High-Purity Comonomers. May we tell you why?
Available in commercial quantities: RC DBF Dibutyl Fumarate RC DBM Dibutyl Maleate RC DMAM Di-Methylamyl Maleate RC DOF Di-2-Ethylhexyl Fumarate RC DIOF Di-lso Octyl Fumarate RC DOM Di-2-Ethylhexyl Maleate RC DIOM Di-lso Octyl Maleate RC DTDM Di-Tri-Decyl Maleate
Comonomer impurities reveal themselves in our infra-red spectrograph just as surely as if they were fingerprints. Because we know what causes contamination, we know how to avoid it—our comonomers give you pure, reproducible polymers,every time.The morecritical the process, the more important this knowledge. RC customers know their comonomers are right because we supply a spectrograph to certify the purity of the shipment. A simple demonstration will show you how you can keep your polymers trouble free. Ask for it.
RC Comonomers for use as: Internal plasticizers for polyvinyl acetate; Comonomers in polymerization reactions; Synthetic detergent intermediates; Synthetic lubricants and oil additives; Special comonomers for individual requirements.
"\s RUBBER CORPORATION OF AMERICA
New South Road, Hicksville, N.Y./Sales Offices:New York, Chicago, Boston, Akron
ELEVEN UNUSUAL INTERMEDIATES horn Winthrop #8. #9. #11 #18 #20 #22
7-Azaindole 3-Amino-toluxylidide 2-Bromopropylphthalimide Cholesteryl benzoate 2,4-dibromoanisole 2 - (2',2' - dicarbethoxyvinylamino)-6-methylpyridine
#33 3,4 - dimethyl - 1 - phenethyl pyridinium bromide #34 1 - ethylamino - 2 - hydroxy - 2methylpropane HCI * 4 6 4-Methylmercaptoaniline HCI #47 4-Nitrobenzoic acid #48 3-Nitro-p-toluxylidide
Please ask for quotations by name and number in specific quantities. No samples, please. For these and our regular catalog write to:
SPECIAL CHEMICALS DEPARTMENT 1450 Broadway, New York 18, N.Y. LABORATORIES
46
C&EN
F E B . 10, 1 9 6 4
Test Method Checks Stability Of Polymers Under Stress A test method has been developed which can be used to determine stability of polymers under stress and in an active chemical environment. The method, developed by William H. Haslett, Jr., and Lester A. Cohen of Monsanto Chemical, Plastic Division research department, Springfield, Mass., has been used to study acrylonitrile, high-impact polystyrene, and high-impact polyvinyl chloride. Failure criteria are commonly used to determine the influence of chemical environment on stressed polymers systems, Mr. Haslett told the Society of Plastics Engineers meeting in Atlantic City. However, these criteria have been questionable and doubt has arisen as to whether load-bearing properties of polymers haven't been significantly altered before visible evidence of failure occurs. According to Bill Haslett, a static load of short duration in the presence of an active chemical environment can produce changes in mechanical behavior of a stressed polymer. These stresses and loads can be used to determine failure potential faster than failure criteria, such as visible cracks, rupture, or pronounced ductile yielding. The method can thus b e used to design plastic parts with superior performance characteristics. The test method uses low-cycle bending fatigue characteristics of a previously stressed prismatic beam to determine onset of embrittlement. This method of stress dependency of the onset of embrittlement has been studied and the results compared with conventional stress rupture data. A boundary between brittle and ductile behavior is constructed from embrittlement data and is similar to that found in studies of ozone attack on stretched rubber, Bill Haslett says. Data from these studies reveal that there is a characteristic stress or strain which induces maximum damage. Differences in microscopic crack patterns coincide with the form of the brittle-ductile boundary, he adds. The experimental method falls into two categories: a failure test (stressrupture in flexure) and an embrittlement test. Stress-embrittlement characteristics of the three types of materials tested varied considerably. However, certain features were common to all three types of materials. For example, the stress below which embrit-
tlement doesn't occur for long periods is significantly lower than the corresponding stress below which failure doesn't occur. Embrittlement generally takes place long before failure. Stress-rupture data are in agreement with embrittlement data in ranking the material types. Brittle-type response can be expected anywhere in the area between the ductile-brittle boundary and failure. More important, however, there is a characteristic environmental stress for a given polymer-environment system. This stress induces maximum damage to the material but is not necessarily the maximum stress for this material. Quantitative data on stress dependency is valuable to designers.
New and Exclusive 1,7-OCTADIENE
Procedure Gives Basic Data On Polymer Properties The expansion characteristics and the compressability of polymers can now be determined by a single test procedure. The method determines melt density of the polymer as a function of pressure and temperature. Data thus derived are important in developing statistical mechanics of polymers, B. W. Terry and Kang Yang of Continental Oil Co. told the Society of Plastics Engineers in Atlantic City. Available information on these characteristics of polymers is limited, Mr. Terry says. The commonly used dilatometric method is suited for getting temperature dependence but isn't suited for pressure determination, he adds. The procedure, developed at Ponca City, Okla., gives melt-density data at different pressures as well as at different temperatures. In developing the test method, Mr. Terry used an Instron capillary rheometer. This instrument is essentially a heated 420 stainless steel barrel with 0.375-in. i.d. The rheometer has a proportioning, rate, and reset-type heater control of better than ± 0 . 5 ° C , Mr. Terry says. Temperature profile of the barrel can thus be maintained within ± 1 ° C , he adds. The rheometer capillary was modified to test polymers under pressure and at varying temperature. A compression load cell and load cell extension are bolted to the moving crosshead of a table model Instron. The crosshead is moved down until the load cell extension just touches the top of the rheometer plunger with the plug at the lower end of the rheometer in
1,7-octadiene is a new hydrocarbon which will form many useful intermediates through reactions typical of alpha-olefins, such as halogenation and oxidation. These intermediates may be further reacted to make polymers, catalysts, flavorants, cross-linking agents and surface-active agents. Small samples are available for research purposes. Write for more information and samples. Commercial Development, Columbian Carbon Company, Dept. W17, Box 975, Princeton, N.J.
1!
COLUMBIAN CARBON • COMPANY 380 MADISON A VE.,NEWYORK,N. Y. 10017
A WHOLLY-OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF CITIES SERVICE COMPANY
/ •
COLUMBIAN CARBON NEW PRODUCT BULLETIN''«1&ti^i
test this important POINT • ••about
SURETY'S SURESEAL
GLOVES It takes constant search for improvements in glove materials and design to maintain quality such as Surety's. Good example is Sureseal synthetic rubber. This exclusive material stands up longest against the greatest number of corrosive acids and solvents. Wear life is much longer, t o o . . . up to 14 times that of natural rubber and other synthetic materials. We'll send you a sample pair of Sureseals at your request on company letterhead so you can prove one of these Superior characteristics in seconds. Take a pencil and see how much pressure it takes to push the point through another liquid-proof glove PROTECTION of the same thickness. Then try it on the Surety Sureseal, I WITH SURETY FOR THAT'S PUNCTURE RESISTANCE! It's another of the many ways 37 YEARS Surety quality pays off.
< S # ^ K R U B B E R COMPANY, BOX 97U-2, CARROLLTON, OHIO EXPORT DIVISION: 224 East 8th Street, Cincinnati 2, Ohio,- IN CANADA: Safety Supply Company, Toronto Neoprene * Sureseal • Vinyl » Other Special Synthetics « natural Rubber Gloves » Other Protective Apparel
FEB.
10,
1964
C&EN
47
Rail Car Developments Aid Chemicals Shippers Two developments in the design of rail transportation equipment are aimed directly at chemicals producers and shippers. The 4600-cu.-ft. covered-hopper car on the left is one of the high-volume Center Flow HC series just introduced by American Car & Foundry division of ACF Industries. Available in 4450-, 4650-, and 5251-cu.-ft. sizes, these cars are designed to carry maximum ladings of light materials (in the 30 to 50 Jb.-per-cubic-foot range) within allowable limits of gross car weight on the rails. Chemicals shippers can thus take better advantage of bulk shipment rates for such ladings as light soda, hydrated lime, carbon black, and plastic pellets, ACF says. The Center Flow HC car body is compartmented steel or aluminum shell of modified teardrop cross-section with a smooth, tanklike interior. The company says that its 5250-cu.-ft. model is the largest covered-hopper car currently available, and adds that still larger sizes can be built if the demand is adequate. HC cars are fitted with 13- x 42-in.
place. The barrel is loaded with molten polymer and the plunger and crosshead exert a given force on the sample. By using load cycling and load weighing systems, any desired load may be cycled or held on the polymer in the rheometer at a given or variable temperature. According to Mr. Terry, the test method gives melt density of polymers with a reproducibility and accuracy about the same as that of the conventional dilatometric method. However, the procedure is much faster and more convenient. As an added advantage, pressure, volume, and temperature data can be obtained at the same time. 48
C&EN
FEB.
10,
196 4
outlets—75% wider than those of the original Center Flow design. On the right, workers are insulating one of 197 tank cars each with an 8000-gal. capacity ordered by Corn Products Co. from General American Transportation Corp. A new type of polyurethane with methyl glucoside instead of sucrose or sorbital in the formulation is being used. According to GATX, methyl glucoside in the polyether-base rigid foam has better high-temperature stability than other polyurethanes. As insulation, this polyurethane is twice as effective as materials previously used for insulating tank cars, the firm says. A new liquid dextrose sugar product developed by Corn Products will be shipped in 97 of the cars which will have 8-in. insulation. The rest of the cars will have 4-in. insulation and will be used for corn sirup. The cars will be made at GATX's Sharon, Pa., plant. According to Spencer D. Moseley, General American's president, total cost of the 197 cars is about $3 million.
Tissues Are Studied by Using an Electromagnet An electromagnet originally developed for magnetohydrodynamic studies is being used with increasing frequency in magnetobiology studies, according to Magnion, Inc. The Burlington, Mass., firm says that its Model CF3242-23 electromagnet provides high magnetic fields in large working volumes at low power. The system produces fields of more than 15,000 gauss with a working volume of 432 cu. in. Power input is 15 kw., can range up to 50 kw. with high-power coils for continuous opera-
tion. Magnion says that field uniformity over the central working volume is assured by 14- and 24-in. poles; the 31/2-in. intercoil spacing gives good access to the working area. Back electromotive force protection is provided in the system. A coolantflow switch and temperature interlock shut off the power supply should the coolant water flow be interrupted or the energizing coils overheat. Tapewound coils are available in a wide range of impedances to match existing power supplies. The magnet sells for less than $10,000, the company says. E 30
Stainless steel LF MixMuller (above) at National Performance Laboratory is arranged for heating, pressure, vacuum or chemical reaction during mulling.
Would you spend S1J07 to check excessive raw materials costs? If wasteful mixing practices are costing you money, there are two ways for you to find out if it's true what we've been saying about Simpson Mix-Mullers® and controlled dispersion: • Arrange for a mulling test in the National Performance Laboratory. This 15,000 sq. ft. facility houses both laboratory and production size mixers and materials handling equipment to permit authoritative testing of your materials under your supervision or by confidential test reports. Write for brochure and questionnaire. • Buy your own LF Mix-Muller. You may
Standard LF Mix-Muller is equipped with 1 HP/1800 motor, starter, hood, V-Belt drive, crib and muller scrapers, funnel and integral base for floor or bench mount. Just plug it in and start mulling for . . . $1,707 F.O.B. Danville, I I I .
SIMPSON
prefer the flexibility and control of conducting your own tests. LF Mix-Mullers are laboratory scaled to provide extremely accurate and projectionable working duplications of production mulling operations. If you mix expensive dry or wetted solids, you need more than a simple stirring, tumbling or agitator action can give. Check the intensive kneading, smearing, spatulate—controlled dispersion—action of the Simpson Mix-Muller. Available for either batch or continuous processing in 14 sizes . . . M to over 60 cu. ft. retention capacity. Write for handbook on mulling.
MIX-MVUER ®
DIVISION
NATIONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY 643 M A C H I N E R Y H A L L • C H I C A G O 6, I L L I N O I S C&E N
49
C&EN PROGRESS REPORT
EQUIPMENT
Companies added these products to their lines during the past month INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS . . . Product
Programer Ionization gage Osmometer Digital recorder (Model 9057) Chart pen conversion kit (Mark-Trol) Pressure reducer (Series 804) Humidity controller (Versa-Tran RH) Potentiometer (Electronik 16) Absolute density gage Pressure transducer (Model KP15) Indicating controller (DT-160andDP-160) Diffraction instrument
Company Beckman Instruments, Inc. Fullerton, Calif. Central Scientific Co. Chicago, III. Dohrmann Instruments Co. San Carlos, Calif. Electro Instruments, Inc. San Diego, Calif. Esterbrook Pen Co. Camden, N.J. Hoke, Inc. Cresskill, N.J. Honeywell Minneapolis, Minn. Honeywell Philadelphia, Pa. Ohmart Corp. Cincinnati, Ohio Pace Engineering Co. North Hollywood, Calif. Robertshaw Controls Co. Knoxville, Tenn. Varian Associates Palo Alto, Calif.
Features Accessory to DB spectrophotometer scans unit's wave length spectrum Measures dry air pressure in range of 1 x 1 0 - 3 t o 2 x 10-10torr Automatic unit features improved accuracy and stability Transistorized unit accepts information in 10-line decimal form Closed capillary system operates in dust, vibration, and high humidity Regulates low-delivery pressures of noncorrosive gases Automatically reacts to humidity changes as small as 1 % Incorporates transistorized amplifier, is designed for process control Uses noncontacting beta gage assembly, provides direct readout Kit with accuracy of 1 % from 1 to 500 p.s.i. for general laboratory use Temperature range to 1000° F.; pressure controller operates to 5000 p.s.i. For low-energy electron diffraction studies of surfaces
Aeroquip Corp. Barrington, III. Air Techniques, Inc. New Hyde Park, N.Y. Bowen Corp. Watertown, Mass. Dodge Mfg. Corp. Mishawaka, Ind. Engelhard Industries, Inc. Newark, N J . Gruenberg Electric Co., Inc. Garden City, N.Y. Hirt Combustion Engineers Montebello, Calif. Humphreys Corp. Concord, N.H. Jones & Hunt, Inc. Gloucester, Mass. Oil-Dyne, Inc. Minneapolis, Minn. Perry Products Co. Philadelphia, Pa. Plastex Co. Columbus, Ohio Rol-Ruler Co. Riegelsville, Pa. Thermal Dynamics Corp. Lebanon, N.H. Titanium Products Corp. Detroit, Mich. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Swivel unit is especially suited for loading and unloading installation Automatic valve for air compressor receiver tanks, filter separators Produces up to 48 gal. per day distilled water from tap water Planetary speed reducer with ratios adjustable from 1.5:1 up to 9:1 For producing irregularly shaped filaments For high-vacuum systems operating at temperatures from 270° to 550° C. Exothermic unit gives inert gas volumes of up to 100,000 cu. ft. per hour Produces temperatures up to 60.000° F. for research studies For joining many types of glass fiberreinforced pipe using tapes Miniaturized systems operate at up to 3000 p.s.i. Horizontal and vertical stainless steel with up to 10,500-gal. capacity Polyvinyl chloride material with working pressures up to 20 p.s.i.g. A 12-in. combination triangle, T-square, parallel ruler with double scale For spheroidizing powders in either laminar or turbulent flame Seamless, flanged-end, lap-joint pipe available in sizes up to 4 inches Solid-state unit with automatic tuning provides power for cleaning
EQUIPMENT AND LABWARE Pipe joint Drain valve (Drain-O-Mat) Water distillation (Minivap) Adjustable-speed drive (Disco) Spinnerettes Oven modules Inert gas generator (Radiantube) Plasma source (Model 53) Joining kit Hydraulic systems Tanks Plastic pipe Drawing ruler (Speed-liner) Plasma system Titanium pipe Ultrasonic cleaning generator
50
C&EN
FEB. 10, 196 4
BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
THERE ARE MANY STRINGS TO OUR BOW... Formulators can now readily shift most detergent formulations from branched chain ABS to biologically soft detergents selecting from the wide variety offered by Stepan. The switch can usually be effected with little change in cost and in many instances substantial product improvements are achieved. For example, our new Biodets "soft" detergents are significantly better foamers than lauryl sulfates and offer remarkable surfactant synergism with other detergents, along with additional important advantages. Actually, some of our products such as our Stepanol lauryl sulfates and Ninol amides have always been biodegradable. Other phases of Stepan research into the development of biodegradable detergents goes back more than ten years. Our long research has given us important technical and process advantages. We would welcome a chance to tell you more about our biodegradable detergents.
HERE ARE THE MANY TYPES OF STEPAN BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS • • • • • • • • • • •
STEPANOLS: Lauryl sulfates NINOLS: Alkylolamides BIODETS: Salts of alpha sulfo methyl myristate MAYPONS: Protein condensates STEOLS: Lauryl and coconut ether sulfates STEPANOL B-153 SC, B-129 SC: Straight chain ammonium and sodium alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy sulfates MAKONS SC: Straight chain nonyl phenol ethylene oxide condensates NINEXS SC: Blends of straight chain alkyl aryl sulfonates and alkylolamides NINEX 300 SC: Triethanolamine salt of straight chain alkyl aryl sulfonic acid STEPAN DS-60 SC: Sodium salt of straight chain alkyl aryl sulfonic acid SULFONIC 100 SC: Straight chain alkyl aryl sulfonic acid
Write for complete information and suggested formulations.
STEPAN CHEMICAL COMPANY Edens & Winnetkg, Northfield, Illinois • Telephone 312-446-7500 C & E N 51
Do your plasticizers have migrating tendencies? Plasticizer migration is sometimes a source of trouble in vinyl end products. T o avoid this particular type of problem, Argus recommends Drapex 7.7 —a high solvating primary plasticizer with polymeric properties. The use of Drapex 7.7 in a vinyl compound will result in a product with low volatility and excellent resistance to leaching by water, oil and other extractants. Stain resistance is outstanding. In addition, processing characteristics are im-
proved, facilitating faster production compared with conventional polymeries. Floor tile and upholstery are only two applications for which Drapex 7.7 is indicated. Its superior permanency, stemming from a high molecular weight, makes it valuable in numerous areas where extraction causes difficulties. If you have a plasticizer problem and are considering polymeries, consult Argus. We'll research it for you if we don't have the answer in our product line. Technical bulletins and samples on request
ARGUS CHEMICAL Corporation 633 Court Street, Brooklyn 3 1 , N.Y. Branch: Frederick Building, Cleveland 15, Ohio Representatives in: Los Angeles, Boston, Montreal, Toronto. Overseas affiliates in: Manchester, England; Brussels, Belgium; Sao Pm»'o, Brazil; Tokyo, Japan.
New Plasticizer Evolves from Rocket Propellant Research A chemical compound, 3-nitrazabutyronitrile, known as NBN, has been introduced by the chemical products division of Aerojet-General Corp. NBN is a commercial product resulting from rocket propellant research. The Azusa, Calif., firm notes that £rans-vinylene diisocyanate, made available last year, also stems from rocket propellant technology. The new compound has a melting point of 27° to 27,5° C , is a white crystalline solid or a colorless liquid, depending on the temperature. It is soluble in both polar and nonpolar solvents, slightly soluble in water, and can be crystallized from methanol at —20° C. The refractive index of the (supercooled material is 1.4792 liquid). Aerojet-General says that NBN can be used as a plasticizer and as a starting material for insecticides, fungicides, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Pilot-plant facilities are operated by the chemical products division to synthesize, develop, and manufacture NBN. The firm says that 10-gram experimental samples of the compound are available for $7.50. C1
shapes can be used as inserts in compression molding operations, the firm adds. C4
bismuth tribromide, bismuth triiodide, and anhydrous ferric bromide. C6
Vulcanizable
Sulfone finishing chemical used in wash-wear clothing and for stabilizing finishes of textiles is now available in a 65% active product. According to J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., activity of the material, Sulfoset-17, was increased from 39% because of the broadened demand for this chemical. C5
rubber-resin
hybrids
combining some desirable characteristics of both the elastomer and plastic components are available from American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N.J. The Riji-Tuf materials have exceptional mechanical properties and fabricating advantages, according to the company. C7
Four metal halides are available from City Chemical Corp., New York, N.Y. These chemicals are used for inorganic research, and as a starting point for pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Included are antimony oxychloride,
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Further information on Chemical and Equipment items is readily available . . .
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February 10, 1964
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Name: Company:
NEW CHEMICALS
O (Z
Polyester, called Poly-G 3531 PG, has been developed by Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., New York, N.Y. The firm says that the material can be used in making urethane foams. C2
Starches for sizing and coating applications have been introduced by the industrial division of Corn Products Sales Co. Called Eosize brand, the ethylene oxide starches are said to have more stable viscosity, reduced setback, and improved oil resistance than starches currently being used. The New York, N.Y., firm adds that these starches produce highly flexible, continuous films. C 3
One-step
compression
molding
powder, called Eccomold PVY, has been introduced by Emerson & Cuming, Inc., Canton, Mass. The powder, which can be molded directly or preformed, is especially useful in replacing metal shapes which require extensive machining, the firm says. Preformed
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Your Industry:
(^ ( ) Petroleum Ref., Asphalts,
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FEB.
10,
1964
C&EN
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