June,
I
1920
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
THE, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE OF ITALY
I
525
I I
By 0.P.Hopkins, Washington, D. C. For many years Italy has exchanged her surplus agricultural products, such as wines, silk, and citrus fruits, for t h e manufactured goods she did not produce at home. Her own industries have been handicapped b y t h e almost total lack of coal, iron, cotton, and other basic materials. The war demonstrated t h e weakness of her economic situation, and there has developed a determination t o make t h e country as independent industrially as possible, in which direction conspicuous success has already been achieved in t h e manufacture of automobiles and cars for railroads and street railways. I n this effort toward greater industrial independence there are two favorable factors t h a t tend t o offset t h e lack of materials; t h a t is, a n abundance of good labor a n d gre‘at waterpower resources, although t h e shortage of materials can never really be made up within t h e present geographic boundaries. Before t h e war German capital was a controlling factor in the economic life of t h e nation, with t h e natural result t h a t German manufactured products, including chemicals, found a ready market in exchange for Italian products of t h e soil. Formerly t h e imports of chemicals from Germany were valued a t about $ I O , O O O , O O O , of which something like $4,000,000 represented purchases of dyes. England supplied approximately $ 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 worth of chemicals, which included large quantities of heavy chemicals, particularly copper sulfate for t h e agriculturists and alkalies for t h e soap, glass, and textile industries. France supplied over $ 4 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 worth of chemicals, dyes, and medicines, and t h e United States less t h a n $I,OOO,OOO worth. During t h e war increased dependence was placed upon American chemicals, b u t t h e future of this trade will obviously depend in large measure upon t h e success of t h e Germans in restoring conditions a t home t h a t will enable them t o reenter t h e market with t h e old advantages. Italy’s own chemical industries were not an import a n t factor in t h e industrial situation at t h e time t h e war broke out. She supplied more t h a n half of t h e world’s consumption of sulfur and exported a few products based upon her citrus-fruit industry, such as citrate, upon her wine industry, such as tartaric acid, and also a number of essential oils. The development of t h e chemical industries during the war has been studied carefully by t h e official Italian Committee for t h e Chemical Industries, and the results have been published in t h e “Annuario per le Industrie Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (Rome, 1919), which includes a special census of chemical industries taken in 1918. The following observations on t h e situation i n t h e most important branches, with t h e tables of production, imports, and exports, are based almost entirely upon this publication.
P R O D U C T I O N OF A C I D S
T h e Italian production of hydrochloric acid was estimated a t 39,015,000 lbs. in 1914 and there has been no marked change in t h e industry since, T h e average monthly production of t h e acid. had increased t o 3,968,300 lbs. in 1918, b u t t h e latter figure includes 992,000 lbs. of acid manufactured as a by-product in t h e preparation of monochlorobenzene, which ceased with t h e end of t h e war. Only about 66,000 lbs. of the acid are produced synthetically. The output of nitric acid increased from 3,362,000 lbs. a month in 191; t o 15,763,000 lbs. in 1918, with a productive capacity of 21,870,000 lbs. Of t h e 1918 monthly output, 9,259,400 lbs. were used in the manufacture of explosives. The monthly production of sulfuric acid by t h e chamber process has been maintained a t about 110,ooo,ooo lbs., all of which in 1918 was used in t h e manufacture of superphosphates or in t h e production of concentrated acid, all of the concentration plants being of t h e Kessler type with Elianite pans. The production of acid by catalysis has increased from 3,114,000 t o 17,637,000 lbs. a month. The domestic production of iron pyrites was 317,334 metric tons in 1913, b u t increased t o 500,782 in 1917. Imports, which amounted t o 40,512 tons in 1913, had disappeared by 1917, whereas exports increased from 23,307 tons in 1913 t o 194,328 in 1918. T h e characteristic Italian product, citric acid, was produced in increasing quantities during t h e war, t h e monthly output jumping from 165,300 t o 330,700 lbs. per month. T h e output of crude calcium citrate increased from 14,741,joo lbs. in t h e fiscal year 1914 to 2&,033,400 lbs. in 1918. The exports of this product reached the high mark of 16,047,000 lbs. in 1916, b u t declined t o 8,235,800 lbs. in 1918, which is slightly below the total for 1913. The production of lactic acid has increased from 49,600 t o 57,300 lbs. per month. There are also produced small quantities of lactates of calcium, iron, and antimony, various lactophosphates, etc. A decrease from 341,700 t o 251,300 lbs. per month has occurred in t h e production of tartaric acid, but a new factory is expected t o triple t h e output. Exports of this by-product of the wine industry fell off from 6,274,800 lbs. in 1913 t o 4,345,300 lbs. in 1918. The monthly production of cream of tartar, mostly refined, has increased from 154,300 t o 2 j 3 , joo lbs. Exports of this article amounted t o very little before 1913, but reached a total of 3,208,800 lbs. in 1915, and then fell off t o 1,333,100 lbs. in 1918. T h e Italians are now turning out synthetic tannic acid a t the rate of 2 2 , 0 0 0 lbs. a month, while t h e manufacture of tanning extracts has increased from 1,874,000 lbs. a month before t h e war t o 4,299,000 lbs. The
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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
imports of tanning extracts, chiefly quebracho, have risen from 13,375,000 lbs. in 1914 t o 33,563,000 lbs. in 1918. SODA AND POTASH
Before t h e war Italy depended entirely upon imported sodium carbonate and caustic soda, b u t recently there has been a considerable production of caustic soda by the electrolytic process, amounting t o about 4,409,200 lbs. a month, and in addition there is a growing output of ’other caustic soda. The importation of caustic soda, however, amounted t o 33,547,700 lbs. in 1918, or about t h e same as reported for 1914. T h e imports of carbonate of soda fell off frQm 105,854,ooo lbs. in 1914 t o 49,937,800 lbs. in 1918. Shipping conditions for t h e last few years have made i t difficult t o get t h e supplies needed. Bleaching powder has been produced in the usual quantities in connection with t h e soda industry. T h e production of sodium acetate has declined from 44,000 t o 2 2 , 0 0 0 Ibs. a month, owing t o t h e shortage of calcium acetate and acetic acid. The existing plants can produce 507,000 lbs. of acetate a month. The o u t p u t of sodium bisulfite has been maintained a t 352,700 lbs. a month, of which 132,300 Ibs. were used in 1918 by the producing firms in further manufacture. T h e monthly o u t p u t of sodium thiosulfate shows a rather striking increase from 44,000 t o 220,460 Ibs., and t h e capacity of t h e present plants is given as 352,700 lbs. An increase from 2,535,300 lbs. per month t o 3,218,700 Ibs. is recorded for sodium sulfate, about 1,102,300 lbs. of t h e amount for 1918 being retained by t h e producers for further manufacture. The o u t p u t of Glauber’s salt has increased from 1,697,600 t o 1,984,160 lbs. per month. Imports of sodium sulfate amounted t o 22,865,900 Ibs. for t h e year 1913, reached a maximum of 48,777,joo lbs. in 1916, and declined t o 16,236,600 lbs. in 1918. T h e production of sodium sulfide averaged gg2,ooo lbs. a month before t h e war during the working seasons, b u t fell off t o 562,200 lbs. in 1918, owing t o the fact t h a t t h e plants (which have a capacity of 1,984,000 lbs.) were idle because t h e electric furnaces were working on other products. As a result of war demands t h e output of sodium chlorate increased from 35,300 lbs. per month in 1914 t o 1,477,000 lbs. in 1918. T h e monthly output of sodium phosphate has increased from 1 1 0 , 2 0 0 t o 137,800 lbs. a month. Potassium nitrate, which was produced t o t h e extent of 2,0g4,400 lbs. in 1914, was turned out a t t h e rate of 771,600 lbs. a month in 1918. It is made from t h e residues from distilleries a n d from imported potash salts, in connection with which mention should be made of chloride imported from Erythrea t o t h e extent of 1~395,700Ibs. in 1918. CALCIUM C A R B I D E AND C Y A N A M I D E
During the war t h e factories manufacturing calcium carbide a n d cyanamide were under government control a n d their o u t p u t became irregular, as they were required t o furnish various other products, such as silicon, ferrosilicon, a n d calcium silicate. They suffered also from a shortage of electric power. T h e factories i n operation produced about 8,598,000 lbs. of calcium
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carbide per month, of which, however, 4,759,700 lbs. were consumed in t h e producing plants themselves in t h e manufacture of other products. T h e monthly o u t p u t of cyanamide averaged 3,9682300 lbs., of which 3,174,600 Ibs. were marketed, the remainder being employed in t h e production of sulfate of ammonia. T h e existing plants have a capacity of 12,346,000 lbs. of cyanamide a month. Neither calcium carbide nor cyanamide has been imported in large quantities. AMMONIUM SULFATE SITUATION
Agricultural demands for ammonium sulfate have always been heavy in Italy, a n d previous t o t h e war these demands were met p r e t t y largely by imports. T h e care taken during t h e war, however, in collecting ammonia a t t h e gas a n d coke plants for use in manufacturing war supplies, has resulted incidentally in a n increased output of ammonium sulfate. The monthly o u t p u t before t h e war was about 2,535,000 lbs., whereas in 1918 i t was about 7,275,000 lbs., of which 5,622,000 lbs. were produced in gas works, 880,000 in coking plants, 660,000 in cyanamide’plants, and 113,000 in plants distilling peat. I n t h e meantime imports have fallen off from 48,000,000 lbs. in 1913 to 5,500,ooo lbs. in 1918. When normal conditions have been restored i t is likely t h a t imports will show an increase as compared with 1918, b u t i t is also likely t h a t t h e Italians will never be so dependent on foreign sources as they were before the war. S H O R T A G E O F P H O S P H A T E FERTILIZER
As enormous quantities of sulfuric acid were needed for war purposes there was a marked reduction in t h e domestic output of superphosphates, and consequent injury t o crops. This reduction was intensified by a decreased importation of natural phosphates and by t h e closing in November 1917 of a number of establishments in Venetia. T h e monthly production of superphosphate and various phosphatic fertilizers decreased from 170,300,ooo lbs. before t h e war t o 89,177,000 lbs. in 1918. Imports of phosphate rock decreased from 529,776 metric tons in 1913 t o 231,679 tons in 1918, The net imports of chemical fertilizers amounted t o 52,723 tons in 1913, b u t were negligible in 1917 a n d 1918. Agriculture suffered also from a shortage of Thomas slag, of which 119,257 tons had been imported in 1913. T h e production of bone phosphate decreased from 1,014,000 t o 683,000 lbs. a month. PRODUCTION O F COPPER SULFATE
T h e vineyards of Italy require liberal applications of copper sulfate and sufficient progress has been made in t h e m a n u h c t u r e af this poison during t h e war t o warr a n t t h e belief t h a t little will be needed from t h e outside in t h e future. Production was estimated a t 69,010,000 lbs. for t h e year 1914, b u t the monthly o u t p u t is now f r o m 14,300,ooo t o 18,500,000 lbs., and t h e existing plants are said t o have a capacity of 25,574,000 Ibs. monthly. Imports totaled 48,280,400 lbs. in 1914, b u t in 1918 only 50,486 lbs. were purchased abroad. COAL-TAR PRODUCTS
T h e scarcity of coal during t h e war seriously affected t h e production of gas a n d coke and was a serious drawback t o the efforts t o build up a coal-tar industry. The
June, 1920
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
monthly production of t a r in t h e gas works was 6,32j,ooo lbs. a n d a t t h e coke ovens 2,7 56,000 lbs., in 1918. The plants for t h e distillation of tar have a capacity of 13,670,000lbs. a month, but in 1918 t h e quantity distilled was 7,055,000 lbs., only a slight increase over t h e amount handled in 1914. The o u t p u t of light t a r oils was 88,200 lbs. a month in 1918,of medium oils 374,800 lbs., and of heavy oils and anthracene 727,500 lbs., each practically the same as in 1914. These products were turned out under t h e orders of t h e military authorities and were used in t h e manufacture of other war materials, and large quantities of light oils were imported for this purpose. Prior t o t h e war neither aniline nor its derivatives were produced in Italy, a n d t h e present production is limited almost exclusively t o aniline salt, p-nitraniline, and aniline oil, and these are produced only in small quantities. The production of dyes was negligible before t h e war, amounting t o not more t h a n 8,800 lbs. a month. I n 1918 the monthly output was 363,760 lbs., of which t h e bulk was sulfur dyes. T h e committee which prepared the report upon which this article is largely based calls attention t o a number of new dyes t h a t are now being made, b u t t h e total is unquestionably small, and, considering all the circumstances, i t is quite likely t h a t t h e day is not far distant when more or less complete reliance will again be placed upon imported artificial colors. MINERAL
COLORS
The o u t p u t of mineral colors has greatly increased, rising from 1,345,000lbs. per month in 1914t o 3,329,000 lbs. in 1918. Included in this total are cinnabar, white lead, minium and litharge, zinc white, chrome yellow and chrome green, English red, lithopone, a n d ultramarine blue. There has also been a small production of natural coloring earths. Of some importance, too, has been the production of blanc fixe, a by-product of t h e manufacture of hydrogen peroxide from the peroxide of barium. There has been a noteworthy production of the various salts of barium, particularly the carbonate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate, as well as t h e oxide, hydrate, and sulfide. SOAP INDUSTRY
The soap industry was hampered during t h e war by the scarcity of fats, so t h a t more soap was imported t h a n usual, although Italy has always depended rather h e a d 7 upon outside supplies. The production of soap in 847 factories in t h e fiscal year 1918 aggregatgd 252,780,000 lbs. T h e special census of 1918 was confined to 1 2 5 of t h e larger factories producing 10,692,000 ibs. a month, as against 11,go5,ooolbs. before t h e wax. I n 1918 t h e imports of common soap were 18,921,000 lbs., or more t h a n double t h e purchases in 1914,while the imports of perfumed soaps were 3,397,000 lbs. in mgr8, as against only 384,500 lbs. in 1914, On t h e other hand, exports, which amounted t o 8,011,000lbs. in xgrq, fell off t o 870,000lbs. in 1918. The production of glycerol and its use in explosives were highly develaped during t h e war, and t h e requirement t h a t no fats be used unless freed from glycerol increased t h e production of f a t t y acids. There were large imports of glycerol t u meet war demands.
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STATISTICS O F PRODUCTION
The following table shows statistically the development of t h e Italian chemical industry during t h e war and has been compiled entirely from t h e report of t h e Committee for t h e Chemical Industries. The special census taken in 1918by this committee was based upon statements by the producers, which, i t is stated, were in many cases verified by the committee’s own representatives. As conditions were unsettled and production irregular, figures of average production for t h e working period were collected, so t h a t i n many cases i t will not be correct t o multiply such figures by 1 2 in order t o obtain t h e annual output. PRODUCTION Of CHEMICALS
ALLIED PRODUCTS MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVE AVERAGE MONTHLY CAPACITY PRODUCTION PER MONTH 1914-15 1918 1918 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. AND
CHEMICALS : Acetate of aluminum. . . . . e 15,400 4,400 Acetate of calcium.. . . . . . .. 121,250 114,600 Acetate of l e a d . . ........ . . . 75,000 158,700 Acetone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 49,600 83,800 Acids (except carbolic) : , . 44,000 Acetic. 49,600 Boric, c r u d e . . . 485,000 440,000 ,, 198,400 Refined. 220,500 Carbonic anhydride,, . , , 639,300 500,450 165,300 Citric.. 330,700 Hydrofluoric. . . . . . . . . . . . 19,800 Hydrochloric. . . . . . . . . . 3,306:500 3,968,300 Lactic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,600 57,300 Nitric.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,362,000 15,763,000 2,491,200 Oleic (olein). . . . . . . . . .. . 1,183,900 Stearic (stearin). . . . . . 1,951,000 683,400 Sulfuric, 50-52’ Baume!. 115,345,800 103,771,600 6,172,900 66O Baume. 32,077,200 Oleum. 3,114,000 17,637,000 Sulfurous anhydride. . . 4,410 26,450 Tannic. .. ..... 22,000 341,700 Tartaric. ............. , 251,300 Various f a t t y acids.. ,. 628,300 1,146,400 Alcohol, methyl. ........ . . 14,330 24,250 Alum, chrome. ..... 176,400 Aluminum oxide.. . . . . . . 324,100 606,300 Sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.200 346.100 Ammonia, reckoned as 100% “ 3 . . 4,410 50,700 Ammoniacal liquor, concentrated ..... 4,075,000 Ammonium: Carbonate. 30,860 35,270 Chloride. 13,200 Nitrate. 1,444;ObO Persulfate. ..... 3,300 Sulfate.. 2 ,535,300 7,275,200 Barium: Carbonate. ............. 44,100 Chloride. 110,200 154,300 Hydrate. 330,660 49,600 Nitrate. 1,100 93,700 Oxide 661,400 66,140 Sulfate., 209,400 2 75,600 Sulfide. 242.500 255,700 Caffaro paste (copper chlor286,600 396,800 ide in solution).. Calcium: Carbide.. 12,643,500 8,598,000 Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,100 110,200 Hypochlorite, 1,763,700 1,653,500 Carbon: Bisulfide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407,850 716 500 Oxychloride (phosgene). 214’950 Tetrachloride, i2:&50 163:lOO Chloral h y d r a t e . . ......... 132 Chlorine, liquid. .......... 16S,3Oq 33 000 Citrate of calcium. ........ (20.033 ,’400 lbs, produced in Citrate of i r o n . , 440 3.300 Covver: oxide.. 14,3j0:&50 18, 518,800 6.600 Sulfate.. Ether, sulfuric. 123,500 694,500 Ferrocyanides of calcium, potassium a n d sodium 27,560 17.630 Formaldehyde 16,500 Glycerol. 489,400 330.700 Hydrogen, compressed, in flasks, cu. f t . . 1,293,700 7,945,700 Hydrogen peroxide, 3 per cent.. 229.300 235.900 Iron: Oxide. ............ 38,580 44 100 Sulfate.. 388:OOO 396.800 Lactarine (casein). 18,700 9,920 Derivatives. 11,OOO 6,600 2,200 Lactates.. 1.100 Magnesium: Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,900 202,800 Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,600 44,100 191.800 275,600 Sulfate.
.............. ........ . ...........
. ................ . .. . .......... ............. . .............. ... .. .
I
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.....
.....
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.....
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11,000 297,600 165,300 385,800 132,300 440,000 220,500 727,500 440,000 24,250 8,046,900 115,700 21,870,000 3,108,500 2,171,500 145,946,000 35,714,900 20,679,000 72,750 22,000 771,600 1,763,700 74,950 176,400 661,400 1.455.000 I
I
-
93,700
..... 72,750 55,100 2,006,200 3,300
..... 220.460 220,460 330,660 99 200 661 :400 407,850 948,000 396,800 22,817,800 154,300 2,425,000 804,700 .529,100 418,900 265 429,900 1917-1 8) 4.404
6,600 25,573,600 1,488,100 49,600 29,760 705,500 13,419,500 617.300
............... ........ ............ ...............
149,900 573,200 22,OOO 17,600 28,660
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297,600 82,670 992,OOO
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PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Conclude8 strated by the following table, which also shows the MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVE effect of the war on this import trade. I n some cases CAPACITY AVERAGE MONTHLY the reduced imports can be attributed t o increased PER MONTH PRODUCTION 1918 1914-1 5 1918 production a t home, but it should be borne in mind Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. CHEMICALS (Concluded): t h a t shipping difficulties and the cutting off of usual 3,300 22,000 9,920 Mercuric chloride. . . 19,800 125,700 99,200 sources were the controlling factors. The table is Milk sugar (lactose). 6,1801 233,000 31,800 Nitrogen, cu. f t . .. . . . . . . . . based largely upon t h a t contained in the report of the 11,018,100 17,127.500 4,237,700 Oxygen, cu. f t . .. . . . . . . . . . 110,230 176,360 Committee for the Chemical Industries, although a few Potassium : 661,400 264,550 440,900 Aluminum sulfate (alum) of the allied products are from other official sources. Bichromate of potassium 154,300 275,600 176,400 and sodium.. 44,000 7,700 Bisulfite, IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 176,400 88,200 132,300 Chlorate. 1915 1918 1913 771,600 1,433,000 396,800 h’itrate Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 463,000 253,500 154,300 Tartrate, acid. CHEMICALS: 1,540 7,716 2,425 Silver nitrate.. 1,867,976. 5,740,999 5,128,781 Acetate of calcium, impure. Sodium: 4,434,333 5,090,200 United States. 507,000 22,000 44,000 Acetate.. Acetates and pyrolignites, 771,600 352,700 352,700 Bisulfite. 58,202 51 8,963 1,133,164 n.e,s 154,300 154,300 ..... ..... 279,984 Belgium. 2,645,500 175,487 ..... 174,825 France.. 1,587,300 35,300 80,247 474,209 Germany.. ..... 62,831 77,822 United States.. 4,629,700 2,535,300 595,200 702,290 86,466 23,538 Acetone, gallons.. 5,511,500 5,202,900 1,455,000 132 18,967 Germany, 925,900 551,150 606,300 67,207 United States.. 22,000 6,600 ..... Acids (except carbolic) : 242,500 137,800 110,200 Phosphate, 22,928 4.850 66 1 Acetic, under 90%.. 33,000 5,500 . . . . . Pyrophosphate. 150,576 98,325 269:i82 297,600 110,200 66,100 Silicate.. 26,235 232,365 Sulfate: 33,730 ..... 1,764 4,100,600 3,218,700 Anhydrous. . . . . . . . . . . 2,535,300 2,645 81,350 785,719 3,439,200 1,984,160 Crystals (Glauber’s salt) 1,697,600 ..... 64,375 740,304 1,984,160 562,200 992,080 Sulfide., 78,705 397,710 435,409 77,160 66,100 4,400 Sulfite.. 76,720 110,010 352,700 220,460 44,000 Thiosulfate 261,906 215,390 United Kingdom.. 242,500 209,400 132,300 Sulfur chloride. . . . . . . . . . . 220 4,400 Boric, crude. 1,984 ..... Thorium nitrate.. 44 1 46,076 Refined.. Tin: 220 ..... 29,542 220,460 Carbonic. 66,100 66,100 Chloride.. 17,637’ 39,462 232,144 22,000 Citric. 2,200 Oxide. 66,580 Germany. Zinc: 23,369 106,923 United Kingdom.. 275,600 138,900 Chloride.. 44 1! 2,205 10 803 Gallic and pyrogallic. 37,500 4,400 4,400 Sulfate., ..... 29,983 87 :082 Hydrochloric. COAL-TARPRODUCTS: 44 1 23,590 111,994 Lactic.. 584,200 242,500 Aniline and its derivatives 23,590 106,042 Germany. 123,460 84,880 29,760 Anthracene, crude.. 66 P 1 314 603 Nitric. Benzene: 1:314:603 1,069,240 843,270 Crude.. 2,594;620. 17,84? 7,048,548 ;?80 13,578,793 Oleic. 925,900 790,160 19,840 Rectified.. 4 041 473 France,. Carbolic acid: 6,721,825 5 : 583: 150 United Kingdom. 99,200 55,100 11,000 Crude phenol.. ..... 3,873,923 766,318 es 1,212,500 899,500 Refined phenol.. 197,095 270,284 191,580 637 570 9,125,900 Coal t a r . . ..,.. 415:788 Coal-tar dyes: 30,203 216,050 m. 1,005,300 335,100 4,400 Sulfur dyes. 29,100’ 29,983 87,082 Phosphoric. 1,287,500 28,660 4,400 335,323 Other.. 933,648 2,028,893 1,259,268 Stearic.. 209,400 134,500 63,900 Naphthalene, sublimated.. 311,951 33,000 7,500 Naphthol, b e t a . . 67,460 229,058 T a r oils : ..... 190,918 2,205 United States.. 727,500 712,500 2,425 Heavy.. 44 1 2 16,051 Sulfuric.. 88,200 103,600 Lighf.. 18,064,713 7,055 268,961 Sulfurous.. ..... 374,800 368,200 Medium.. 33,563:iio 24,028,376 Tannic, impure.. 330,700 242,500 Toluene 11,931,075 8,328,980 63,300 40,800 Xylenes.. 1 130 739 8 936 346 3 :399:714 1:464:736 OTHER PRODUCTS: 6,834 3,968 1,294,541 5,070 16,975 Albumin.. 44 82,673 22 3,270,524 Asparagin., 51,588 109,128 218,035 Fertilizers: 683,400 1,058,200 79,366 1,014,100 164,022 Bone phosphates.. 3 968 300 12 345 900 29,542 4,585,600 441 Calcium cyanamide. United States.. 5,512 89: 177: 000 225: 092; 000 192,462 170 307 000 88,625 Superphosphates. Tartaric.. 1,499,100 2,502,200 43,872 1 609 400 16,314 Glucose.. 90,609 64,815 Glue: 1,322,800 749,600 870,800 Common.. 66,100 32,000 Casein glue.. 99,200 181,000 544,095 4,400 751,107 Shoemakers’ glue.. 391,537 306,000 Greases : 661,400 297,600 152,558 374,800 1 ,044,540 59,965 Bone f a t . . United States.. 2,640 1,320 345,461 Lanolin.. Acids n. e. 9.. 93,476 164,905 15,212 Gums and resins: Auitria-Hungary.. 1,267,700 187,400 63,933 551,150 752,430 Dextrine.. Germany. 176,400 44,000 36,155 66,100 215,830 Rosin.. Switzerlan 253,500 52,900 740 176,400 79 Malt extract.. Alcohol amyl g 11,000 26 5,510 7,265 4,400 7,820 Mannitol.. Methbl gal‘...... . . . . . . . Oils: Alkaloids,’n. e. s., and their 7,936,600 58,189 4,739,900 58,468 4,960,400 42,013 Fixed: seed oils.. salts., 88,000 44 * 000 20 060 ..... 35,208 Refined. Germany.. ........ 110.000 22,000 14:085 4,550 Resin oil.. 33.000 Switzerland. ..... 8,214 ..... Volatile: essences of citUnited Stafes.. 5,952 28,439 rus fruits.. (2,248,700 Ibs. produced in 1917-18) 1 155 651 Aluminum oxide, hydrated. 20,502 1:128:975 Paints pigments colors: 1,845,300 2,050,300 388,000 Minium and liiharge., ..... 28,660 81,570 904,776 5 1 :343 381 :483 429 5,665,602 Ultramarine. 683,400 112,400 507,000 White lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,820 545,600 882,000 1 148 156 346,100 Zinc white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,825,426 13521:615 Other mineral colors, . , , , 103,600 226,000 491,600 United States. 220~ 10,692,400 23,479,200 29,321 11,905,000 426,590 Soap ..................... 110,200 308.600 55,100 Tar, vegetable. . . . . . . . . . . . Ammonium: 13,200 11,000 35,300 53,169,760 1 332 460 2,175,279 Turpentine, spirits. ........ Salts, n. e. s . . . . . . 5,433,292 1,433,000 2,645,500 16: 7 5 7 : 165 220.500 47,771,257 Wood p u l p , . Sulfate., 972,448 699,961 France.. Compressed. 10 333 842 Germany. I M P O R T STATISTICS 11 :381:688 Russia.. . . . . . . 15,682’643 9,903,349 United Kingdo 46: 738 188,053 The fact t h a t Italy was largely dependent upon Antimony salts, 28,219 159,393 Germany.. imported chemicals before the war is amply demon-
.
.....
.........
.....
............... .............. ................ ..........
........... .............. ...............
.....
.......... ................ ............... ............... .............
.....
......... ......... .............. .........
............. ......... ...............
.....
.....
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.....
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.
.....
....... ................ ............. ......... ........ ~
.....
..... .....
................
............ ................. .......... ............... ................ .............. .................. ................
............... .............. ...... .... ....... ................ ............. ........... ...... ............. .............. ............. ................ ............ ............... ........ ............. ........... ........... ... ...........
.....
.....
.... ........... ............ .............. ................. ............ .... ... .......... ............... ............ ................ .................. ............. ..... ......... .......... ....... ..... ............. ............... ....... .............. .............
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
........
..... .....
.....
..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..........
..... .....
..... ..............
:
.....
.....
.....
.....
..... ..... ..... ..... .....
....... .......... ....
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....... .........
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... ......
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June,
1920
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLISD PRODUCTS (Continued) 1913 1915 1918 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. CHEMICAIS(Continued): Barium: 333,336 110,230 ..... Carbonate.. 234,570 86,421 Germany. Oxidr, hydrated, crystals, 299,385 commercial 2,90i:;49 2 . 3 4 i :447 3,903,244 Slilfate. ..... France 2,263,683 1,683,653 ..... 520,065 Germany. 2,073,647 32,408 9,480 22,487 Bismuth salts. 23,149 37,699 35,494 Bromides. 1,323 83,335 70,768 Bromine. Calcium : 3,086 177,250 7,716 Carbide. 1,900,384 4,945,138 4,145,309 Chloride. 3,299,404 3,783,975 United Kingdom.. 14,9863409 8,402,833 Chemical products, n . e. s . . 14,646,481 1,093,041 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,258,172 6,552,953 1,706,360 Germany. 2,830,045 2,290,139 United Kingdom.. 174,604 ..... 1,547,850 United S t a t e s . . .......... 31,967 34,392 43,210 Chloroform. 31,041,429 50,486 67,130,290 Copper sulfate. ..... 26,041,176 United Kingdom.. ...... 65,572,521 4,934,556 ..... 1,510,812 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . 2,866 3 , 0 8 6 9,921 Ethers. .................. 1,743,177 1,655,434 15,052,940 Glycerol. 738,100 997,582 France. 15,432 434,526 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... 845,905 91.050 1 ; OS4 262 1,334 4 8 , 0 6 0 34,613 43,651 Iodides, .................. 17,637 11,684 United Kingdom., . . . . . . ..... 17,857 United States.. ..... ..... 211,421 62,611 57,761 Iodine 9,480 35,494 Chile, ..... 21,605 Germany. 178,131 United States.. ..... Iron: 3,970,705 2,136,698 147,048 Oxide. 2,170,649 1,189,161 809,309 542,112 ... 230 48,060 1,764
............ ............ ........... ................ ............... ............ ............ ................ ................ ............... .............. ....
.....
.....
..... .....
.............. ...... .............. ...........
................. ................
......... ................... ................. .............. ......... .................
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. .............. Magnesite, calcined: Impure, for metallurgical uses containing not less ;ban 57, of ferric oxide. Impure, other. Pure. Magnesium : Carbonate. Germany. United S t a t e s . . Chloride. Sulfate.. Manganese sulfate. Mercuric chloride. Phosphorus, white a n d red. United Kingdom.. Potassium : Carbonate. Chloride. Germany. Hydroxide (caustic potash) Belgium, Germany. United Kingdom.. Nitrate. Germany. United Kingdom. Prussiate, yellow and red. Germany. Sulfate. Germany. Potassium a n d sodium: Bicarbonates. United Kingdom.. Chlorates a n d perchlorates. France. Chlorides of calcium, potassium, sodium (hypochlorites) . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromates and bichromates. Germany. United S t a t e s . . Permanganates. ......... Silicates, liquid or in solution.. Solid. Germany, .......... United Kingdom.. Gnited S t a t e s . . Sulfides. Germany. United Kingdom..
............. .......... .................. ............. ............ ....... .............. ............... ........ ........ ...... ............. .............. ............ ............... ............. ............ .... ............... ............ ..... ............ ................ ............ ........... ....
.............. ..............
............. ............ ....... ............. ................ .. .....
............... ............ ....
.. .. .. .. ..
....
.....
347,225 52,029 171.297 1 ,156,092 667,494 395,285 1,011,470 510,144 121,253 380,073
42,108 29,543 220 361,554 99,427 240,301 957,678 118,167 833,118 3,748
2,901,033 139,110 8,818
1,704,376 74,956 2 646
11,023 9,039 3,4443 ?.k3 1,110,677 21,605 8,816 153,220 102,073
503,972 175,927 159,172 646,830 139,331 9,039 220 274,032 201,721
3,055,135 15,565,819 15,444,126
1,431,888 3,458,356 3,153,901
26,015 1,395,746
2,072,544 600,533 675,930 641,759 1,008,825 957 457 27: 558 ’ 279,543 202,162 20,842,068 20,492,198
1,062,617 542,332 313,274 2,866 66 1 2,205 118,387 101,632 1,983,699 1,910,286
..... ..... ..... 849,880 ..... 1,323 ..... .....
3,019,200 2,885,380
2,538,597 2,489,435
4.21 5,900
485,894 465,392
1,570,337 1,053,578
3,546,576
5,824,392
1,704,173
363,100
14,109 9,479
1,987,226 17,637 1,936,740 125,883
1,287,279
7,887,838 8,127,919 2,798,299 3,100,329 1,087,750 1,291,234 959,662 244,711
4,719,215 6,368,934
.....
94,136 4,957,925 11,495,446 7.110.937 2,814,172 3,330:4i9 1,648,379 1,236,780
~
.....
5,952
.....
58;202
.....
2,235;486
.....
..... .....
167,551 11,684 668,000
..... .....
312,174
.....
882 220 537,707
.....
5,070
.....
..... .....
146:3i7
..... .....
6.6i8lbj8
..... .....
529
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Continued) 1913
1918
Lbs.
Lbs.
526,679 335,540 11 1,405 55,114 40,038
700,408
.....
174,384 126,323 108,449 14,892 24,297 17,919
57,540
33,069
93,917
1,400 542
1,373 1,631
227 1,170
263,890 .... ............. 115,370,466 66,046.950 .... 29,794,507
304,896
1,583,123 1,480,830 117,265,100 12,635,004 103,158,305 776,680
49;93?;778
35,875,897 22,556,585 45,635 62,170 257,497 256,836 22,865,891 18,978,079 326,501
47,354,588 32,400,124 13,530,072 4,409 1,102 1,102 23,383,310 16,475,858 4,122,382
74,295 35,053 602,082 1,010,378
230,381 207,674 3,112:926 1,244,068
4,332 3,902 364
14,200 5,556 4,493
2,435
133.819 99,207
46,738 661 46,077 270,504
15,212 240,524
207,673
.....
............
..... .............. .......... ..............
................
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.. ..... ........ ............. ............... .............. ...............
....
............. ........... ............. .. ............
.................
................. ............ .... ............ ............ .......
........... ................. ............ ............ ....... ............... ..... .............. ....... .............. ......
~
1915
Lbs. CHEMICALS (Concluded) ! Potassium, etc. (Concluded): Sulfites, bisulfites, and h,yposulfites of calcium, sodium, a n d potassium. ......... Germany. Quinine s a l t s . . ............ Dutch E a s t Indies.. Germany. United States.. Salicylates, except those of alkaloids. Silver: hTitrate Salts, n. e. s . . Sodium: Borate (borax). United Kingdom.. Carbonate. France................ UnitedI Kingdom.. United S t a t e s . . Hydroxide (caustic soda) Impure. .............. United Kingdom.. United S t a t e s . . Pure.. Nitrate, refined. Ckermany Sulfate.. France, United Kingdom.. Tartar: Cream o f . . - Germany., Crude. Wine lees.. Thorium, cerium, a n d zirconium salts. . . . . . Austria-Hungary.. France. Tin: Oxide. Germany. United Kingdom.. Perchloride. Germany. United S t a t e s . . Salts, other.. Zinc: Oxide. Belgium., Germany. United S t a t e s . . Sulfate.. COAL-TARPRODUCTS: Aniline and its s a l t s . . Germany. United Kingdom.. Benzene, toluene, xylene.. Germany. United Kingdom.. United States.. Benzoic a c i d . . Carbolic acid.. Germany. United Kingdom.. Dyes: I-n d r v Form.. Germany.. Switzerland. United Kingdom.. I n paste or liquid.. Germany. United States.. Indigo, synthetic. Germany.. Switzerland. Naphthalene.
......... ............ ........... .............. ...... .......... ........... .......... .... ...... ............ ....... ......... ............. ............ .............
................
Saccharin United Kingdom., Salicylic acid. Germany. MEDICINALPREPARATIONS: Wines, sirups, elixirs. France. Pills, granu France. United Kingdom.. Other.. France. Germany United K United S t a t e s . . Medicinal products, n . e. s. France. United Kingdom.. Salts of mineral waters..
...... ............ .............. ...... . ................ ...... .................. .. .... .... . ... ......... ................ ...... ...
............... ...
Raw.. Palm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pean Othe
...
.....
1,206: i i 7 1 , 2 0 4 , 8 14
.....
.....
.....
109,885
..... ..... .....
772,500
..... 33,547,738
..... .....
I.oi5345o 16;236:600
..... ..... ... .....
32,408 845,693
..... ..... .....
220
2,205
6,577,204 1,596,130 2,114,873 1,200,846 1,764
4,040,150 38,582 1,393,748 1,399,480 220
915,139
1,350,758 1,168,658 61,950 1,422,200 1,274,050 44,313
97,002 24,471 67,019 1,467,837 440 1,034,850 425,712 6,834 974,213 8,598 886,690
384,927
.....
9,039 728,620 336,642 370,152 12,468,336 10,403,949 122,348 612,879 1,725,100 1,440,707 1,34s:995 1,248,465 98,546 49,604 45,636 100,090 456 317 100,090 95,459
.....
..... .....
1,308;544
.....
.. .. ......
11,905 587,090
..... .....
4,220,266 1,722,674 1,849,438 525,800 372,798 178,792 111,994 285,055 97,223 187,832
22,535,872
..... ..... 560
7,095 5?6
.....
362 21,826 10,803
146,385 104,499 267,638 122,134 83,334 751,328 323,855 204,146 144,842 7,937 659,837 148,370 354,279 87,083
60,847 46.738 190,477 92,813 46,738 692,244 289,464 53,131 157,629 1,459,886 112,655
41,888 8,803,718 597.010 388:2 3 4 ii,913;339 7,633,284 30,283,358
257,720 6,728,066 3,017,907 1,813,082
136,685 1,295,203 35,054
2,233 ;943 39,874,560
..... ..... ..... 137,348 ..... .....
217,817
3 ..... .....
61,729
.....
139,994 74,516
.....
183,645
..... .....
270,066
..... .....
..... .....
310,630
..... ..... .....
4,906,166 3,984,193 1,023,165 1,766,784
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
530
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Continued) 1913 1915 1918 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. OILS, VEGETABLE (Concluded) : Volatile : 4,230 2,612 2,505 6,184 4,242 161 12,350 Peppermint. 8,580 15,100 5 75 818 Rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 244.565 202,274 156.880 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAINTS, P I G M E N T SV , AR-
............
NISHES,
Black:
ETC.:
1,867,737 82,452 1.168.218 606; 045 175 266 182,760 129.851 1,078;93 1 107,805 807,104 4,516,123 361,554 3,410,516 320,990 125,442 ~
........... ...........
............ ........... ................
Germany. Color n. e. s . . FrLnce.
........... .............. ........ ...........
Indieo. natural. vargishes: 30,864 Alcoholic. Non-alcoholic, containing 2,096,795 mineral oil.. Germany.. 692,906 782,192 United Kingdom. . . . . . 204.587 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . 4,384,729 Other., 1,313,280 France., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 6 3 9 , 3 4 0 1,084,222 United Kingdom. OTHERALLIED PRODUCTS: Blacking and shoe polishes: I n boxes, vials, a n d t h e 2,108,039 like.. 1,344,586 Belgium.. 598,990 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,462 In other containers.. Candles : Paraffin, or of stearin combined with more 58,422 t h a n 30% of paraffin 35,274 Stearin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyeing extracts.. . . . . . . . . . 1,070,554 257,497 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351,634 United Kingdom.. 294,335 United S t a t e s . . Explosives : 5,512 Blasting powder.. 3,748 Gunpowder, for hunters.. 62,611 Other explosives.. 2,425 France.. United S t a t e s . . Fertilizers : 159,233,849 Chemical. 46,422,262 France.. Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,209,173 18,137.244 Greece.. 30,379,388 Tunis. 148,630,350 Chile saltpeter.. 116,795,600 Phosphate rock.. 262,916,688 Thomas slag.. Glucose : 515,220 Liquid 1,323 Solid. Glue: 3,384,757 Common, 23.589 Fish g l u e . . 363,542 Imitation. 5 12.574 Greases, lubricating. Gums and resins: 79,586 Camphor, refined. ....... 39,918,031 Rosin.. 2,713,422 France. 2,487,230 Greece, United S t a t e s . . 33,911,157 Other native gums a n d 982.600 resins.. 4,743,025 Gums and resins, n. e. s. Inks: 524,254 Printing. 160,715 France. 323,195 Germany. 790,129 Other. 295.638 France. 242,947 Germany. 44 1 Manna.. Perfumes: 411,600 Alcoholic. 200,398 France. 171,077 Germany. 583,117 Non-alcoholic France. 293,654 160.274 Germany. Petroleum jelly: 99,648 Natural.. 73,855 Germany.. United States. 20,282 141,535 Artificial. Germany.. 72,090 32,408 United Kingdom. United States.. 1,964
................ .....
.............. ............ ....
...
......
......... ....... ....... ............. ....... .............. ............. ............. ............... ........ ....... .......... ................. .................. .............. ............. ............ .......
................
............... .............. .......
.............. .
............... ...............
............ .................. ..............
............ .................
.............. ..............
............ ........... .............. ............ .............. ........... ........ .............. ........... ..... .......
2,186,743 1,468,264 3.307 835; 764 381,395 147,929 186,730 472,005 84,657 289,243 1,517,867 241,404 911,601 221,342 112.214
148,812 212,746
96,562
...... ....
747,367
..... ..... .....
9,921
27,778 725,760
498,019 265,435 212,965 32,849
42,549 9,480 4,332,259 1,551,377 1,000,227 1,631,183
.....
9,921 2,393.755 1,651,686 712,086
..... ..... .... .
I
.
............ ....
....... ........... ..... ............... .... ............ ..........
.... ..... .......
.....
43,652 18,298
...........
1,700,866 683,433 471,569 368,172
United States. . . . . . . . . Boric, refined.. . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom Carbonic, . . . . . . . . . Citric,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,258,839 778 232 100:972 486.119 29,321 53,672 8,818 119,050 5,726,725 331,795
.....
90,390 56,323,470 16,343,527 1 532 653 17 :783 :365 6,274,795 429,020 1,983,720 62,611
75,350:960
6,691,250 26,896
1,256,193 29,100 306,220 54,224
146,166 17,417 32,408 727 525
206,130 54,540,922 4,866,875 4,689,625 38,900,828
48,280 23,266,477
..... ..... .....
~
Tartaric. ...... France. United Kingdom. . . . . . United S t a t e s . Aluminum sulfate a n d com1.918.021 oound alums.. drium: Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate. 5 i6; i i 3 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . 46,958 1,764 United Kingdom. ..... Calcium: 24,332,858 Carbide. Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,438,140 16,265,704 United Kingdom 8,406,000 Citrate.. 2,103,650 France.. 1,946,240 United Kingdom. 2,561,110 United S t a t e s . . 1,904,794 21 806 15 1 1695 043
.............. ..........
................
............... ..... ........... .............
..... .......
1
Glycerol. . . . . . . . 578,493 3,284,446
281,087 163,58 I 70,768 306,439 124,118 64,815 3,748
..... ..... 130,073 ..... ..... .....
281,968 148,590 83,334 436,511 244,712 82,893
172,622
125,884
..... ..... ...... ....
229 942 ~
417,776
..... ..*.. 334.440 ..... ..... .....
18,921,390
88,184 50,044 30,644 71,508,406 411,158
10,582
..... .....
19,621
1
3 , 3 9 i io0
4,973 ; 6 i 8 4,842,894
..... .. .. .. .. .. .....
38,649:!%5
8,56i:6?3 60,426,543
1913 Lbs.
215,170
361,558
5,726,449 4,022,954 1,524,260 26,235 20,063 242,947 18.960 167,108 13,448 1,123,475 6,967,268
EXPORTS O F CHEMICALS A N D ALLIED PRODUCTS
..... .....
..... .....
1918 Lbs.
E X P O R T STATISTICS
CHEMICALS: Acids: Acetic, pure.
.....
1915 Lbs.
Details of Italy's chemical exports are shown in t h e following table, which, with the exception of t h e figures for sulfur, is also taken from t h e report of t h e Committee for t h e Chemical Industries:
'
1,355,826 44 1
36.596 66 1 44 1 18,739
.... ...............
.....
213,SjS; i k 6 51,076,474 220,462
218,255 ..... 126,102
..............
............... ..... ..............
.....
30,326,478 13,139,416 1,688,724 3,981,508 2,050,278 158,137,118 100,729,416 2,601,454
472.010 3,124,610
1913 Lbs. OTHERALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded) : Soap: Common. 12,541,528 11,378,381 France United Kingdom. 634,925 58,863 Glycerol. United Kingdom.. 24,030 Scented, 458,336 Germany. 197,973 162,259 United Kingdom.. 8,598 United S t a t e s . . 3.485.288 T a r , vegetable. Turpentine, spirits o f , 7 ; 640; 120 Waxes: 167,991 Ceresin, Austria-Hungary.. 97,224 69,004 Germany. 54,318,037 Paraffin, solid. Austria-Hungary.. 20,008,509 7,196,696 Russia, .............. 6,056,477 United Kingdom. United S t a t e s . . 18,717,495
265 I 877 .
No. 6
12,
IMPORTSOF CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded)
156.308
1,285,061 121,694 604,722 279.101 2,377,661 1,373,246 159,834 679,678
Vol.
Oxide,
2.775, I78
785 626 ................. 300 35 :204 :957
.......... .. ....... . ... ... .............
Lead carbonate. Magnesia, calcined, pure. Calcined, impure. France. United S Magnesium : Carbonate. Sulfate.. Mercuric salts, n. e. s.. Phosphorus, red and white. Potassium a n d sodium chlorates and perchlorates Potassium, sodium, and cal. cium chlorides (hypochlorites. United Kingdom.. Quinine salts.. Sodium carbonate.. Tartar : Cream of.. Australia. United Kingdom.
............... .....
............. ...... ............ ....... ............. ............ .....
196,859,545 191,140 465,837 483,915 2,273.627 590,618
1915 Lbs. 298,726 809,978 318,567 429,020 2,351,010 2,612,698
1918 Lbs. 141,316 275,357
.....
;
2 , 6 6 i 655
.....
181,220 1,665,590 246,918
1 , 6 52,029 61,844
421,303 230,825 716,723 15,568,160 2,468,295
2,142;Oio 2,2ii :si8
14,804,920 289,908 11,318,968 1,750,910 1,513,694 4,508,673 8,012,480 837,536 2 940,967 278,000 ~
..... .....
918,225
4 , 3 4 i ;Ai0
.....
.....
130,073
338.189
303 .R60 7,248;356 2,937,439 3,720,300
26.455 1,152.797
11,314,563 3,400,850 3,706,630 14,779,790 2,750,487 3,712,143 7,263,569 1,208,897 1,717,180 13.889 87,064 42,941,190 18,237,077 24,691,770 122,797 680,567 2,364,017 701,290
..... ..... 30,203 ..... 8,2jS:i07 ..... ...... .*..
7 18,486 526.464 705,479 44 1
97,849,517
..... .....
34,833 2,425 627,435 302.254
.....
1,544,779 662.269
79 366 40:785 20,282
1,131,192 54,013 126,325
298,285 1,764 12,346 1,361,133
49,163
47,620
13,665,35*
1,560,873
584,885 445,775 780 206.794
8S,195
59.935 741,635 767.208 31,306 601,420
3,208,828 1,438,075 1,169,993
1,333,135
.....
.....
.....
.....
280 55 336 ~
..... .....
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
June, 1920 EXPORTS OF
EXPORTS OB CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Cond u d e d )
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
CHEMICALS (Concluded) : T a r t a r (Concluded) : Crude. United Kingdom.. United States.. Wine lees.. Thorium, cerium, and zirconium salts.. Zinc oxide.. United Kingdom.. COAL-TAR PRODUCTS: Naubthalene OTHER PRODUCTS: Blacking and shoe polishes. Candles: Paraftin, and paraffin mixed with stearin. Argentina.. Germany. Stearin. Dyeing and tanning materials : Sumac, ground.. France. United Kingdom, United States.. Sumac, n o t ground.. Fertilizers. chemical. Austria-'Hungary Switzerland. Glue, common.. Ink: Printing. Other.. Manna. Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1913
1915
1918
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
18,286,460 ................. .... 3,714,127 8,772,192 ....... ............. 9,400,289 ......... 2,89j:??O .............. ...... 2,004,000 .............. 274,255
.......... ............ ................
........ .............. ..... ....... .... ...... ........ . ........... .......... ............. .............. ................ .. .. ..
................
Other.. Medicinal products. n.e.s. Oils, vegetable: Fixed' Castor oil.. Argentina.. Germany..
.......... ........
.........
17,409,682 15,011,715 4,583,630 10,488,270 5,270,149 2,29.?:893
.....
320 5,643,392 4,810,706
'
395,950
34,184,437 5,443,433 13,799,393 8,469,718 18,120,010 43,001,163 16,215,000 12,489,185 2,436,770
13,726 164,464
.....
661,387
102,074
265,657
13,448
4,807,400 11,273,777 761,697 1,700,866 ..... 6,808,535 84.657 545,424
531
119,931
..... .....
33,730
34,529,678 24,215,789 4,613,172 12,165,106 14,530,886 12,508,366 19,2ii:kiS 13,228 28,494,746 5,833,430 16,609,625 4,217,663 3,394:457
.....
.....
....
20,062 122,356 770,736 183,204 78.485 87,964
194,668 150,575 509,268 142,860 66,800 66,139
19,621 473,332 453,932
332,898 43,652 2,474,468 425,050
184,086 135,584 1,245,390 134,702
135,364 69,887 523,156 109,570
1,169,552 221,785 4,409
672,189 247,579 77,162
207,675
.. .. ...... .....
OTHER PRODUCTS (Concluded): Oils, vegetable (Conclrtded) : Volatile or essential: Bergamot. France. United States.. Essences of citrus fruits, n.e.s Lemon.. Germany. United Kingdom.. United States.. Mandarin. Orange. United Kingdom.. United States.. Peppermint. Other. Paints, pigments, colors, varnishes : Colors, n. e. s . . Varnishes, non-alcoholic. Soap: Common. Austria-Hungary Germany. United States. Scented.
1915
1918
Lbs.
Lbs.
........... ............ .....
139,096 62,335 22,130
232,704 85 650 57:461
1,811,778
.............. ............. ..........
2,639 1,007,303 232,169 101,175
935 1,640,263 61,848 591,568
2,747 3,592,961
426,186 2,013 106,050 23,913 26,193 49.152 31;495
562,770 2,661 155,805 28,786 47,384 50.353 38;387
1,871.724 586,650
2,666,930 428,800
2,498 940 533:Oi7
6,808,976 23,180,276 106,704 4,776,314 12,346 11,496,444 2,371,512 2,307,798 5,639,423 315,702 1913 1915
869,944
.. ..... ........... .............. .. ..... .......... ...............
.........
.............. ...... ............ ........ ...............
Metric tons Sulfur: Crude, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refined Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flowers of sulfur.. Total exports.. Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . Austria-Hungary.. British South Africa. , France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia. Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. , , , United States..
................ ......
......... .... .
..............
..... .....
1913 Lbs.
..
.......
212,143 49,375 85,427 4,394 35 1,339 13,447 40,981 13,761 76,036 38,979 14,190 14,777 25,352 19,541 16,465 1,028
..... .....
..... ..... .....
4,766 689,650
..... .....
21 684 51:275
.....
..... .....
54,454 19!8
Metric tons Metric tons
190,459 28,802 65 459 9,188 293,908 358 16,162 9,821 99,090 26,378 19,109 12,779 2,791 17,992 36.880 1,845 I
..... .....
.....
..... .....
..... ..... .....
.....
ORIGINAL P A P E R S ON THE ABSORPTION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN BY NITRIC ACID By Eric I(. Rideal UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,URBANA, ILLINOIS Received December 8, 1919
I A-TR 0 D U C T I 0 N
A number of researches] have been published dealing with t h e mechanism of t h e absorption of nitrogen dioxide by water or b y dilute nitric acid. Perfect unanimity of opinion based on t h e results of experiments conducted under varying conditions has, howno been arrived at, nor has it been found possible t o explain the phenomena Occurring in nitric acid condensing towers as operated under technical conditions. The following series of experimen'b was undertaken to investigate in more detail t h e mechanism of absorption under conditions approximating those which actually obtain in practice, with a view t o gaining information on the Optimum conditions Of absorption by water and nitric acid of various concentrations, SO as t o explain 1 In a recent communication on t h e theory of absorption towers for nitric acid manufacture, Partington and Parker ( J . SOC.Chem. Itad., Sa (1919), 75), with t h e permission of t h e British Munitions and Inventions Board, have translated into technical figures certain d a t a which were derived by t h e writer from experimental a n d , theoretical considerations W. R. Bousfield (J. Chem. Soc , 116 (1919), 45) has likewise made use of the hypothesis then privately advanced t o explain certain peculiarities in this series of t h e reactions. It consequently appears desirable t o record t h e experimental work on which t h e above-mentioned d a t a have been founalea,
t h e mechanism of operation and render t h e scientific design of absorption towers possible. The experiments of Foerster a n d Koch' have indicated t h a t the primary reaction between nitrogen dioxide a n d water can be expressed by means of the reversible equation
+
+
2NOz H20 HNOz "03, (1) a view which was confirmed b y Briner a n d Durand.2 This reaction, however, does not Seem to explain t h e whole phenomenon of the absorption process, since it is found by experiment +,hat equivalent quantities of nitrous acid are not obtained in nitric acid produced either in t h e laboratory or in absorption towers b y t h e passage of nitrogen dioxide i n t o water. To account for this deficiency in nitrous acid two theories have been advanced, the theory of volatilization by Foerster a n d Koch, and the view advanced by SaposhnikoffS and by Lewis and that the removal is effected by secondary decomposition^ Since nitrous acid is appreciably volatile than nitric acid, Foerster a n d Koch assumed t h a t its removal by ,.he air current, Under these conditions t h e equilibrium resulting from Equation I is disturbed and strong so'utions Of nitric acid can be obtained. T h a t a limit is set t o is t h e strength of nitric acid obtainable in this 12.
angcv. Chem., 21 (1908), 2161.
* Comfit. rend., 156 (19121,582, 1445. 8
4
J. R U S S . Chem. SOC., aa (igoi), 375;as (I~oI),506. J . A m . Chem SOL, 2 (1901). 1330;sa (1911).292.
