Sustainable Cotton Dyeing in Nonaqueous Medium Applying Protic

Letter to the Editor pubs.acs.org/journal/ascecg

Cite This: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

Response to Comment on “Sustainable Cotton Dyeing in Nonaqueous Medium Applying Protic Ionic Liquids” Rebecca S. Andrade,*,†,‡ Dayse Torres,§ Fab́ ia R. Ribeiro,∥ Bruna G. Chiari-Andreó ,⊥,# João Augusto Oshiro Junior,# and Miguel Iglesias† †

Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-630 Salvador, Brazil Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, 44042-280 Feira de Santana, Brazil § Departamento de Engenharia Têxtil, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87360-000 Goioere, Brazil ∥ Campus Apucarana, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 86812-460 Apucarana, Brazil ⊥ Universidade de Araraquara, UNIARA, 14801-340 Araraquara, Brazil # Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil

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‡

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5 (10), 8756−8765. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01555 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7 (9). DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01112 ration,1,60−65 textile finishing,66−75 textile wastewater treatment,76−90 and removal of textile dyes).91−101 The dyeing stage is the most critical item because it involves the industrial textile process and a large amount of chemicals that at the end are partially released into the environment. This fact introduces into the process an unnecessary economic charge (chemical and biological treatment stages for water regeneration) and an environmental footprint that is not always considered in regulations and policies in emerging countries. Due to the fact that Brazil is the fifth worldwide major textile producer, as well as the commitment to environmental defense that has to be assumed, developing research on textile improvement is a key priority into our scientific horizon.102 Within the area of sustainable solvents, PILs have been highlighted in the last years mainly because they break the economic, availability, and environmental paradigm for researchers or industrial sectors as above commented (simple synthesis, negligible production cost, green and biodegradable profile).7,19,103−107 Our research group has developed scientific work in this area for many years, both in synthesis, thermodynamic characterization, and equilibrium studies, as well as potential applications of these substances. Chiari-Andreo’s collaborating group has developed research in toxicology, biological safety, and development of new materials for human cosmetic use for years. This collaboration has already produced recent contributions in the scientific literature.19,107 Andrade et al.1 presents 13 innovative protic ionic liquids in terms of thermodynamic properties (density, ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, and pH), spectrometric characterization (NMR and FTIR), and dye application with spectrophotometric (K/S and L*a*b* color coordinates), mechanical, and morphological analyses of the dyed cotton fabrics. As exhaustively described in the work, from the title to the conclusions, the protic ionic liquids are tested as textile dyeing

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nnovation in the area of technological processes development needs research to overcome prejudices and barriers that impede progression in terms of environmental protection and safety protocols. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a reality already widely proven in several industrial sectors. Those organic salts, so-called as protic ionic liquid (PILs), present additional advantages in terms of simple chemical synthesis, low cost of production, wide accessibility, and low impact if they were dumped into the natural environment. The textile industry should not ignore this paradigm shift and must urgently meet international standards, especially in developing countries where policies to protect the environment may not be so restrictive. The work of Andrade et al.1 continues a broad trajectory of studies related to characterization and applications of proton ionic liquids (PILs) that the authors have been developing in the last 10 years.1−19 The results presented in this paper aim to support the importance of PILs as green solvents, specifically in alternative reactive dyeing processes as process media. As below commented upon, these results are mostly innovative, coincident with earlier published data from several authors, including the authors of the comments on Andrade et al. (Andrade et al., 20171). The number of bibliographic references in the literature related to research on ionic liquids (aprotic or protic) is impressive, and it is unnecessary to justify the overall interest of the studies involving these kinds of compounds.21−25 The authors agree and point out that in recent years there is great interest in the research and potential for the use of ionic liquids in several technological areas. The authors agree that it is not necessary to explain how in recent years there is an increasing interest in transforming into practical applications and technology all the knowledge developed around ionic liquids. In recent years, in view of the urgent need to modernize the textile industry, mainly due to the reduction of production costs and growing international trade concurrency, a large number of studies have been carried out aiming at the applications of ILs into different stages of textile processing (textile spinning,26−51 textile preparation,52−59 textile colo© XXXX American Chemical Society

Received: March 31, 2019

A

DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01809 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Letter to the Editor

Any significant technological innovation results in huge challenges and overcoming obstacles, such as when we stop researching candles and design lamps.

medium in substitution to water, which traditionally used is known as having low efficiency since it does not allow the necessary chemical and physical interactions to the dye fixation process, thus requiring the use of numerous auxiliary chemicals with strong pollutant and mutagenic potential. After repeated readings of the suggested comments, the authors did not observe in the analyzed work anything significantly different from the results previously published by Andreaus,65 when protic ionic liquids kindly provided by the authors of this paper (Andrade et al.)1 were tested as dyeing medium of multifiber fabrics using acid dyes. Andreaus concludes in his work that it is possible to do textile dyeing using only acid dye and ionic liquid, without any auxiliary chemicals into the dyeing bath, allowing the TOTAL elimination of the used water during the dyeing process (original in Portuguese: “com os resultados demonstrados, ́ podemos concluir que é possivel fazer tingimento têxtil, ́ ́ utilizando apenas corante Acido e como solvente Liquido ́ Iô nico, sem utilização de demais produtos quimicos e reagentes, e como principal fator a eliminaçaõ total do uso da água durante o processo de tingimento do tecido, tornando este tipo de tingimento ambientalmente sustentável”65). The authors agree with Andreaus’s strategy and assume that the K/S and color coordinates values will be very low, similar to those observed by Andreaus for different tested fabrics (diacetate, cotton, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylic and wool) using the protic ionic liquids 2-HDEAA, 2-HDEAPr, 2HDEAB, and 2-HDEAPe as exclusive dyeing environments. However, unlike Ribeiro et al.,65 we believe that it is not possible to conclude that the tested protic ionic liquids completely eliminate the need of the use of auxiliaries or water to achieve satisfactory results in the textile industry. We are aware of the necessary optimization of the proposed process in order to guarantee high quality and minimum losses in the textile dyeing processes. Regarding the main questions in the comments, we point out that is completely incoherent to compare the obtained dyeing results using as standard a fabric dyed into water and alkali, for the reasons already mentioned (the proposed comparison is among nonadditive dyeing media). For the same reason, we consider it unfair to expect from our tests color yields (K/S and L*a*b* coordinates) similarly to those proposed in the cited scientific literature (Broadbent108) for dyebaths added with color-fixing auxiliaries. If, on the one hand, the low K/S values show that the proposed technology needs improvement, and deeper investigation, on the other hand, show that the comparisons between results allow us to conclude that the use of protic ionic liquids as an alternative textile dyeing medium does not eliminate, but rather diminishes, the need of auxiliary chemicals (mordents, dispersants, swelling, wetting agents, etc.) and reduces the concentration and amount of potential pollutants because the diffusion of the constituent ions into the fiber pores and the probable capability of the IL anion to interact with cellulose reduce the degree of crystallinity, producing a swelling effect and increasing the dye diffusion into the fiber. We consider that all questioning is possible about innovative research. The authors are available to Andreaus to clarify any question regarding protic ionic liquids and their textile application, as well as to provide again samples of the protic ionic liquids used in our work1 for results.

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AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Rebecca S. Andrade: 0000-0001-8915-7220

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REFERENCES

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