J. Org. Chem. 1993,58, 4441-4447
4441
Total Synthesis of (+)-Lycoricidine and Its 2-Epimer from D-Glucose Noritaka Chida, Masami Ohtauka, and Seiichiro Ogawa' Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223,Japan Received March 24,1993
Stereoselective total synthesis of antimitotic alkaloid (+)-lycoricidine (1) and ita 2-epimer (30) was accomplished starting from Dglucose. The key steps in this synthesis are (i) a catalytic version of the Ferrier rearrangement for the preparation of the optically active substituted cyclohexenone (the C-ring of lycoricidine) and (ii) a Pd-catalyzed intramolecular Heck-type reaction for construction of the phenanthridone skeleton. A preliminary biological assay revealed that the stereochemistry at the 2-position of lycoricidine plays an important role in ita cytotoxic activity. Because of the wide range of their biological activity' (for example, they have powerful cytotoxic and plant growth regulatory activity), the phenanthridone plant alkaloids lycoricidine (1): narciclasine (2): pancratistatin
Scheme I. Retrosynthetic Analysis ?H
OH
1
a
0
R = H: (+)-Lycoricidine (1) R = OH: Pancratistatin (3) R = OH: Narciclasine (2) R = H: 7-Deoxypancratistatin (4)
(3): and 7-deoxypancratistatin (415and their glucosides4~s have been the focus of considerable attention. The structures of these alkaloids,which have a phenanthridone skeleton with four or six contiguous asymmetric centers in the C-ring,are syntheticallyinteresting and challenging. Several synthetic approachessto these alkaloids have been reported to date, some of which culminated in total ~yntheses.~Herein, we detail our stereoselective total synthesis of (+)-lycoricidine (1) and ita 2-epimer (30) starting from D-glucose.8 (1)For biological properties of phenanthridone alkaloids, see: (a) Okamoto,T.; Torii, Y.;Ieogai, Y.Chem. Pharm.Bull. 1968,16,1860. (b) Ceriotti,G.Nature (London)1967,213,595. (c)Pettit, G.R.; Gaddamidi, V.; Herald, D. L.; Singh, 5.B.; Cragg, G.M.; Schmidt, J. M.; Boettner, F. E.; Williams, M.; Sagawa,Y.J.Nat. Rod. 1986,49,995. (d)Jimenez, A.; Sanchez, L.; Vazquez, D. FEBSLett. 1976,55,53. (e) Mondon, A,; Krohn, K. Chem. Ber. 1976,108,445. (f) Ghosal, S.; Singh, S.; Kumar Y.;Srivastava, R. S. Phytochemistry 1989,28,611. (2) For isolation and structure of lycoricidine and narciclasiie, see: (a) ref la. For determinationof the absolute structure of narciclasine, see: (b) Immirzi, A. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1972, 240. Biosynthesis of narciclasine: (c) Fuganti, C.; Mazza, M. Zbid. 1972, 239. (3) Pettit, G. R.; Gaddamidi, V.; Cragg, G. M.; Herald, D. L.; Sagawa, Y.J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.1984,1693. (4) For isolationof 7-deoqpancratistatine and ita 2-O-&glucoeide,see ref If. (5) For isolation of narciclasiie 4-O-glucoeide, see: Abou-Donia, A. H.; De Giulio, A.; Evidente, A.; Gaber, M.; Habib, A.-A.; Lanzetta,R.; Seif El Din, A. A. Phytochemistry 1991,30, 3445. (6) For a synthetic approach to pancratistatin and a synthesis of tetrabenzyllycoricidine,see: (a)Thompson,R. C.; Kallmerten, J. J. Org. Chem. 1990,65,6076. For a synthetic approach to lycoricidine, see: (b) Keck, G.E.; Boden, E.; Sonnewald, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1981,22,2615. (c) Weller, T.; Seebach,D. Zbid. 1982,23,935. For a synthetic approach to pancratietatin, EBB: (d) Clark, R. D.; Souchet, M. Tetrahedron Lett. ISSO, 31,193. (7) For a total synthesis of lycoricidme (racemic),see: (a) Ohta, S.; Kimoto, 9. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976,2279;Chem. Pharm.Bull. 1976,24, 2977. (b) Ugarkar,B.G.;DaRe, J.; Schubert,E. M. Synthesis 1987,716. Optically active: (c)Paulsen,H.; Stubbe,M. TetrahedronLett. 1982,23, 3171;LiebigsAnn. Chem. 1988,535. (d) Hudlicky, T.; Olivo,H. F. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 1992,114, 9694. For a total Synthesis of racemic pancrati1989,111, statine, we: (e) Danishefsky,S.; Lee, J. Y.J. Am. Chem. SOC. 4829.
Piperonal D-Glucose
