The Umami Taste - ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)

2 The Umami Taste

Downloaded by UCSF LIB CKM RSCS MGMT on November 30, 2014 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: December 14, 1979 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1979-0115.ch002

SHIZUKO YAMAGUCHI Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan

The characteristic taste of monosodium glutamate and 5'-ribo nucleotides is called "umami" in Japanese. It plays a predominant role in the flavor of foods, such as meats, poultry, fish and other sea foods, dairy products, or vegetables. The taste was first discovered by Ikeda (1908) (1), and has been studied by a large number of researchers from different points of view (refer to, e.g. 2-9). We have systematically investigated the umami taste using psychometric procedures. In this paper, a part of our studies will be outlined. Umami Substances Most typical umami substances are divided into two series of compounds. One is a group of L-α-amino acids represented by mono sodium glutamate (MSG) (Table I) (10-15), and another is that including 5'-ribonucleotides and their derivatives, represented by disodium 5'-inosinate (IMP) or disodium 5'-guanylate (GMP) (Table II) (16, 17, 18, 19). The latter group of substances have only very Table I. Umami Substances Related to MSG R e l a t i v e umami i n t e n s i t y Monosodium L-glutamate H 0 Monosodium DL-iforeo-P-hydroxy glutamate H 0 Monosodium DL-homocystate H 0 Monosodium L - a s p a r t a t e H 0 Monosodium L-a-amino a d i p a t e H 0 L-Tricholomic a c i d (erythro form) L-Ibotenic a c i d

1 0.86

2

2

2

2

2

a

a

0.77 0.077 0.098 5-30 5-30

Table from Yamaguchi et al. (38). From T e r a s a k i et al. (14, 15). a

0-8412-0526-4/79/47-115-033$05.00/0 © 1979 American Chemical Society In Food Taste Chemistry; Boudreau, J.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.

34

FOOD TASTE CHEMISTRY

Table I I . Umami Substances R e l a t e d t o IMP , ^ Substance (Disodium s a l t ) /TV

1f

R e l a t i v e potency ^ i

N

o

1

5 -Inosinate.7.5H20 5'-Guanylate.7H 0 5'-Xanthylate.3H 0 5'-Adenylate Deoxy 5'-guanylate.3H2O 2-Methyl-5 -inosinate.6H2O 2-Ethyl-5 -inosinate.1.5H 0 2-Phenyl-5'-inosinate.3H20 2-Methylthio-5'-inosinate.6H2O 2-Ethylthio-5 -inosinate.2H2O 2-Ethoxyethylthio-5'-inosinate 2-Ethoxycarbonylethylthio-5 -inosinate 2-Furfurylthio-5 -inosinate.H2O 2-Tetrahydrofurfurylthio-5 -inosinate.H2O 2 - I s o p e n t e n y l t h i o - 5 - i n o s i n a t e (Ca) 2-(3-Methallyl)thio-5 -inosinate 2-(Y-Methallyl)thio-5 -inosinate 2-Methoxy-5'-inosinate.H2O 2-Ethoxy-5'-inosinate 2-i-Propoxy-5 -inosinate 2-n-Propoxy-5'-inosinate 2 - A l l y l o x y - 5 - i n o s i n a t e (Ca) O.5H2O 2-Chloro-5 -inosinate.1.5H2O N -Methyl-5 -guanylate.5.5H 0 N , N -Dimethyl-5'-guanylate.2.5H2O N ^ M e t h y l - S ' - i n o s i n a t e . H2O Ν -Methy1-5'-guanylate.H2O Ν -Methy1-2-methy11hio-5'-ino s i n a t e 6-Chloropurine r i b o s i d e 5'-phosphate.H2O 6-Mercaptopurine r i b o s i d e 5'-phosphate.6H2O 2-Methyl-6-mercaptopurine r i b o s i d e 5'-phosphate. H2O 2-Methylthio-6-mercaptopurine r i b o s i d e 5'phosphate.2.5H2O 2',3'-0-Isopropylidene 5 ' - i n o s i n a t e 2',3'-0-Isopropylidene 5'-guanylate 2

2


1

1

2

a

1

a

f

f

a

a

l

a

l

a

f

a

f

a

a

1

a

a

t

a

1

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

u m a m

1 2.3 0.61 0.18 0.62 2.3 2.3 3.6 8.0 7.5 13 12 17 8 11 10 11 4.2 (3.7) 4.9 4.5 2 6.5 3.1 2.3 2.4 0.74 1.3 8.4 2 3.4 8 7.9 0.21 0,35

From Yamaguchi et al. (38). From Imami et al. (19). a

In Food Taste Chemistry; Boudreau, J.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.

2. YAMAGucHi

The Umami Taste

35

weak tastes. It is notable, however, that they synergistically increase the umami of the former substances (17, 20). In addition to these two groups, some peptides have been reported to have tastes similar to MSG (21, 22). Some researchers regard the taste of succinic acid (23, 24) or theanine (25) as umami, although their taste qualities are considerably different from that of MSG.


Fundamental Taste P r o p e r t i e s o f Umami Threshold Value. The t h r e s h o l d values of umami and the other four t a s t e substances have been reported by many researchers (e.g. 1 26, 27, 28, 29). However, because o f the measurement c o n d i t i o n s are d i f f e r e n t , p r e c i s e comparisons w i t h one another a r e d i f f i c u l t . We have measured the d e t e c t i o n thresholds o f MSG and the four t a s t e substances simultaneously as c a r e f u l l y as p o s s i b l e , u s i n g a s i n g l e panel under i d e n t i c a l experimental c o n d i t i o n s , 30). The panel was composed o f 30 l a b o r a t o r y members between the ages o f 20 and 40. T r i a n g l e t e s t s were used, where each t r i a n g l e c o n s i s t e d o f two samples of pure water and one sample of a t e s t s o l u t i o n . The p a n e l i s t s were asked t o s e l e c t the odd sample. A s e r i e s o f t r i a d s were presented i n descending order. The lowest c o n c e n t r a t i o n which could be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d from pure water was obtained f o r each t e s t substance (Table I I I ) . Table I I I . MSG

Detection Sucrose

0.012

0.086

Concentrations

Thresholds f o r F i v e Taste Subsatnces (n = 30) Quinine Tartaric Sodium sulfate acid chloride 0.0037

given as g/100ml.

0.00094

0.000049

From Yamaguchi and Kimizuka(9).

The d e t e c t i o n t h r e s h o l d f o r MSG was as low as 0.012 g/100ml or 6.25 χ 1 0 " % . I t was higher than that o f quinine s u l f a t e o r t a r t a r i c a c i d , lower than t h a t of sucrose and almost the same as that of sodium c h l o r i d e i n the molar c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Some umami substances have lower t h r e s h o l d s than that of MSG. S u b j e c t i v e I n t e n s i t y Scale f o r Umami. Thresholds do not always express the r e l a t i v e potency o f d i f f e r e n t t a s t e s t i m u l i , because the i n t e n s i t y o f t a s t e does not increase w i t h concentra t i o n i n the same manner f o r each substance. Several kinds o f t a s t e i n t e n s i t y s c a l e s have been e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the four t a s t e s . T y p i c a l examples a r e the gust s c a l e by Beebe-Center (31) and the τ s c a l e by Indow (32). I n order t o deal w i t h the umami on the same b a s i s w i t h the four t a s t e s , we newly e s t a b l i s h e d a new s u b j e c t i v e t a s t e i n t e n s i t y s c a l e f o r umami as w e l l as f o r the four t a s t e s (9, 30). S i x s o l u t i o n s f o r each o f the f i v e t a s t e substances were prepared. The t a s t e i n t e n s i t y o f


36


each s o l u t i o n was r a t e d by the 30 panel members. The p a n e l i s t s kept 10 ml of the sample i n t h e i r mouths f o r 10 seconds. Then they were asked to assess the i n t e n s i t y of the t a s t e on a 100 p o i n t s c a l e w i t h 0 being no d i s c e r n i b l e t a s t e and 100 the h i g h e s t i n t e n s i t y . The p a n e l i s t s r a t e d a l l the samples twice. The r e s u l t s are shown i n Figure 1 using mean v a l u e s of a t o t a l of 60 ratings. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between the c o n c e n t r a t i o n and the perceived t a s t e i n t e n s i t y of MSG was l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y l i n e a r l i k e those of the four common t a s t e s , although the slope f o r MSG was somewhat l e s s steep than the others. I t means that Weber-Fechner s law holds f o r a l l of the f i v e t a s t e substances. The r e l a t i o n of the t a s t e i n t e n s i t y (S) to the c o n c e n t r a t i o n (x) can be expressed by


1

S =

α log

2

(x/3),

where α represents the increase of t a s t e i n t e n s i t y by doubled con c e n t r a t i o n and, 3, the c o n c e n t r a t i o n at the p o i n t of i n t e r s e c t i o n of the e x t r a p o l a t e d l i n e w i t h the c o n c e n t r a t i o n a x i s , seen i n Figure 1. This equation was a p p l i e d to the f i v e t a s t e substances and the r e s u l t s were: MSG

S

M

=

9.69

log

2

(x

M

/0.0195),

Sucrose

S

s

= 14.98

log

2

(x

s

/0.873),

Sodium c h l o r i d e

S

s c

= 15.50

log

2

(x /0.0943),

Tartaric acid

S

T

= 14.45

log

2

(χ

Quinine s u l f a t e

SQ

= 14.16

log

2

(XQ /0.000169),

sc

τ

/0.00296),

where χ i s given i n terms of g/100 ml. In t h i s experiment, only the i n t e n s i t y of t a s t e was r a t e d and the q u a l i t y of t a s t e was d i s r e g a r d e d . Consequently, the same v a l u e of S i n the above mentioned equations represents the same i n t e s n i t y of t a s t e . Beebe-Center defined the u n i t of t a s t e i n t e n s i t y as gust. One gust means the t a s t e i n t e n s i t y of 1% sucrose s o l u t i o n . However, the gust s c a l e i s not always convenient be cause i t does not d e f i n e the upper l i m i t of the s c a l e . In our s c a l e , the u n i t of S was adjusted so that the v a l u e of S i s zero at the c o n c e n t r a t i o n β and 100 at the saturated sucrose c o n c e n t r a t i o n at 20°C (89.27g/100ml). I n t e r a c t i o n s between Umami and the Four Tastes. Interaction of t a s t e s i s another important problem i n the study of phenomena of t a s t e s . In order to examine the e f f e c t of umami on the four common t a s t e s , the i n f l u e n c e of MSG on the thresholds of the four t a s t e s has been examined by s e v e r a l researchers (27, 28, 33), but the r e s u l t s are c o n f l i c t i n g . In order to c l a r i f y the i s s u e , the thresholds of the four t a s t e substances were measured again i n 5mM


2.

YAMAGucHi

37

The Umami Taste

s o l u t i o n of MSG o r IMP (9, 30). The panel and experimental cond i t i o n s were e x a c t l y the same as that i n the aforementioned experiment. The d e t e c t i o n t h r e s h o l d of q u i n i n e s u l f a t e was s l i g h t l y r a i s e d by the presence o f 5mM of IMP. The t h r e s h o l d o f t a r t a r i c a c i d was c o n s i d e r a b l y r a i s e d by both umami substances, no doubt because o f the change i n pH. No e f f e c t was observed on the t h r e sholds o f sucrose and sodium c h l o r i d e (Table I I I and I V ) .


Table IV.

D e t e c t i o n Thresholds f o r the Four Taste Substances i n S o l u t i o n of Umami Substance (n = 30) Quinine Tartaric Sodium Sucrose Base s o l u t i o n sulfate acid chloride

0.094g/100 ml MSG

a

0.086

0.0037

0.0019

0.000049

0.26g/100 ml

a

0.086

0.0037

0.03

0.0004

IMP

Concentrations g i v e n as g/100ml. 5mM. From Yamaguchi and Kimizuka ( 9 ) .

a

The S y n e r g i s t i c E f f e c t s o f Umami Substances Q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f the s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t . When f r u c tose and sucrose are mixed together, the sweetness of the mixture becomes s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r than the sum of the sweetness o f the separate substances (34). Such phenomenon i s c a l l e d the s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t . A c l e a r and p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n o f the s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t along w i t h s e v e r a l n u m e r i c a l l y t r e a t e d examples has been presented elsewhere (34). The magnitude o f the s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t between the two groups o f umami substances i s u n p a r a l l e l e d . F i g u r e 2 shows the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the i n t e n s i t y of umami and the p r o p o r t i o n of IMP i n the mixture of MSG and IMP (35). The t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n was kept constant a t 0.05 g/100ml and the p r o p o r t i o n of IMP was v a r i e d from 0 t o 100%. Since the umami i n t e n s i t i e s of the samples on both extremes are very weak and almost the same, the curve would have proven to be h o r i z o n t a l l y l i n e a r i f the s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t had been absent. The symmeLric curve i l l u s t r a t e s the remarkable s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t . I n t h i s curve, t h e i n t e n s i t y of umami at i t s maximum i s e q u i v a l e n t t o that o f 0.78g/ 100 ml of MSG alone. The mixture i s 16 times as s t r o n g as that o f MSG. This a m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r i s concentration-dependent, and becomes higher w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t between MSG and IMP can be expressed by means of the f o l l o w i n g simple equation: y = u + 1200 uv

(1)




876

M S G + I M P : 0.05g/ml

5 4

3 2 1 1

10

,

20

,

30

,

40

,

50

,

60

,

70

,

80

,

90

5

100

{%)

Proportion of IMP Journal of Food Science

Figure 2.

Refotionship between umami intensity and mixing ratio of MSG and IMP (35)


2.

YAMAGucHi

The

Umami Taste

39

where u and ν are the r e s p e c t i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of MSG and IMP i n the mixture and y i s the equi-umami c o n c e n t r a t i o n of MSG a l o n e ( 3 5 ) . The s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t can be demonstrated between any conb i n a t i o n of substances i n Table I and Table I I ; and the i n t e n s i t y of umami can a l s o be expressed by an equation e s s e n t i a l l y equal to e q u a t i o n (1) (36, 37, 3*0 . The i n t e n s i t i e s of a l l substances i n Table I are always p r o p o r t i o n a l to that of MSG. Therefore, u'g/ 100ml of any substance i n Table I i s r e p l a c e a b l e w i t h cru g/100ml of MSG. The constant α f o r each substance i s l i s t e d i n Table I . On the other hand, the t a s t i n g a c t i v i t i e s of a l l n u c l e o t i d e s i n Table I I are c o n s i s t e n t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to that of IMP. Hence, v'g/lOOml of any n u c l e o t i d e i s r e p l a c e a b l e w i t h 3v g/100ml of IMP. The constant 3 f o r each n u c l e o t i d e i s l i s t e d i n Table I I . Therefore, the umami i n t e n s i t y of the mixture of any combination of substances i n Table I and Table I I can be c a l c u l a t e d by s u b s t i t u t i n g 0) Ο

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Whole aroma Meaty aroma Aroma d e r i v e d from(...) Whole aroma Meaty f l a v o r F l a v o r d e r i v e d from(...) F l a v o r of s p i c e Whole t a s t e Salty taste Salty taste Sweet t a s t e Sour t a s t e B i t t e r taste Meaty t a s t e Taste d r i v e d from(...) Oily or f a t t y Foreign f l a v o r Contimuity Simple Watery Mouthfullness Development Flat Light Poor Thin Harsh Crude Balance Punch Unfavorable Palatability

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 1 /

CeO (0

rH

4J CO

rH CO

rH CO

-2 -1 weak · • weak 1 weak ι 1 bad ι 1 weak * 1 weak · 1 weak » 1 weak » 1 weak 1 rough ι 1 weak ι 1 weak ι 1 weak ι 1 weak ι 1 weak ι 1 weak ι • weak ι 1 short « 1 1

1

1ι 1 weak * / narrow ι ι 1 I I I

ι / bad ι / weak ι ι I bad ι

11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

0 1ι 1ι 1ι 1ι 1ι 1 1 1 1 » 1 1 » » » * ^ *

rH 4-1

43 00 •H rH CO

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

l· * \

• ν

h V V r

h τ

Η ν r

rH

c

•H CO 4J u

ο 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 1 y

strong strong strong good strong strong strong strong strong smooth strong strong strong strong strong strong strong long Compl< Concei strong broad Body Heavy Rich Thick Mild Aged good strong Tasty good Raven Press

Figure 3.

Evaluation sheet for flavor profile test (9)


The Umami Taste

YAMAGucHi

B E E F CONSOMME +0.05%MSG 1


I .

0

+1

+0.2%MSG 0

+ 1

+ B e e f broth (twice) 0

+1 evaluation

AROMA Whole

+ 2 score

aroma

Meaty Vagetable-like Acceptability II . B A S I C

TASTE

Whole taste Salty Sweet Sour Bitter III . F L A V O R

CHARACTER

Continuity Mouthfullness Impact Mildness Thickness IV.

OTHER

FLAVOR

Spicy Oily Meaty Vegetable-like V.

WHOLE

PREFERENCE

Palatabilitv 1

+ 1

0

+1

+ 1

+

2

Raven Press

Figure 4.

Effects of MSG and beef broth on flavor of beef consommé (9)


46


BKKF NaCl.

1.2%for0.8% + 1

NaCl, \ 2

0.8%for0.2% 0

+1

+ 2


0

CONSOMME

+ 2

Raven Press Figure 5.

Effect of NaCl on flavor of beef consommé (9)


2.

YAMAGUCHI

The Umami Taste

47


0.8 g/100ml enhanced p a l a t a b i l i t y and increased the f l a v o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n t i n u i t y , mouth f u l l n e s s , impact, and so on (Figure 5 ) . In comparing t h e d i f f e r e n t sucrose contents of bavarian cream between 5% and 10%, the l a t t e r e l i c i t e d l a r g e r e v a l u a t i o n scores of c o n t i n u i t y , mouth f u l l n e s s , impact, mildness and t h i c k n e s s , as w e l l as increased sweetness (Figure 6 ) . Thus, i n some cases, both NaCl and sugar not only i n c r e a s e t h e i r i n t r i n s i c t a s t e s , but a l s o enhance the f l a v o r c h a r a c t o r measures. Preference of Food and Content of Umami Substnces. I n order t o show the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the preference of food and i t s content of umami substances, the v a l u e of y i n equation (1) was c a l c u l a t e d s u b s t i t u t i n g u and ν by the v a l u e s of chemical a n a l y s i s f o r glutamate and n u c l e o t i d e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , of each food presented i n the f l a v o r p r o f i l e t e s t s . A p a r t of the r e s u l t s i s shown i n Table V I I I . The y v a l u e of beef consomme w i t h no a d d i t i o n a l MSG was 0.15. By i n c r e a s i n g beef b r o t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n , the y v a l u e increased t o 0.59 w i t h a preference score of 0.80. The a d d i t i o n of 0.05g/100ml MSG t o the beef consomme increased the y v a l u e t o 0.91 by the s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t of both IMP and GMP, which were contained n a t u r a l l y i n the food i t s e l f , and gave 0.85 of the preference score. The a d d i t i o n of a s m a l l amount of MSG gave a l a r g e y v a l u e t o t h i s food, as d i d the i n c r e a s e of beef b r o t h concentra t i o n , and increased the preference score. The c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p was observed between the preference of food and the content of umami substances, i n terms of the y v a l u e , whether they a r e added i n t e n t i o n a l l y t o food o r contained n a t u r a l l y i n food. R e l a t i o n s h i p between P a l a t a b i l i t y and Umami. Yamanaka et ai. (40) c o l l e c t e d words expressing " p a l a t a b i l i t y " . They d i d t h i s by a s k i n g people t o w r i t e down t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n of p a l a t a b i l i t y , e x c l u d i n g appearance, aroma and t e x t u r e . From the t o t a l of 1900 expressions obtained, 38 of them were s e l e c t e d as important. The s i m i l a l i t y between each p a i r of the expressions was measured on a 5-point s c a l e u s i n g a mass p a n e l . The data obtained were analyzed by p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s and c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s . As a r e s u l t , concrete expressions of p a l a t a b i l i t y were c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f i v e groups: (1) F u l l o f body, concentrated, broad development, m i l d , aged, etc. (2) Sharp, hot, s p i c y , pungent, e t c . (3) R e f r e s h i n g , c o o l , c l e a r , e t c . (4) O i l y , f a t t y , greasy, e t c . (5) R e f i n e d , h i g h grade, modern, e t c . Apart from t h e Group 5, our study demonstrated t h a t the umami substances c o n t r i b u t e mainly t o the Group 1.

American Chemical Society Library 1155 16th St. N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 In Food Taste Chemistry; Boudreau, J.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.


BAVARIAN C R E A M Sugar,10%for 5 % -


I .

1

AROMA Whole

0

+1

+2

evaluation

score

+1

+

aroma

Egg-like Milky Acceptability II .

BASIC

TASTE

Whole

taste

Salty Sweet Sour Bitter III.

FLAVOR

CHARACTER

Continuity Mouthfullness Impact M ildness Thickness IV.

OTHER

FLAVOR

Spicy Oily Egg-like Milky \

.

WHOLE

PREFERENCE

Palatability

1 -

1

2

Raven Press Figure 6.

Effect of sugar on flavor of bavarian cream (9)


In Food Taste Chemistry; Boudreau, J.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979. 9 9

0.074

9 9

n.d.

/ 9

9 9

n.d.

0.011 0.012 0.122

9 9

n.d.

9 9

0.0003 n.d. 0.0006

9 9

0.0005 0.0006 0.0001 0.0002

0.07

9 9

0.02 0.01 0.32

9 9

0.31 0.05 0.02 0.06

9 9

9 9

9 9

9 9

0.0097 0.0023 0.0014 0.0005

9 9

9 9

9 9

0.023 0.010 0.008 0.026

9 9

9 9

9 9

9 9

9 9

/ 9

0.15

9 9

9 9

0.0002

(%)

GMP

/ 9

0.0113

(%)

(%)

0.010

IMP

MSG

Chemical a n a l y s i s

C o n t r o l (A)

Γ

%

0.05 0.17 0.18 0.05

-

0.05 0.10 0.20 0.40

Chicken b r o t h MSG 0.18 0.50 9 9 0.30 9 9 Chicken b r o t h MSG 0.30

9 9

/ /

MSG

9 9

9 9

/ 9

Beef b r o t h MSG

Ο

(g/lOOml,

Additional

Test sample (B)

1.01 0.83 0.63 0.16 0.21 0.30 0.51 1.11 0.92 0.37

0.59 0.91 1.67 3.19 6.08

R e l a t i o n s h i p between y Value and P a l a t a b i l i t y of Food

From Yamaguchi and Kimizuka ( 9 ) .

Japanese miso soup

Vichyssios Onion soup Cream of tomato soup

Chicken consommé Cream of c h i c k e n soup Chicken noodle soup Cream of v e g e t a b l e soup

Beef consomme

Item

Table V I I I .


Raven Press

0.54 0.85 0.87 0.49 0.71 0.58 0.85 0.17 0.08 0.56

0.80 0.85 0.62 0.67 0.03

S c o r e

Preference

Β to A

D i f f e r e n c e of

50


In t h i s work, we have c l a r i f i e d psychometric a l l y both the fundamental t a s t e p r o p e r t i e s of umami i n i t s e l f and i t s f l a v o r e f f e c t s on foods. Umami i s a kind of t a s t e q u a l i t y d i f f e r e n t from the t r a d i t i o n a l f o u r t a s t e s . Umami substances added to food i n c r e a s e not only t h e i r own t a s t e , "umami", but a l s o the f l a v o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s such as c o n t i n u i t y , mouth f u l l n e s s , impact, mildness and t h i c k n e s s . Thus they i n c r e a s e the p a l a t a b i l i t y of foods.


Acknowledgement The auther wishes to express her a p p r e c i a t i o n t o Drs. J . Kirimura, Y. Komata and A. Kimizuka f o r t h e i r c o n t i n u i n g guidance and encouragement. The author i s a l s o g r a t e f u l to D r s . J.C. Boudreau and Y. S u g i t a f o r t h e i r c r i t i c a l reading of the manuscript.

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RECEIVED

August 7, 1979.


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