lengths. This will permit the mea surement of a strong line for a short integration time, while allowing weaker lines to accumulate for longer periods. In flame emission where fewer lines are emitted, the analyst's choice of lines of varying sensitivity is restricted. The ability to vary the in tegration time for different lines per mits the analysis of samples for ele ments present in widely different amounts without dilution. Comparison with Other Multiele ment Techniques. As mentioned ear lier, a number of alternative mul tielement trace techniques have been used with considerable success. Table VI compares these techniques with regard to scope, analysis time, sample type, and precision. At the present time, relatively few applications of multielement flame spectroscopy to real problems have been reported as seen in Table V. In fact, almost all of the studies have been concerned with the behavior of a limited number of elements in a few systems. To proper ly assess the multielement analytical potential of flame spectroscopy will require additional research. Consider ations of importance include speed of analysis, dynamic range and lineari ty, sensitivity, scope, sample type and size, simplicity of operation, and finally, cost. Further Work. It is hoped that this review has served to highlight the previous efforts toward the develop ment of multielement flame spec trometry and to emphasize that more research is needed in this area. Although this review is confined to flame techniques, recent advances with flame-like plasmas (2, 60) showed that these high-temperature plasmas have the ability to excite a wide variety of elements with high sensitivity. Analyte solutions are as pirated into these plasmas with the same convenience as the flame. Fur ther development of these nonflame emission sources may eventually lead to the displacement of the flame in emission analysis. Other areas of future work include research on the development of new multielement primary light sources, including tunable lasers. More sensi tive and comprehensive detectors along the lines of the vidicon tube are needed. In addition, hybrid AE and AF instruments are needed to extend the scope of multielement flame spectrometry. Finally, multielement flame spec trometry has the potential for simple, rapid, inexpensive methods, which are easily amenable to automation. Analytical development of such methods will find application to a va riety of samples, including clinical, metallurgical, and environmental samples.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Marc Feldman for assistance in the literature search. References (1) Ε. Ε. Pickett and S. R. Koirtyohann, Anal. Chem., 41 (14), 28A (1969). (2) P. W. J. M. Boumans and F. J. DeBoer, Spectrochim. Acta, 27B, 391 (1972). (3) G. F. Kirkbright and S. Vetter, ibid., 26B, 505(1971). (4) V. A. Fassel and D. W. Golightly, Anal. Chem., 39, 466 (1967). (5) A. P. D'Silva, R. N. Kniseley, and V. A. Fassel, ibid., 36, 1287 (1964). (6) R. N. Kniseley, A. P. D'Silva, and V. A. Fassel, ibid., 35, 910 (1963). (7) C.Veillon, J.M.Mansfield, M . L . Parsons, and J. D. Winefordner, ibid., 38, 204 (1966). (8) R. Smith, C. M. Stafford, and J. D. Winefordner, Anal. Chim. Acta, 42, 523 (1968). (9) G. F. Kirkbright and T. S. West, Appl. Opt., 7, 1305 (1968). (10) P. J. Slevin, V. I. Muscat, and T. J. Vickers, Appl. Spectrosc, 26, 296 (1972). (11) A. Walsh, Spectrochim. Acta, 7, 108 (1955). (12) R. Mavrodineanu and R. C. Hughes, Appl. Opt., 7, 128 (1968). (13) H. Massman, Z. Instrum., 71, 225 (1963). (14) A. Strasheim and L. R. P. Butler, Appl. Spectrosc, 16, 109 (1962). (15) L. R. P. Butler and A. Strasheim, Spectrochim. Acta, 21, 1207 (1965). (16) A. Strasheim and H. G. C. Human, ibid., 23B, 265(1968). (17) V. A. Fassel, V. G. Mossotti, W. E. L. Grossman, and R. N. Kniseley, ibid., 22,347(1966). (18) J. H. Gibson, W. E. L. Grossman, and W. D. Cooke, Appl. Spectrosc, 16, 47 (1962). (19) L. DeGalan, W. W. McGee, and J. D. Winefordner, Anal. Chim. Acta, 37, 436 (1967). (20) W. W. McGee and J. D. Winefordner, ibid., ρ 429. (21) G. Β. Marshall and T. S. West, ibid., 51,179(1970). (22) A. Fulton, K. C. Thompson, and T. S. West, ibid., ρ 373. (23) J. D. Norris and T. S. West, ibid., 55, 359 (1971). (24) M. S. Cresser and T. S. West, ibid., 51,530(1970). (25) B. M. Patel, R. F. Browner, and J. D. Winefordner, Anal. Chem., 44, 2272 (1972). (26) D. G. Mitchell and A. Johansson, Spectrochim. Acta, 25B, 175 (1970). (27) D. G. Mitchell and A. Johansson, ibid., 26B, 677 (1971). (28) E. Cordos and H. V. Malmstadt, Anal. Chem., 45, 27 (1973). (29) A. M. Harris and J. H. Jackson, J. Phvs. E: Sci. Instrum., 3, 374 (1970). (30) H. A. Kruegle and S. A. Dolin, Appl. Opt., 8, 2107 (1969). (31) G. H. Dieke and H. M. Crosswhite, J. Opt. Soc Amer., 35, 471 (1945). (32) J. L. Dye and L. H. Feldman, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 37, 154 (1966). (33) R. K. Brehm and V. A. Fassel, J. Opt. Soc Amer., 43, 886 (1953). (34) J. B. Dawson, D. J. Ellis, and R. Milner, Spectrochim. Acta, 23B, 695 (1968). (35) H. V. Malmstadt and E. Cordos, Amer. Lab., 4, 35 (1972). (36) Ε. Cordos and Η. V. Malmstadt, Anal. Chem., 45, 425 (1973). (37) P. T. Farnsworth, J. Franklin Inst., 218,411(1934). (38) R. A. Harber and G. E. Sonnek, Appl. Opt., 5, 1039(1966).
"**
efficiency
Separation Materials for High Speed Liquid Chromatography " ADSORBENT REVERSE PHASE POLAR BONDED PHASE A N I O N EXCHANGE CATION EXCHANGE All Vydachigh efficiency Materials feature: -
Separation
Solid Core Chemically bonded thru Si-C Bond Spheroidal particle shape Thermally and hydrolytically stable Compatible with both aqueous and organic solvents Very simply dry packed
NEW! Vydac Kits Each KIT contains 7-gram vials of Vydac sep aration materials (enough to pack a 2 mm. χ 1,000 mm. column). KIT 1 ($67)
Adsorbent, Reverse Phase
KIT 2 ($97)
Anion Exchange Cation Exchange
KIT 3 ($157)
Adsorbent, Reverse Phase Anion Exchange Cation Exchange
KIT 4A ($107)
Adsorbent, Reverse Phase Polar Bonded Phase
KIT 4A-B ($197)
Adsorbent, Reverse Phase Polar Bonded Phase Anion Exchange Cation Exchange
DISTRIBUTORS: Applied Science Laboratories P.O. Box 440 State College, Pa. 16801 814/238-2406
Laboratory Data Control P.O. Box 10235 Interstate Industrial Park Riviera Beach, Fla. 33404 305/844-5241
Chromatronix Inc. 2743 Ninth Street Berkeley, Ca. 94710 415/841-7221
Chromatec Inc. 30 Main Street Ashland, Mass. 01721 617/881-3400
THE SEP/A/RA/TIONS CROUP 8738 OAKWOOO AVE., HESPERIA, CALIF. 92345//714/244-3833
CIRCLE 193 ON READER SERVICE CARD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 45, NO. 8, JULY 1973 · 721 A
