C. PSA was purchased from Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies

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(Tianjin, China). Acetonitrile (chromatographic grade) was purchased from Fisher

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Chemicals (USA). Sodium chloride (NaCl), anhydrous magnesium sulfate

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(anh.MgSO4), and anhydrous sodium sulphate (anh.Na2SO4) (analytical reagent grade)

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were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Beijing, China).

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Mobility and distribution laboratory study of pesticides. Pesticides mobility

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and distribution were studied by soaking untreated apples, cucumber and cherry

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tomato in aqueous solution spiked with pesticide at 0.5 mg kg-1 concentration levels.

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The matrices were kept at 4 °C for 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days in the dark. Three

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replicates were carried out. The pesticides mobility and distribution in the matrices

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was calculated through two parts: peel and pulp.

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Detection of pesticides in peel and pulp. The three matrices, spiked at certain

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concentration level, were weighed and disposed as follows:

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For cucumber and apple samples, pulp and peel were separated, and the weight of

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pulp and peel were obtained. QuEChERS method was developed for quantify

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pesticide residues in pulp and peel.

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To extract the pesticides absorbed in matrix peel, cherry tomato samples were

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placed in 50 mL PTFE centrifuge tubes with 5 mL of acetonitrile as extraction solvent.

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After repeat extraction once, the two extracts were merged and dehydrated with

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anh.Na2SO4. Then, extracts were evaporated and accommodated to 1 mL final volume

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with acetonitrile. Finally, the extract was filtered and injected in LC-MS/MS. After

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removal of acetonitrile, cherry tomato whole samples were crushed for pulp extraction

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and detected pesticide residues in pulp by QuECHERs method.

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QuECHERS method as follows: A total of 10.00 (± 0.05) g sample was weighed

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in a 50 mL PTFE centrifuge tube containing 10 mL acetonitrile. Then the mixture was

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agitated vigorously for 1 min on a Multi-Tube Vortexer. 1 g of NaCl and 4 g of anh.

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MgSO4 were added for water removal, and the tube was cooled through an ice-water

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bath. The centrifuge tube was vortexed vigorously for 1 min and then centrifuged for

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5 min at 3800 rpm. 1 ml upper layer extract was transferred to a 2 ml centrifuge tube,

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which containing 50 mg PSA and 150 mg anh. MgSO4. Then centrifuge tube was

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shaken for 1 min on Vortexer and then centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 3 min. At last, 1

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mL of the upper extracts were filtered with a 0.22 µm filter for analysis.

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Development of the surface swab method. A surface swab process was

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developed to capture pesticides from three matrices surface. Swab sticks with knit

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cotton head (W × L: 0.4 × 1.0 in.) were selected to swab matrices surface. The whole

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matrix surface was swabbed for 1.5 min manually by a swab presoaked by acetonitrile

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solvent. Whereafter, the swab was immersed in 2 mL acetonitrile and then shaken for

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4 min on a vortexer to elution pesticides. Finally, 1 mL of the extract was filtered with

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a 0.22 µm filter for analysis.

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Considering that pesticides cannot be adsorbed completely in the swab step, it is

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necessary to calculate RFs to achieve a more accurate result. In order to calculate RFs,

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0.1 mL of 20 mg L-1 working standard mixture was dropped on the skin of three

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matrices and dried 20 min. The same swab procedure was applied. The RFs of

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pesticides in three matrices were calculated using Eq. (1).          /×

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RFs =

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IMS test procedure. An aliquot of 2 µL of liquid sample was dripped onto the

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silica capillary fiber. Then pushing the sample holder, where the fused-silica capillary

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hold device was placed on, and the fiber was imported into the desorption chamber.

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Meanwhile the IMS instrument began to test. Under the rapid scanning mode with 16

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scans per second, the each operation time was 1 min, and each operation total

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collected 960 spectra. The ion species were related to the reduced ion mobility(K0),

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drift time and spectrum number. Peak intensity with accumulative process was carried

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out for component concentration calculation. IMS spectra and peak intensity were

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deal with IMS analysis software (IMS-K-reply).

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Results and Discussion

.  × /

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Method validation. Performance characteristics of analytical methodologies of

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matrices peel and pulp were established according to LOD, LOQ, accuracy

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(recoveries) and precision (relative standard deviations, RSDs).

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In our work, matrix-matched standard calibration was chosen to quantify

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pesticides. The linearity of the detector response ranged from 10 and 2000 µg L-1 by

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the calculation five matrix-matched standards (10, 50, 500, 1000, 2000 µg L-1). Good

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linearity was obtained with correlation coefficient (R2) exceed 0.999 for the peel and

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pulp of three matrices.

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LODs and LOQs were obtained by calculation of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios

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of 3 and 10 from the sample spiked lowest concentration levels, and the results were

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shown in Table 4. The LODs and LOQs of targets ranged from 0.03 to 3 µg kg-1 and

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0.1 to 10 µg kg-1, respectively.

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Three spiked concentration levels (10, 100 and 500 µg kg-1) with five parallel

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samples were developed for assessing the precision and accuracy of the proposed

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method, and the results of method validation were shown in Table 4. Average

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recoveries of pesticides ranged from 85.8 to 103.6% with the RSDs from 2.4 to 6.2%.

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Study of pesticides mobility and distribution rules. The amounts of pesticides

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present in the pulp and peel of cucumber, apple and cherry tomato were determined.

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The percentage sorption of pesticide residue amounts in pulp relative to their spiked

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amounts was calculated. The results for each compound in time situations were shown

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in Table 5.

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Previous research has suggested that percentage sorption was not depended on the

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initial concentration of solutions.18 The amounts of sorbed pesticides would increase

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by increasing the contact time. A different behaviour of different pesticides and

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matrices was apparent. For cucumber, acetamiprid, paclobutrazol, boscalid and

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hexazinone were the strong adsorptive pesticides with rather high sorption percentage,

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up to 83.31~89.34%, and the sorption percentages of simazine, amitraz and

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clofentezine were less than 37.62%. The result was consistent with their mode of

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action, that is, acetamiprid, paclobutrazol, boscalid and hexazinone belong to systemic

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or selective systemic pesticides, and simazine, amitraz and clofentezine belong to

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non-systemic pesticides with contact action. For apple, all pesticides were shown

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lower percentages (<34.79%). Reasons for this phenomenon may be epicuticular

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waxes in apple peel, which blocks pesticides into the pulp. For cherry tomato,

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acetamiprid was the most sorbed pesticide with a sorption percentage up to 56.90%,

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and the sorption percentages of others were less than 29.60%.

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A research of pesticide permeability in matrices pulp was executed by assessing

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concentrations ratio (Q) between matrices pulp and peel. The average Q values for all

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pesticides and matrices are shown in Fig. 2. For cucumber, systemic or local penetrant

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pesticides as acetamiprid, paclobutrazol and hexazinone showed Q values above 0.3,

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and nonsystemic pesticides such as simazine, amitraz and clofentezine showed Q

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values lower than 0.2. For apple, all pesticides showed Q values lower than 0.05. For

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cherry tomato, acetamiprid showed maximal Q value with 0.8, and those of other

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pesticides were lower than 0.3. As a result, the highest pesticides’ content was found

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in the peel, independent to the characteristics of pesticide and the structure of the

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matrices peel.

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Reduced ion mobilities. 3-methylpyridine was selected as calibrant of IMS in this

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work.11,13 Under the parameters shown in Table 1, the K0 of calibrant was 1.80 cm2

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V-1 s-1. The IMS spectra of 7 pesticides are shown in Figure 3, and their K0 are

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summarized in Table 3.

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Validation of the swab method. In the swab method, parameters of swab time

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and elution time were optimized to get the best swab method. The optimized

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parameters were determined based on highest peak intensity. The results of optimized

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parameters were 1.5 min swab time for pesticides adsorbtion and 4 min vortex time

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for pesticides releasing. The RFs of pesticides in three matrices were calculated using

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Eq. (1), and the results were shown in Table 6. The experiment was conducted in

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quintuplicate. Here, RFs of pesticides mean recoveries of surface swab capture

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method. If making recoveries close to 100%, we may need to cost large quantities of

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different polarity of solvents with very complex swab process. Now, the RFs of the

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current method can be stable in a certain range, and they could be used to calculate. In

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addition, three matrices were spiked with different concentration standard pesticides

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to validation the swab method, and RFs still were stable.

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For assessment the applicability of the swab-IMS process, linearity, R2, LOD,

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LOQ and matrix effect were investigated. For constructing calibration curves, the

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compounds at the concentration levels of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 mg L-1 were

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analyzed by IMS, and the results were listed in Table 6. Good linearity was acquired

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with R2 ranged from 0.9859 to 0.9998. And the LODs and LOQs were found to be 1-3

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µg kg-1 and 3-10 µg kg-1, respectively.

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The occurrence of matrix effect (ME) is perceived as a signal restrain or intensity

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effected by matrix components. If the value of matrix/solvent slope ratio ranged from

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0.9 to 1.1, the ME could not be considered, but not the opposite.6 The ratio value of

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cucumber and cherry tomato matrices ranged from 0.95 to 1.04, which indicated that

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the ME could be negligible, and standard solution could be generated to quantify

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pesticides. However, the ratio value of apple matrices ranged from 0.84 to 0.92, which

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illustrated that the ME of apple matrices couldn’t be ignored, so matrix-matched

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standard was needed used for quantitative results.

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Real Samples Analysis. The developed methods were applied in practical

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analysis of pesticide residues in cucumber, apple and cherry tomato samples surface,

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which collected from local supermarkets and markets in Beijing. The results were that,

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of the 30 tested samples (10 for each matrix), 7 samples were found to contain studied

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pesticides. One apple surface were found to contain acetamiprid with 53 µg kg-1 and

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boscalid with 157 µg kg-1; two apple surface were found to contain paclobutrazol with

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values ranged from 68 to 372 µg kg-1; three cucumber surface were found to contain

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paclobutrazol with values ranged from 38 to 511 µg kg-1; one cherry tomato surface

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were found to contain paclobutrazol with 289 µg kg-1 and boscalid with 102 µg kg-1.

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A simple and rapid pretreatment method was established for determination of

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simazine, acetamiprid, hexazinone, paclobutrazol, amitraz, clofentezine and boscalid

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in pulp and peel of apple, cucumber and cherry tomato, followed by LC-MS/MS

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detection. The mobility and distribution mechanism of the selected pesticides in peel

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and pulp were studied by treating the matrices with standard solution in lab. The

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amounts of sorbed pesticides in pulp increased by increasing the contact time.

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Penetration into the matrices pulp was found for all pesticides. The highest pesticides’

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content was observed in the peel for all pesticides and all matrices. Whereafter, a

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surface swab capture followed by PGD-IMS was established and optimized for

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quantification of the selected pesticides on matrices surfaces. The RFs of pesticides in

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three matrices were calculated. The surface swab procedure is rapid, simple, sensitive,

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and it and can be achieved in the field. Further research will focus on application the

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swab-IMS method for pesticides analysis on other agricultural produces.

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Acknowledgments

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This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of

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China (2016YFD0200206). We are grateful for the Guangxi Special Invited Scientist

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(2013) program in Agric-Environment and Agro-products Safety.

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Detection and quantification of natural contaminants of wine by gas chromatography–differential

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ion mobility spectrometry (GC-DMS). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 1036-1043.

316

(17) Xu, X.-m.; Yu, S.; Li, R.; Fan, J.; Chen, S.-h.; Shen, H.-t.; Han, J.-l.; Huang, B.-f.; Ren, Y.-p.,

317

Distribution and migration study of pesticides between peel and pulp in grape by online gel

318

permeation chromatography–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2012, 135,

319

161-169.

320

(18) Lagunas-Allué, L.; Sanz-Asensio, J.; Martínez-Soria, M., Mobility and distribution of eight

321

fungicides in surface, skin and pulp in grapes. An application to pyraclostrobin and boscalid. Food

322

Control 2015, 51, 85-93.

323

(19) Clavijo, M. P.; Medina, M. P.; Asensio, J. S.; Bernal, J. G., Decay study of pesticide residues

324

in apple samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 740, 146-150.

325

(20) Sanz-Asensio, J.; Martinez-Prado, A.; Plaza-Medina, M.; Martinez-Soria, M.; Pérez-Clavijo,

326

M., Behaviour of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos in apple samples. Chromatographia

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327

1999, 49, 155-160.

328

(21) Cabras, P.; Angioni, A.; Garau, V. L.; Pirisi, F. M.; Cabitza, F.; Pala, M.; Farris, G. A., Fate of

329

quinoxyfen residues in grapes, wine, and their processing products. Journal of Agricultural and

330

Food Chem. 2000, 48, 6128-6131.

331

(22) Cabras, P.; Angioni, A., Pesticide residues in grapes, wine, and their processing products. J.

332

Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 967-973.

333

(23) Teixeira, M. J.; Aguiar, A.; Afonso, C. M.; Alves, A.; Bastos, M. M., Comparison of

334

pesticides levels in grape skin and in the whole grape by a new liquid chromatographic

335

multiresidue methodology. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, 513, 333-340.

336

(24) Vaquero-Fernández, L.; Sanz-Asensio, J.; López-Alonso, M.; Martínez-Soria, M.-T., Fate and

337

distribution of pyrimethanil, metalaxyl, dichlofluanid and penconazol fungicides from treated

338

grapes intended for winemaking. Food Addit. Contam. 2009, 26, 164-171.

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354

Figure captions

355

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the silica fiber hold device and PGD-IMS device

356

(Original drawing from Zou et al. [11]).

357

Figure 2. Calculated pulp/peel concentration ratios (Q) for the target pesticides in

358

three matrices during different times.

359

Figure 3. Spectra of pesticide mixtures (at the concentration of 0.02 mg L-1): 1.

360

Amitraz, 2. Simazine, 3. Acetamiprid, 4. Hexazinone, 5. Clofentezine, 6.

361

Paclobutrazol, 7 Boscalid.

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Table 1. IMS operation parameters. Parameters

Setting -1

Drift field (V cm )

300

Drift gas

Air -1

Drift gas flow (mL min )

1000

Carrier gas

Air -1

Carrier gas flow (mL min )

300

Drift tube temperature (°C)

60

Inlet temperature (°C)

180

Drift tube length (cm)

15

Discharge time (µs)

676

Ion accumulate time(µs)

728

Ion gate opening time(µs)

1534

Sampling frequency(scans/s)

16

Table 2. Different MS characteristics for the identification and quantitation of 7 pesticides using LC-MS/MS. Pesticides

RT(min)

Simazine

0.91

Fragmentor voltage(V) 125

Parent ions 202.2

Quantifying

Qualifying

Collision

ions

ions

energy (V)

124.2

104.1

15;25

Acetamiprid

0.81

100

223.0

125.9

56

15;12

Hexazinone

0.87

100

253.1

171.1

71.1

10;30

Paclobutrazol

1.00

120

294.0

70.0

125

20;25

Amitraz

2.47

100

294.2

163.1

122.2

10;30

Clofentezine

1.43

100

303.0

138.0

102

15;40

Boscalid

1.08

150

343.0

306.8

272

15;25

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Table 3. CAS numbers, Kow logP, K0, as well as the mode of action of selected pesticides. Pesticides

CAS

Kow logP

K0

Mode of action Selective systemic herbicide, absorbed principally through

Simazine

122–34–9

2.1

1.54±0.015

the roots, but also through the foliage, with translocation acropetally in the xylem, accumulating in the apical meristems and leaves.

Acetamiprid

135410–20–7

0.8

1.46±0.015

Hexazinone

51235–04–2

1.2

1.38±0.015

Paclobutrazol

76738–62–0

3.2

1.30±0.015

Systemic insecticide with translaminar activity and with contact and stomach action.

Non-selective, primarily contact herbicide, absorbed by the leaves and roots, with translocation acropetally.

Plant growth regulator taken up into the xylem through the leaves, stems or roots, and translocated to growing sub-apical meristems. Amitraz

33089–61–1

5.5

1.60±0.015

Clofentezine

74115–24–5

4.1

1.35±0.015

Non-systemic, with contact and respiratory action. Specific acaricide with contact action, and long residual activity. Inhibits embryo development. Foliar fungicide, with translaminar and acropetal

Boscalid

188425–85–6

2.96

1.25±0.015

movement within the plant leaf, providing preventive and, in some cases, curative action.

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Table 4. Validation parameters of the analytical methodologies by LC-MS/MS (n=5; Unit of spiked level, LOD and LOQ was µg kg-1). Peel Matrices

Cucumber

Apple

Cherry tomato

Pesticides

Pulp

Recovery % (RSD %)

LOD

500

100

10

Simazine

92.5 (3.5)

95.2 (3.3)

95.4 (4.6)

0.7

Acetamiprid

98.1 (5.0)

99.4 (3.8)

96.1 (3.1)

3

Recovery % (RSD %)

LOQ

LOD

LOQ

90.4 (3.3)

0.7

2

92.3 (5.0)

98.1 (3.7)

3

10

500

100

10

2

89.4 (5.2)

92.6 (4.3)

10

98.5 (4.5)

Hexazinone

93.7 (4.4)

94.8 (2.4)

99.5 (2.8)

1.6

6

93.8 (5.3)

100.5 (6.2)

94.8 (2.4)

1.7

5

Paclobutrazol

90.5 (2.7)

97.2 (2.3)

89.4 (5.2)

1.6

5

99.5 (2.8)

89.4 (5.2)

97.2 (2.3)

1.7

5

Amitraz

95.2 (3.3)

99.5 (2.8)

98.5 (4.5)

0.1

0.3

89.4 (5.2)

98.5 (4.5)

93.3 (6.2)

0.1

0.3

Clofentezine

99.4 (3.8)

89.4 (5.2)

100.5 (3.0)

3

10

98.4 (4.1)

89.2 (3.7)

96.9 (5.1)

3

10

Boscalid

98.5 (4.1)

98.5 (4.5)

90.2 (3.9)

3

10

96.1 (3.1)

87.9 (2.4)

89.2 (3.7)

3

10

Simazine

100.3 (2.6)

96.1 (3.5)

85.8 (4.6)

1

3

99.5 (2.8)

90.2 (3.6)

87.9 (2.4)

0.7

2

Acetamiprid

94.8 (2.9)

99.5 (2.8)

99.1 (5.8)

3

10

89.4 (5.2)

97.2 (2.3)

100.7 (5.1)

3

10

Hexazinone

93.8 (5.9)

89.4 (5.0)

93.8 (5.9)

0.2

0.6

98.5 (4.5)

99.5 (2.8)

103.6 (4.6)

0.2

0.5

Paclobutrazol

99.5 (2.8)

97.2 (2.3)

94.8 (4.0)

0.2

0.5

89.2 (3.7)

89.4 (5.2)

98.2 (4.4)

0.2

0.5

Amitraz

89.4 (5.2)

90.5 (2.7)

92.0 (5.5)

0.1

0.3

87.9 (2.4)

98.5 (4.2)

104.7 (4.1)

0.07

0.2

Clofentezine

98.5 (4.5)

95.2 (3.3)

94.6 (5.7)

2

7

100.7 (5.1)

92.0 (5.5)

95.5 (3.8)

1.7

5

Boscalid

87.9 (2.1)

98.4 (4.1)

96.2 (3.1)

2

7

103.6 (4.6)

94.6 (5.0)

97.5 (3.1)

1.7

5

Simazine

100.7 (5.1)

98.1 (3.7)

99.7 (2.4)

0.2

0.5

89.4 (5.2)

93.3 (6.2)

92.6 (4.3)

1

3

Acetamiprid

97.2 (2.3)

94.8 (2.7)

98.4 (4.1)

0.3

1

88.7 (3.3)

98.5 (4.5)

92.3 (5.0)

3

10

Hexazinone

93.3 (6.2)

100.5 (6.2)

88.7 (3.3)

0.03

0.1

90.4 (2.9)

89.2 (3.7)

100.5 (6.2)

0.3

0.8

Paclobutrazol

98.5 (4.5)

94.6 (3.6)

90.4 (2.9)

0.1

0.3

98.0 (2.0)

87.9 (2.4)

94.6 (3.6)

0.3

0.8

Amitraz

100.5 (3.0)

89.4 (5.2)

98.0 (2.0)

0.03

0.1

95.2 (3.3)

90.5 (2.4)

95.9 (2.2)

0.1

0.3

Clofentezine

95.5 (3.8)

98.5 (4.0)

94.8 (5.4)

0.3

1

98.4 (4.1)

95.2 (3.3)

96.1 (4.7)

1.6

5

Boscalid

97.5 (3.1)

87.9 (2.4)

96.1 (4.2)

0.3

1

98.1 (3.7)

99.4 (3.8)

94.3 (4.2)

1.6

5

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Table 5. Pesticides sorption percentage in three matrices during different times. Cucumber Pesticides

Days

Sorption percentage (%)

Simazine

Acetamiprid

Hexazinone

Paclobutrazol

Amitraz

Apple Sorption

RSD

percentage

(%)

(%)

Cherry tomato RSD (%)

Sorption percentage (%)

RSD (%)

1

17.48

14.94

7.61

14.90

3.64

7.80

2

19.99

18.63

9.75

16.21

6.59

13.78

3

24.19

15.57

12.29

11.47

5.33

13.68

5

37.62

12.90

20.00

16.01

4.51

10.32

7

35.93

14.24

16.19

9.28

3.89

13.84

10

30.29

7.17

18.89

15.10

3.86

13.39

14

29.23

10.51

16.22

10.25

3.05

11.57

1

38.69

9.76

10.77

17.13

11.10

9.02

2

75.52

6.63

14.06

15.25

30.83

10.74

3

81.21

18.96

21.45

10.11

49.97

14.27

5

89.34

10.84

22.24

17.03

54.10

11.89

7

79.85

19.59

22.72

14.19

56.90

13.30

10

75.38

10.78

32.17

12.48

48.83

14.25

14

70.14

13.47

34.79

11.11

37.50

13.39

1

41.74

13.26

7.31

11.26

10.43

10.04

2

68.36

9.80

9.56

15.28

23.04

13.21

3

75.76

11.14

8.38

16.11

20.33

10.72

5

83.31

14.77

17.77

13.72

29.60

11.53

7

80.35

16.97

19.39

12.91

12.04

16.29

10

80.51

15.34

27.72

10.56

10.86

14.40

14

78.29

12.57

30.33

18.23

8.92

13.61

1

39.44

14.68

4.53

12.70

3.25

11.28

2

62.06

11.51

4.77

18.25

8.19

10.52

3

78.02

16.76

4.78

15.43

10.47

7.93

5

83.81

16.81

9.19

10.81

14.72

13.24

7

86.31

23.46

11.18

20.04

16.52

12.52

10

78.72

15.12

15.50

16.42

16.22

10.08

14

75.10

11.03

18.29

11.37

7.87

11.73

1

0.43

8.51

0.06

15.29

0.07

8.35

2

0.38

13.17

0.10

16.31

0.12

10.54

3

0.39

15.20

0.13

15.85

0.27

13.26

5

0.66

13.04

0.11

10.92

0.30

11.93

7

0.37

10.69

0.05

8.89

0.21

10.76

10

0.33

12.16

0.02

11.48

0.21

12.34

14

0.32

15.29

0.02

14.21

0.21

11.14

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Clofentezine

Boscalid

1

5.16

14.66

1.06

9.25

1.20

12.90

2

8.27

10.42

4.08

14.88

1.88

10.78

3

8.02

17.68

3.06

12.09

2.68

15.29

5

12.02

13.37

6.94

11.68

3.49

15.80

7

8.23

21.63

10.71

17.02

3.35

16.24

10

5.54

10.35

12.37

11.34

3.00

14.02

14

5.01

13.33

17.26

10.48

1.76

13.29

1

41.32

17.15

5.96

15.09

0.28

16.28

2

55.71

17.92

5.91

11.39

1.92

13.79

3

69.43

18.79

6.86

14.34

2.71

14.02

5

86.61

16.68

6.69

15.91

2.58

11.39

7

70.01

20.21

6.05

10.03

2.28

16.37

10

52.12

7.87

5.06

11.62

1.73

15.99

14

47.48

14.06

4.23

13.94

0.52

15.24

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Table 6. Validation parameters of the analytical methodologies by PGD-IMS (The unit of LOD and LOQ was µg kg-1). Cucumber Pesticides

Solvent linearity

2

Apple

Linearity

R

LOD

LOQ

ME

RF(%)

y = 5578x + 174.39

y = 5623.2x + 162.0

0.9867

2

5

1.01

Acetamiprid

y = 5120.5x + 203.16

y = 5098.1x + 218.4

0.9935

1

3

Hexazinone

y = 2379.4x + 83.691

y = 2301.4x +79.23

0.9864

3

8

Paclobutrazol

y = 4795.3x + 82.519

y = 4669.1x + 103.7

0.9998

3

Simazine

2

Cherry tomato Linearity

R2

LOD

LOQ

ME

RF(%)

58.3

y = 5429.1x + 220.4

0.9957

2

5

0.97

73.5

0.92

56.8

y = 5079.4x + 182.4

0.9869

1

3

0.99

70.5

0.84

62.4

y = 2289.6x + 170.3

0.9959

3

8

0.96

64.2

0.86

55.9

y = 4703.7x + 111.3

0.9932

3

8

0.98

68.9

Linearity

R

LOD

LOQ

ME

RF(%)

59.1

y = 5141.4x + 69.3

0.9861

2

5

0.92

1.00

70.3

y = 4725.6x + 224.5

0.9948

1

3

0.97

66.4

y = 2005.7x +148.0

0.9952

2

6

8

0.97

57.6

y = 4106.8x + 203.1

0.9873

2

6

Amitraz

y = 4983.8x + 135.71

y = 4881.6x + 206.4

0.9869

2

6

0.98

64.7

y = 4523.8x + 142.7

0.9971

2

5

0.91

66.8

y = 4892.5x + 104.6

0.9958

2

6

0.98

71.6

Clofentezine

y = 3948.2x + 121.43

y = 3883.2x + 287.6

0.9925

3

8

0.98

67.2

y = 3489.2x + 168.4

0.9859

2

6

0.88

68.2

y = 3845.6x + 200.1

0.9867

3

8

0.97

74.2

Boscalid

y = 2032.6x + 53.547

y = 2110.7x + 104.0

0.9955

3

10

1.04

65.0

y =1780.5x + 200.6

0.9976

3

10

0.88

58.1

y = 1938.7x + 168.4

0.9986

3

10

0.95

77.5

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Figure 1

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Figure 2

Figure 3

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Graphic for tables of contents:

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