Organometallics 2007, 26, 6447-6452
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Syntheses and Characterizations of Pd(II) Complexes Incorporating a N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Aromatic N-Heterocycles Yuan Han, Han Vinh Huynh,* and Geok Kheng Tan Department of Chemistry, National UniVersity of Singapore, 3 Science DriVe 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore ReceiVed July 25, 2007
Reaction of the bromo-bridged dimeric monocarbene complex [PdBr2(iPr2-bimy)]2 (1) with various bidentate N-heterocycles afforded novel linear dinuclear Pd(II) complexes {[PdBr2(iPr2-bimy)]2(µ-L)}{µ-L ) 4,4′-bipyridine (2); µ-L ) 4,4′-bipyridylethane (3); µ-L ) 4,4′-bipyridylethylene (4)}. The mononuclear counterpart [PdBr2(iPr2-bimy)(pyridine)] (5) has also been synthesized by reaction of 1 with pyridine. All compounds have been fully characterized by multi-nuclei NMR spectroscopies, FAB mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Molecular structures of 2-5 show a fixed orientation of the C-H protons in the N-isopropyl substituents toward the metal center, suggesting interesting C-H‚ ‚‚Pd preagostic interactions. These interactions are retained in solution as indicated by the large downfield shift of these C-H protons in the 1H NMR spectrum. UV-vis and CV studies revealed that the dinuclear complexes 2-4 have electrochemical behavior similar to that of the mononuclear species 5. Introduction The design of regularly shaped molecules has attracted more and more interest in the last few decades.1 Known as molecular architecture, this field is concerned with the construction of supramolecular structures by assembling metal fragments and linkers. Because of the electronic and steric versatility, aromatic N-heterocycles such as pyrazine and 4,4′-bipyridine have been the most widely used bridging ligands in this field.2 In addition to their ability to connect metal centers by forming ligandmetal bonds, they provide the opportunity of π backbonding and thus may affect delocalization and transport of electrons in their complexes. A number of groups3 have reported many macrocyclic dinuclear and polynuclear palladium complexes containing aromatic N-heterocycles as bridging ligands, which show promising properties in photochemistry and host-guest chemistry. It is noteworthy that in most examples the blocking * Corresponding author. E-mail:
[email protected]. (1) (a) Leininger, S.; Olenyuk, B.; Stang, P. J. Chem. ReV. 2000, 100, 853. (b) Swiegers, G. F.; Malefetse, T. J. Coord. Chem. ReV. 2002, 225, 91. (c) Jin, G.-X.; Arikawa, Y.; Tatsumi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 735. (d) Wang, J.-Q.; Ren, C.-X.; Jin, G.-X. Chem. Commun. 2005, 4738. (e) Wang, J.-Q.; Ren, C.-X.; Jin, G.-X. Organometallics 2006, 25, 74. (f) Kajitani, H.; Tanabe, Y.; Kuwata, S.; Iwasaki, M.; Ishii, Y. Organometallics 2005, 24, 2251. (g) Kraft, S.; Beckhaus, R.; Haase, D.; Saak, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1583. (h) Grote, Z.; Scopelliti, R.; Severin, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 16959. (2) (a) Kaim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1983, 22, 171. (b) Kaim, W. Coord. Chem. ReV. 2002, 230, 126. (c) Berg, D. J.; Boncella, J. M.; Andersen, R. A. Organometallics 2002, 21, 4622. (d) Launay, J.-P. Chem. Soc. ReV. 2001, 30, 386. (e) Serroni, S.; Campagna, S.; Puntoriero, F.; Di Pietro, C.; McClenaghan, N.; Loiseau, F. Chem. Soc. ReV. 2001, 30, 367. (f) Kraft, S.; Hanuschek, E.; Beckhaus, R.; Haase, D.; Saak, W. Chem.Eur. J. 2005, 11, 969. (3) (a) Fujita, M.; Yazaki, J.; Ogura, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5645. (b) Fujita, M.; Yazaki, J.; Ogura, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 5589. (c) Fujita, M.; Nagao, S.; Iida, M.; Ogata, K.; Ogura, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 1574. (d) Fujita, M.; Ibukuro, F.; Yamaguchi, K.; Ogura, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4175. (e) Fujita, M.; Sasaki, O.; Mitsuhashi, T.; Fujita, T.; Yazaki, J.; Yamaguchi, K.; Ogura, K. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1535. (f) Slone, R. V.; Yoon, D. I.; Calhoun, R. M.; Hupp, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11813. (g) Lee, S. B.; Hwang, S.; Chung, D. S.; Yun, H.; Hong, J.-I. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 873. (h) Navarro, J. A. R.; Lippert, B. Coord. Chem. ReV. 2001, 222, 219. (i) Sun, S.-S.; Anspach, J. A.; Lees, A. J. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 1862.
Table 1. Comparison of Carbene Resonances and Isopropyl C-H Resonances complex (L)
δCcarbene [ppm]
A (CH3CN) 2-5 (“Py”) B (Br-) C (iPr2-bimy)
158.4b 158.8-159.9d 165.1c 180.0c
δH (∆δH)a [ppm] 6.14 (0.93)b 6.33-6.36 (1.12-1.15)c 6.60 (1.39)c 6.25 (1.04)c
a ∆δH ) δH(CHMe in complex) - δH(CHMe in iPr -bimyH+Br-). 2 2 2 Measured in CD3CN. c Measured in CDCl3. d Measured in CDCl3 with exception for complex 4 (in CD2Cl2).
b
ligands bound to the palladium centers are amines or phosphines. To our best knowledge, there are no existing examples containing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as blocking ligands in this kind of molecule, although NHCs are currently of great interest in organometallic chemistry as a new class of ligands, due to their strong donor ability and structural versatility.4 Recently, we have reported the synthesis and reactivity of the bromobridged, dimeric monocarbene complex [PdBr2(iPr2-bimy)]2 (1) with the bulky N,N′-diisopropylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene ligand (iPr2-bimy), which exhibits interesting and rare preagostic C-H‚ ‚‚Pd interactions.5 Herein, we report that this complex provides a convenient entry to linear dinuclear Pd(II) complexes containing bis(4-pyridyl) linkers and iPr2-bimy as supporting ligand. The resulting novel complexes can be regarded as potential building blocks toward supramolecular structures and coordination polymers.
Results and Discussion Synthesis and Characterization. We recently reported that the dimeric monocarbene complex [PdBr2(iPr2-bimy)]2 (1) can be readily cleaved by various monodentate ligands such as Br-, CH3CN, and PPh3 to give mononuclear monocarbene species.5 We anticipated that the extension of this cleavage reaction to (4) (a) Bourissou, D.; Guerret, O.; Gabbai, F. P.; Bertrand, G. Chem. ReV. 2000, 100, 39 and references therein. (b) Hahn, F. E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 1348 and references therein. (5) Huynh, H. V.; Han, Y.; Ho, J. H. H.; Tan, G. K. Organometallics 2006, 25, 3267.
10.1021/om700753d CCC: $37.00 © 2007 American Chemical Society Publication on Web 11/02/2007
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Han et al. Scheme 1. Synthesis of Complexes 2-5
bidentate ligands should afford dinuclear Pd(II) complexes with iPr -bimy as the blocking ligand. Thus, we reacted complex 1 2 with a range of commercially available bis(4-pyridyl) type of ligands to test this proposal. The use of bis(4-pyridyl) ligands should give rise to highly symmetrical complexes, which in turn should ease crystallization to afford single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction. Indeed, as shown in Scheme 1, complexes 2-4 were synthesized in good yields, respectively, by reacting 1 with 1 equiv of the corresponding bridging ligand in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. For the purpose of comparison, the mononuclear complex 5 was also prepared by stirring 1 in pyridine. The syntheses are straightforward, and all novel complexes have been isolated as yellow and air-stable solids. They are soluble in halogenated solvents, CH3CN, DMSO, and DMF, but insoluble in nonpolar solvents such as diethyl ether, hexane, and toluene. It is noteworthy that stoichiometry control is crucial for the efficient syntheses of the dinuclear complexes 2-4. A 1:1 ratio of precursor complex 1 to the corresponding bridging ligand is important, and an excess of the latter results in a mixture of products, which can be distinguished by 1H NMR spectroscopy. When complex 1 and 2 equiv of the respective bridging ligand were dissolved in CD2Cl2, three sets of signals were observed in the 1H NMR spectrum. These signals correspond to the bridged complex, the unbridged complex, and the free ligand distinct in their 2,6-py-H resonances. The desired bridged complexes 2-4 show 2,6-py-H resonances, which are generally shifted downfield by 0.52-0.57 ppm as compared to those of the corresponding free ligands with the most highfield values. The unbridged complex shows two intermediate chemical shifts with the resonance for the coordinated pyridine ring being more downfield by ∼0.5 ppm as compared to that for the uncoordinated pyridine ring. The 2,6-py-H resonances of mononuclear complex 5 have values similar to those of the bridged complexes 2-4. The aromatic signals and the methyl resonances of the carbene ligand remain largely unchanged upon cleavage of complex 1 and subsequent coordination of the pyridyl-based ligands, whereas the isopropyl C-H resonances are shifted highfield by ∼0.2 ppm as compared to that in the precursor
complex 1. However, these isopropyl C-H resonances appearing at 6.33-6.36 ppm in complexes 2-5 are still significantly more downfield than that at 5.21 ppm in the ligand precursor (iPr2-bimyH+Br-) (∆δH ) 1.12-1.15 ppm). This large downfield chemical shift commonly observed for Pd(II) complexes of this ligand5,6 presumably suggests some type of interaction between the isopropyl C-H protons and the Pd center. In the literature, a few metal-hydrogen interactions (X-H‚‚‚M, X ) C, N) including agostic interactions,7 preagostic interactions,8 and hydrogen bonding7c,9 have been described. There is no clearcut difference between these types of interactions, but each has characteristic spectroscopic and geometric properties, which allow for a general distinction. In contrast to the upfield chemical shift of an agostic interaction and a linear X-H‚‚‚M geometry of a hydrogen bond, the significant downfield chemical shift of the isopropyl C-H protons and the geometric parameters (vide infra) observed for complexes 2-5 best fit the definition of a preagostic interaction. Such an interaction has recently been observed in Rh(I) complexes of NHC ligands as well.10 Although the origin of such interactions is still under debate,7c,8c-e (6) Han, Y.; Huynh, H. V.; Koh, L. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 2007, 692, 3606. (7) (a) Brookhart, M.; Green, M. L. H. J. Organomet. Chem. 1983, 250, 395. (b) Crabtree, R. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 789. (c) Yao, W.; Eisenstein, O.; Crabtree, R. H. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1997, 254, 105. (8) (a) Bortolin, M.; Bucher, U.; Reugger, H.; Venanzi, L. M.; Albinati, A.; Lianza, F. Organometallics 1992, 11, 2514. (b) Cano, M.; Heras, J. V.; Maeso, M.; Alvaro, M.; Ferna´ndez, R.; Pinilla, E.; Campo, J. A.; Monge, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1997, 534, 159. (c) Zhang, Y.; Lewis, J. C.; Bergman, R. G.; Ellman, J. A.; Oldfield, E. Organometallics 2006, 25, 3515. (d) Lewis, J. C.; Wu, J.; Bergman, R. G.; Ellman, J. Organometallics 2005, 24, 5737. (e) Brammer, L. Dalton Trans. 2003, 3145. (9) (a) Brammer, L.; Charnock, J. M.; Goggin, P. L.; Goodfellow, R. J.; Koetzle, T. F.; Orpen, A. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987, 443. (b) Lee, J. C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Muller, B.; Pregosin, P. S.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 1021. (c) Brammer, L.; McCann, M. C.; Bullock, R. M.; McMullan, R. K.; Sherwood, P. Organometallics 1992, 11, 2339. (d) Braga, D.; Grepioni, F.; Tedesco, E. Organometallics 1997, 16, 1846. (10) (a) Bazinet, P.; Yap, G. P. A.; Richeson, D. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13314. (b) Go´mez-Bujedo, S.; Alcarazo, M.; Pichon, C.; A Ä lvarez, E.; Ferna´ndez, R.; Lassaletta, J. M. Chem. Commun. 2007, 1180.
Pd(II) NHC Complexes with Aromatic N-Heterocycles
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Figure 1. Molecular structures of the two independent molecules in the solid state of complex 2‚2THF showing 50% probability ellipsoids: (a) with the two twisted pyridine rings (top); (b) with the two coplanar pyridine rings (bottom); hydrogen atoms and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity.
Figure 2. Molecular structures of complex 3 (top) and complex 4‚4CH2Cl2 (bottom) showing 50% probability ellipsoids; hydrogen atoms and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity.
Figure 3. Molecular structure of complex 5 showing 50% probability ellipsoids; hydrogen atoms and one of the two disordered pyridine rings are omitted for clarity.
DFT calculations have indicated the involvement of filled dxz/yz metal orbitals.8c Furthermore, the 13C NMR spectra of complexes 2-5 show the carbene carbon resonances in a narrow range of 158.8159.9 ppm. Herrmann and more recently Baker11 found that the 13C NMR chemical shift of the carbene carbon decreases as the Lewis acidity of the metal center increases. Obviously,
this is directly related to the σ-donor ability of the co-ligands. This hypothesis is remarkably well corroborated when the carbene resonances of the previously reported complexes trans[PdBr2(iPr2-bimy)L]n- {L ) CH3CN, n ) 0 (A);5 L ) Br-, n ) 1 (B),5 L ) iPr2-bimy, n ) 0 (C)6} are compared to those of complexes 2-5 (Table 1). In this series, the weakest σ-donor, CH3CN, leads to the most upfield, whereas coordination of the strongest σ-donor, iPr2-bimy, results in the most downfield 13C chemical shift. In between, the bromo ligand is found to be a stronger σ-donor than pyridyl-based ligands. Interestingly, the same trend is also observed for the isopropyl C-H resonances of the carbene ligand with the exception of complex C (Table 1). Apparently, an increase in the Lewis acidity of the metal center leads to a weaker preagostic interaction, which in turn results in a smaller downfield shift.7c,8c The deviation of complex C from this trend is most likely due to the competition of 4 as compared to only 2 C-H protons for the electron density of the filled dxz/yz metal orbital. Moreover, the 13C chemical shift (11) (a) Herrmann, W. A.; Runte, O.; Artus, G. J. Organomet. Chem. 1995, 501, C1. (b) Baker, M. V.; Barnard, P. J.; Brayshaw, S. K.; Hickey, J. L.; Skelton, B. W.; White, A. H. Dalton Trans. 2005, 37.
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Han et al.
Table 2. Selected Bond Lengths [Å] and Angles [deg] for Complexes 2-5 2‚2THF
a
3
4‚4CH2Cl2
5
molecule a
Pd1-C1 Pd1-Br1 Pd1-Br2 Pd1-N3
1.956(3) 2.4250(4) 2.4254(4) 2.094(2)
1.943(10) 2.4167(14) 2.4234(14) 2.112(8)
1.959(7) 2.4238(11) 2.4293(12) 2.102(6)
Pd2-C19 Pd2-Br3 Pd2-Br4 Pd2-N6
1.955(8) 2.4313(12) 2.4304(12) 2.101(7)
N1-C1 N1-C2 N1-C8 N2-C1 N2-C7 N2-C11 C2-C7 N3-C14 N3-C18 C14-C15 C15-C16 C16-C17 C17-C18 C16-C19 C19-C19A C16-C16A
1.344(3) 1.400(3) 1.467(4) 1.349(3) 1.401(3) 1.484(3) 1.388(4) 1.328(4) 1.340(4) 1.379(4) 1.391(4) 1.373(4) 1.378(4) 1.513(4) 1.520(6)
1.363(11) 1.410(12) 1.464(12) 1.354(12) 1.385(13) 1.494(12) 1.387(13) 1.337(11) 1.331(11) 1.361(13) 1.406(12) 1.387(14) 1.354(13) 1.451(13) 1.357(18)
1.953(4) 2.4113(7) 2.4310(6) 2.113(3), 2.154(3)a 1.352(5) 1.391(5) 1.474(5) 1.342(5) 1.400(5) 1.474(5) 1.379(5) 1.3900 1.3900 1.3900 1.3900 1.3900 1.3900
1.346(9) 1.402(9) 1.483(10) 1.321(9) 1.404(10) 1.482(10) 1.389(12) 1.351(10) 1.317(11) 1.378(11) 1.372(11) 1.373(11) 1.369(11)
N4-C19 N4-C20 N4-C26 N5-C19 N5-C25 N5-C29 C20-C25 N6-C32 N6-C36 C32-C33 C33-C34 C34-C35 C35-C36
1.336(10) 1.392(10) 1.470(12) 1.341(10) 1.395(10) 1.476(10) 1.388(11) 1.303(12) 1.299(13) 1.386(13) 1.361(14) 1.346(13) 1.401(13)
1.477(13)
C34-C34A
1.490(15)
C1-Pd1-Br1 C1-Pd1-Br2 N3-Pd1-Br1
91.59(8) 85.85(8) 92.05(7)
88.7(3) 86.7(3) 92.7(2)
88.0(2) 88.3(2) 92.2(2)
C19-Pd2-Br3 C19-Pd2-Br4 N6-Pd2-Br3
89.0(2) 86.8(2) 92.8(2)
N3-Pd1-Br2
90.36(7)
91.8(2)
91.6(2)
N6-Pd2-Br4
91.4(2)
C1-N1-C2 C1-N2-C7 N1-C1-N2 C14-N3-C18 PdCNBr2/carbene dihedral angle PdCNBr2/pyridine ring dihedral angle
110.0(2) 110.0(2) 107.5(2) 117.4(3) 80.98
108.4(8) 109.3(8) 108.3(8) 118.1(8) 88.99
108.8(6) 109.7(7) 109.1(6) 117.6(7) 88.25
C19-N4-C20 C19-N5-C25 N4-C19-N5 C32-N6-C36
109.1(7) 109.9(6) 108.4(7) 116.7(8) 89.32
66.38
46.26
86.77(10) 86.63(10) 91.23(12), 96.13(12)a 95.83(12), 90.29(12)a 109.6(3) 109.4(3) 107.7(3) 120.0 85.11, 85.08a 47.95, 26.01a
58.90
molecule b
63.24
Data for complex 5 with the other disordered pyridine ring.
of the carbene atom in complex 5 is more downfield by 9.8 ppm than that found in the platinum analogue trans-[PtBr2(iPr2-bimy)(pyridine)].12 Similar downfield shifts of the carbene resonances upon replacement of Pt by Pd have been reported by others.13 Finally, the formation of complexes 2-5 was further supported by their positive mode FAB mass spectra, which show the fragment peaks [M - Br]+ arising from loss of one bromo ligand. Molecular Structures. Single crystals of 2-5 suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained from a THF solution (2) or from dichloromethane/diethyl ether solutions (3-5). Their molecular structures are depicted in Figures 1-3, selected bond parameters are summarized in Table 2, and crystallographic data are listed in Table 3. Complex 2 crystallizes as THF solvate 2‚2THF with an unusually long axis of c ) 64.853(3) Å. Two independent molecules can be found, which are readily distinguished by the twisted (2a, torsion angle 46.22°, Figure 1, top) or coplanar arrangements of the two pyridine rings (2b, Figure 1, bottom). The structure of solvate 4‚4CH2Cl2 (Figure 2, bottom) illustrates a trans configuration across the double bond of 4,4′-bipyridylethylene, which results in the linear geometry of the complex. The molecular structure of complex 5 shows (12) Han, Y.; Huynh, H. V.; Tan, G. K. Organometallics 2007, 26, 4612. (13) (a) Cardin, D. J.; Cetinkaya, B.; Cetinkaya, E.; Lappert, M. F.; Randall, E. W.; Rosenberg, E. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1973, 1982. (b) Hiraki, K.; Onishi, M.; Ohnuma, K.; Sugino, K. J. Organomet. Chem. 1981, 216, 413. (c) Ku, R.-Z.; Huang, J.-C.; Cho, J.-Y.; Kiang, F.-M.; Reddy, K. R.; Chen, Y.-C.; Lee, K.-J.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, G.-H.; Peng, S.-M.; Liu, S.-T. Organometallics 1999, 18, 2145.
disorder of the pyridine ring into two positions with the occupancy ratio of 50:50. For clarity purpose, only one of the disordered pyridine rings is shown in Figure 3. All four complexes crystallized as trans configured complexes, in which each palladium center is surrounded by one carbene, one pyridylbased ligand, and two bromo ligands in a nearly perfect square planar fashion. The carbene ring planes of all complexes are oriented almost perpendicularly to the PdCNBr2 coordination plane with dihedral angles ranging from 80.98° to 89.32°, which are typical for NHC complexes to relieve steric congestion. On the other hand, the pyridine ring planes deviate from the perpendicular orientation with respect to the PdCNBr2 coordination plane in torsion angles of 58.90° for 2a, 63.24° for 2b, 66.38° for 3, 46.26° for 4, and 47.95° and 26.01° for 5. Furthermore, there are no indications of intermolecular π-π interactions in the solid state. The Pd-Ccarbene bonds that amount to 1.943-1.959 Å in complexes 2-5 are close to that found in the precursor complex 1 (1.947(3) Å). The Pd-N bonds fall in a narrow range of 2.094(2)-2.154(3) Å and are comparable to those found in the commercially available and remarkably active PEPPSI catalyst14 representing an imidazolin-2-ylidene analogue of complex 5. More importantly, all C-H protons of the isopropyl groups are oriented toward the metal center resulting in relatively short C-H‚‚‚Pd distances. These structural proper(14) (a) O’Brien, C. J.; Kantchev, E. A. B.; Valente, C.; Hadei, N.; Chass, G. A.; Lough, A.; Hopkinson, A. C.; Organ, M. G. Chem.-Eur. J. 2006, 12, 4743. (b) Kantchev, E. A. B.; O’Brien, C. J.; Organ, M. G. Aldrichimica Acta 2006, 39, 97.
Pd(II) NHC Complexes with Aromatic N-Heterocycles
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Table 3. Selected Crystallographic Data for Complexes 2-5 formula formula weight color, habit crystal size [mm] temp [K] crystal system space group a [Å] b [Å] c [Å] R [deg] β [deg] γ [deg] V [Å3] Z Dc [g cm-3] radiation used µ [mm-1] θ range [deg] unique data max, min transmission final R indices [I > 2σ(I)] R indices (all data) GOF on F2 peak/hole [e Å-3]
2‚2THF
3
4‚4CH2Cl2
5
C44H60Br4N6O2Pd2 1237.42 orange, block 0.56 × 0.54 × 0.14 223(2) monoclinic C2/c 14.9471(7) 10.1197(4) 64.853(3) 90 90.1380(10) 90 9809.6(7) 8 1.676 Mo KR 4.032 1.88-27.50 32 683 0.6021, 0.2111
C38H48Br4N6Pd2 1121.26 yellow, block 0.36 × 0.30 × 0.10 223(2) monoclinic P2(1)/c 14.9211(8) 9.9826(6) 16.1261(9) 90 116.7250(10) 90 2145.4(2) 2 1.736 Mo KR 4.596 1.53-27.48 14 640 0.6564, 0.2884
C42H54Br4Cl8N6Pd2 1458.95 yellow, needle 0.56 × 0.09 × 0.08 223(2) monoclinic P2(1)/n 13.348(6) 9.175(4) 22.350(10) 90 102.540(10) 90 2672(2) 2 1.813 Mo KR 4.100 1.64-25.00 15 058 0.7350, 0.2073
C18H23Br2N3Pd 547.61 colorless, block 0.40 × 0.36 × 0.08 223(2) orthorhombic Iba2 16.990(4) 24.792(6) 9.693(2) 90 90 90 4083.0(16) 8 1.782 Mo KR 4.828 1.45-27.49 25 995 0.6987, 0.2483
R1 ) 0.0788, wR2 ) 0.1699 R1 ) 0.0960, wR2 ) 0.1762 1.184 1.480/-1.271
R1 ) 0.0312, wR2 ) 0.0688 R1 ) 0.0432, wR2 ) 0.0731 1.018 0.596/-0.477
R1 ) 0.0643, wR2 ) 0.1593 R1 ) 0.1155, wR2 ) 0.1805 1.022 0.983/-0.896
R1 ) 0.0298, wR2 ) 0.0730 R1 ) 0.0346, wR2 ) 0.0756 1.033 0.750/-0.411
Table 4. Comparison of Selected Structural and Spectroscopic Data for Complexes 2-5 complex
d(C-H‚‚‚Pd) [Å] 2.706d
2
2.667, 2.649, 2.770e 2.725, 2.758 2.707, 2.731 2.654, 2.751
3 4 5
θ(C-H‚‚‚Pd) [deg]
δH (∆δH)a [ppm]
121.23, 121.27 121.27, 121.41 119.81, 119.87 120.42, 120.02 119.91, 121.33
6.33 (1.12)b 6.33 (1.12)b 6.36 (1.15)c 6.34 (1.13)b
a ∆δH ) δH(CHMe in complex) - δH(CHMe in iPr -bimyH+Br-). 2 2 2 Measured in CDCl3. c Measured in CD2Cl2. d For molecule a. e For molecule b.
b
Table 5. UV-Vis Absorption Spectral Data of Complexes 1-5 in CH2Cl2 at Room Temperature complex
λmax, nm (10-3, M-1 cm-1)
1 2 3 4 5
242 (sh, 45.1), 276 (28.5), 282 (28.0) 241 (sh, 54.5), 277 (45.7), 283 (46.6), 360 (1.18) 231 (sh, 66.4), 276 (sh, 32.2), 282 (31.8), 359 (1.40) 231 (sh, 52.2), 283 (sh, 43.7), 307 (57.7), 317 (56.9) 239 (sh, 25.6), 276 (sh, 14.1), 282 (13.9), 367 (0.50)
ties support the aforementioned C-H‚‚‚Pd preagostic interactions as indicated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of structural and spectroscopic data supporting these interactions for all complexes discussed here is shown in Table 4. Electronic Properties of the Complexes. The UV-vis absorption spectral data obtained for complexes 2-5 and their precursor complex 1 in CH2Cl2 are summarized in Table 5. Complexes 2, 3, and 5 show very weak absorption bands at 355-370 nm corresponding to the metal-to-ligand chargetransfer (MLCT).15 Furthermore, the spectra of complexes 1, 2, and 5 exhibited absorbance maxima at ca. 240, 275, and 280 nm, which are assigned to intraligand πfπ* transitions. However, for complexes 3 and 4, the highest energy transitions are blue-shifted and centered at ca. 230 nm. Complex 4 also shows two intense red-shifted bands at 306 and 317 nm probably due to the additional double bond in the bridging ligand, which (15) Wolf, P. de; Heath, S. L.; Thomas, J. A. Chem. Commun. 2002, 2540.
results in an extended conjugation. No luminescence was observed from any of these complexes at ambient temperature in CH2Cl2 solutions. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of complexes 2-5 were recorded in CH3CN. The dinuclear complexes 2-4 behave rather similarly to the mononuclear complex 5. All CVs are nearly identical, and each exhibits only an irreversible reduction wave at about -1375 mV versus [Cp2Fe]0/[Cp2Fe]+, possibly corresponding to the reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) species and subsequent decomposition. The fact that only one reduction wave was observed for each of the dinuclear species leads to the assumption that no strong intramolecular communication of the Pd centers exists in these complexes.
Conclusion A series of linear dinuclear Pd(II) complexes 2-4 containing bis(4-pyridyl) linkers and the bulky iPr-bimy as the supporting ligand have been prepared by reacting the dimeric monocarbene complex 1 with the respective bridging ligand. Their mononuclear counterpart 5 was also synthesized. The molecular structures of all complexes show a fixed orientation of the N-isopropyl substituents with the C-H protons pointing to the metal center to maximize interesting and rare C-H‚‚‚Pd preagostic interactions. The large downfield shift of these protons in the 1H NMR spectrum indicates that these interactions are retained in solution. UV-vis and CV analyses revealed that the electrochemical behavior of the dinuclear complexes 2-4 is similar to that of the mononuclear species 5. Further studies are underway to explore the potential of these dinuclear complexes as building blocks toward supramolecular structures and coordination polymers.
Experimental Section General Considerations. Unless otherwise noted, all operations were performed without taking precautions to exclude air and moisture, and all chemicals and solvents were used as received without any further treatment. Complex 1 was prepared as previ-
6452 Organometallics, Vol. 26, No. 25, 2007 ously reported.5 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ACF 300 spectrometer, and the chemical shifts (δ) were internally referenced by the residual solvent signals relative to tetramethylsilane. Mass spectra were measured using a Finnigan MAT LCQ (FAB) spectrometer. Elemental analyses were performed on a Perkin-Elmer PE 2400 elemental analyzer at the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore. Cyclic voltammograms were measured on an ECO/Metrohm, PGSTAT 30 potentiostat/galvanostat, and UV/vis spectra were obtained using a Hewlett-Packard HP8452A diode array spectrophotometer. 4,4′-Bipyridine-Bridged Complex (2). A mixture of complex 1 (94 mg, 0.10 mmol) and 4,4′-bipyridine (16 mg, 0.10 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite. Slow evaporation of CH2Cl2 afforded the product as yellow crystals (93 mg, 0.085 mmol, 85%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.32 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 6.7 Hz, 4H, 2,6-bpy-H), 7.61-7.58 (m, 8H, 3,5-bpy-H and Ar-H), 7.24 (dd, 4H, Ar-H), 6.33 (m, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 4H, NCH(CH3)2), 1.81 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 24H, CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl3): 158.8 (s, NCN), 153.8, 146.3, 133.7, 122.5, 122.4, 112.8 (s, bpy-C and Ar-C), 54.8 (s, NCH(CH3)2), 20.8 (s, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C36H44N6Br4Pd2: C, 39.55; H, 4.06; N, 7.69. Found: C, 39.94; H, 4.56; N, 7.36. MS (FAB): m/z ) 1013 [M - Br]+. 4,4′-Bipyridylethane-Bridged Complex (3). Complex 3 was prepared in analogy to 2 from complex 1 (94 mg, 0.10 mmol) and 4,4′-bipyridylethane (18 mg, 0.10 mmol). Crystallization from a dichloromethane/diethyl ether mixture afforded the product as yellow crystals (99 mg, 0.088 mmol, 88%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.04 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 6.6 Hz, 4H, 2,6-py-H), 7.59 (dd, 4H, Ar-H), 7.22 (dd, 4H, Ar-H), 7.18 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 6.6 Hz, 4H, 3,5-py-H), 6.33 (m, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 4H, NCH(CH3)2), 2.95 (s, 4H, CH2), 1.79 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 24H, CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl3): 159.5 (s, NCN), 152.8, 151.7, 133.6, 124.5, 122.4, 112.7 (s, py-C and Ar-C), 54.7 (s, NCH(CH3)2), 35.4 (s, CH2), 20.7 (s, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C38H48Br4N6Pd2: C, 40.70; H, 4.31; N, 7.49. Found: C, 40.60; H, 4.44; N, 7.40. MS (FAB): m/z ) 1041 [M - Br]+. 4,4′-Bipyridylethylene-Bridged Complex (4). Complex 4 was prepared in analogy to 2 from complex 1 (94 mg, 0.10 mmol) and 4,4′-bipyridylethylene (18 mg, 0.10 mmol). Slow evaporation at ambient temperature of a concentrated CH2Cl2 solution afforded the product as yellow crystals (106 mg, 0.095 mmol, 95%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 9.16 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 6.7 Hz, 4H, 2,6py-H), 7.66 (dd, 4H, Ar-H), 7.56 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 6.7 Hz, 4H, 3,5py-H), 7.37 (s, 2H, CHdCH), 7.29 (dd, 4H, Ar-H), 6.36 (m,
Han et al. ) 7.1 Hz, 4H, NCH(CH3)2), 1.82 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 24H, CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (75.47 MHz, CD2Cl2): 159.6 (s, NCN), 152.8, 144.9, 133.3 (s, py-C and Ar-C), 131.2 (s, CHdCH), 122.2, 121.9, 112.5 (s, py-C and Ar-C), 54.5 (s, NCH(CH3)2), 20.2 (s, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C38H46Br4N6Pd2: C, 40.78; H, 4.14; N, 7.51. Found: C, 41.09; H, 3.91; N, 7.53. MS (FAB): m/z ) 1039 [M - Br]+. trans-Dibromo(1,3-diisopropylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene)(pyridine)palladium(II) (5). Complex 1 (47 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (3 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite. The Celite was repeatedly washed with CH2Cl2 until it was white. All volatiles of the filtrate were removed in vacuo to give the product as a yellow powder (45 mg, 0.082 mmol, 82%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.13 (m, 2H, 2,6-py-H), 7.78 (m, 1H, 4-py-H), 7.59 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.36 (m, 2H, 3,5-py-H), 7.22 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 6.34 (m, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 2H, NCH(CH ) ), 1.79 (d, 3J(H,H) ) 7.1 Hz, 3 2 12H, CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl3): 159.5 (s, NCN), 152.9, 138.0, 133.6, 124.7, 122.4, 112.8 (s, Ar-C), 54.7 (s, NCH(CH3)2), 20.7 (s, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C18H23N3Br2Pd: C, 39.48; H, 4.23; N, 7.67. Found: C, 39.50; H, 4.11; N, 7.55. MS (FAB): m/z ) 468 [M - Br]+. X-ray Diffraction Studies. Diffraction data for complexes 2-5 were collected with a Bruker AXS APEX CCD diffractometer equipped with a rotation anode at 223(2) K using graphite monochromated Mo KR radiation (λ ) 0.71073 Å). Data were collected over the full sphere and were corrected for absorption. Structure solutions were found by the Patterson method. Structure refinement was carried out by full-matrix least-squares on F2 using SHELXL-9716 with first isotropic and later anisotropic displacement parameters for all non-hydrogen atoms. A summary of the most important crystallographic data is given in Table 3. 3J(H,H)
Acknowledgment. We thank the National University of Singapore for financial support (Grant No. R 143-000-268-112) and acknowledge the technical assistance from our department. We are also grateful to Dr. Wolfram W. Seidel and Matthias Meel for the CV measurements. Supporting Information Available: Crystallographic data for 2-5 as CIF files. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. OM700753D (16) Sheldrick, G. M. SHELXL-97; Universita¨t Go¨ttingen: Germany, 1997.
