T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D EIVGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
I
Yol. 6 , No. 4
EDITORIALS
THE WILLIAM H. NICHOLS MEDAL I n t h e year 1901 t h e New York Section of t h e Society discussed t h e advisability of establishing a* Research a n d Medal F u n d , t h e income from which was t o be used for t h e encouragement of chemical research. A committee reported t h a t i n its judgment t h e establishment of a Medal F u n d was n o t desirable b u t recommended t h e establishment of a Research F u n d . It was further proposed t h a t from t h e proceeds of such a f u n d , t h e s u m of $50 should be awarded annually for t h e best paper incorporating t h e result of original research in Chemistry read before t h e Section. On m a t u r e deliberation t h e Section decided against a monetary reward a n d almost unanimously decreed t h e establishment of a Medal instead. Dr. William H. Nichols, a charter member of t h e Society a n d former Treasurer of t h e New York Section, became interested in t h e movement a n d offered t o provide funds for t h e endowment of such a Medal a n d i t s necessary design a n d dies. H e made no restrictions as t o t h e award of t h e medal, except t h a t i t be given for t h e encouragement of original research in Chemistry, leaving t h e conditions entirely t o t h e Section. T h e Section, b y unanimous vote, accepted t h e gift, formulated rules for t h e award of t h e medal, a n d called i t t h e William H. Nichols hIedal. T h a t t h e medal has accomplished its purpose t h e character of t h e work for which i t has been awarded speaks fully. T h e founder of the medal has been heard t o s a y t h a t he has been profoundly impressed with t h e highly original a n d valuable research work in Chemistry which is accomplished in a most unassuming a n d modest way b y t h e teachers in our unirersities a n d colleges without hope of material recompense, a n d t h a t h e h a d given a great deal of thought as t o what to suggest a n d advocate in recognition. Article I1 of t h e Constitution of our Society states: “ T h e object of t h e Society shall be t h e advancement of Chemistry a n d t h e promotion of Chemical Research.” It is believed t h a t valuable results are being accomplished in t h e advancement of Chemistry through t h e publication of our Journals. W h a t have we done as a great Society t o promote Chemical Research? H a v e we lived u p t o our opportunities? T h e interest accruing from t h e Life Membership F u n d n o t required t o protect t h e rights of Life Members will be available for t h e support of Research. B y a recent vote of t h e Directors of t h e Society financial assistance t o aid in defraying t h e legitimate expenses of chemical research m a y be given if t h e subject of t h e work meets with their approval. This certainly is a step in t h e right direction, b u t t h e a m o u n t available will enable t h e Directors t o meet b u t a small fraction of t h e deserving demands. Is there not some way in which t h e funds for t h e support of meritorious research m a y be greatly increased? It is only through larger resources t h a t we can a t t a i n
1
t h e second great object of t h e foundation of our Society a n d become a factor in t h e support a n d advancement of Chemical Research. T. J. PARKER THE COMMISSION ON INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
-4 trip t o include t h e principal cities of t h e country was begun in hrarch b y t h e members a n d investigators of t h e Federal Commission on Industrial Relations, which is t o make a n inquiry into irregularity of employment, t h e possibility of increasing production through scientific management, t h e activities of employers’ associations a n d t r a d e unions, a n d similar industrial problems of moment. I t is announced t h a t t h e Commission will especially endeavor t o bring together manufacturers who are in t h e habit of shutting-down during certain periods of t h e year, in t h e hope t h a t some n-ay m a y be devised whereby employers m a y agree t o close down a t different times, thereby providing practically continuous employment for wage earners. I n order t h a t i t m a y be enabled t o properly perform its functions in collecting information, conducting investigations a n d determining facts, t h e Commission is properly invested with authority t o secure all statements t h a t i t desires. E v e r y interest is t o be given a hearing, a n d , while witnesses m a y be summoned. voluntary testimony from persons looking t o t h e general betterment of conditions is said t o be welcome. It is indeed difficult t o frame specific business a n d industrial legislation without carrying t h e efforts of i t t o almost absurd lengths; b u t , while some prominent manufacturers predict t h a t this investigation into industrial relations will effect little in t h e way of reform in t h e case of concerns which have learned their business lessons under severe competitive conditions, t h e results will be awaited with interest b y those favoring a constructive course of procedure. However, t h e information obtained should be accessible t o t h e public only upon approval of t h e Commission itself, in order t h a t there m a y be some reasonable inquiry into t h e purpose of t h e applicant for t h e information. Publicity has accomplished more t h a n even drastic legislation in industrial reform, b u t t o make t h e material secured b y t h e Commission available t o all would not be demanded b y t h e public welfare i n this case. This Commission might also assume t h e responsibility for effecting certain of t h e results sought in t h e T r a d e Relations Bill, some of t h e provisions of which aim at eliminating practices which should be condemned. W. A. H A M O R TRADE IN CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCT; BETWEEN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES IN I913
T h e statistics relative t o t h e foreign t r a d e of Germ a n y during 1913,dealing with t h e export a n d import
Apr.! 1 9 1 4
T H E JOL-RSAL OF ISDL-STRIAL A N D ENGINEERISG CHEMISTRY TABLE1-1s
U N I T S OF
100 KG. = S i
BSTANTIALLY
0 1 LONG T O N
u.s. Official German class
I I1 I11
IT
c
V 7-1 VI1 VI11 IS
x XI XI1
XI11 XIV XV XX’I XVII XYIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV
xx\-
PRODUCT
M a l t , oil fruits, plants, e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial or medicinal vegetable products, . . . . . . . . . . . Tanning extracts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resins. gums a n d adhesives.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caoutchouc a n d c a m p h o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animal a n d vegetable fats a n d o i l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........................
u.s.
exports to Germany
imports from (Germany
3,403 4,567 3,213 787,296 3,781 1,482,240 135 11,050
................
of drugs, medicines, dyewares, a n d the various commodities related t o chemical industry, have just become available (Chemiker-Zeitung, Feb. 3, 1914, pp. 169-76). F r o m t h i s source of information, the following tabulations have been compiled, showing t h e exchange of chemical products between t h e United States a n d Germany. T h e figures given are in units each of I O O kilograms, or one-tenth of t h e metric t o n which is substantially t h e long t o n of this country. N o account has been t a k e n of fractions. which are involved only in t h e precious metals, a n d t h e alkaloids. T h e tables show a total metric tonnage of 3 , 4 3 0 , j64,of which 1,917,430 metric tons represent exports from t h e United States into Germany, a n d I , j r 3 , 1 3 4 metric tons represent imports into t h e United States from G e r m a n y ; t h a t is, practically j 6 per cent of t h e gross are exports t o Germany, a n d 34 per cent of t h e gross are imports from Germany. Comparison with t h e information given in THISJOURA-AL, 6 , 2 , is not easily possible, since t h e values of t h e imports a n d exports involved in 1913 are not now known, a n d tonnage-figures for 1904 are not readily accessible. Table I displays with respect t o each of t h e t w e n t y five classes of merchandise, t h e tonnage movement originating in each country, a n d t h e excess for each class. Out of t h e 2 5 classes, Germany excels in I j and t h e United St,ates in IO. Table I1 shows for each class t h e movement in each direction, under each of t h e sub-classes in\-olved. There is a t o t a l of twenty-five different classes with a grand total of 229 sub-classes. I n none of t h e sub-classes involving more t h a n one specific merchandise, is i t shown how t h e tonnage is distributed over individual articles. Severtheless, these tables cannot be otherwise t h a n suggestive a n d helpful.
19,174,295
15,131,340
TABLE11-IN
1
u . s.
Germany
.... ....
... 7 ,985 34.671 197,040 10 821 158,298 20,419 6 9 6 , s I4 30,678 192, 1.56 21,707 121,748 1,116 13,033 12,327,989 40,825 299,178 7 14 4,916 254,475 3,800 354,220 194,582
7,881 28,604
....
30,890
73 89
....
1,285,200
.... ....
10,686 147,248 20,419
....
....
3,620,935 110,642
....
....
192,156
....
7,445,190
.... ....
221,748 1,116
....
66,274
.... ....
12,001,6:1 40,016 259,902
....
....
49,993 266,403
....
.... .... ....
254,475 3,681 346 327 I
....
3,982,554
___
17,609,715
USITS OF 100 KG. =
13,566,760
SUBS TAN TI ALLY,^.^
LOKC T o s
exports to Germany 011.
FRUITS, IKDUSTRIAL
PLAXTS,
FRUITS AND
Hops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madder, quercitron and other dye plants.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-IKDUSTRIAL
72c
....
u. s.
I-MALT,
60a
....
3,213 779,311
Official German suhclass
30 32
FAVOR OF
BALAKCE I N -
11,284 33,171
Starch and s u g a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Alcohol, acetic acid, mineral waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral and fossil raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 1 7 , 4 4 9 141,320 Ores, iron a n d slags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Fossil f u e l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral oils a n d like fossil raw materials.. . . . . . . . . . . 7,466,897 .... Coal-tar oils a n d products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Waxes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,307 Soap a n d f a t p r o d u c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326,378 Chemical and pharmaceutical products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Miscellaneous chemical a n d pharmaceutical products. , . 39,276 Dyes a n d d y e materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,707 Ethers a n d alcohols.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’271,319 Volatile oils, synthetic perfumes, toilet articles., , . .... Artificial fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Explosives a n d combustibles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 , a93 TVood fiber a n d chemical paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,177,136 hletals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TOTALS.
7 -
u.s. imports from Germany
P L A N T JUICES
.... 3,403
....
11,119
.... 165
O R h f E D I C I N A L V E G E T A B L E PRODUCTS
Lichens, herbs, berries, leaves a n d burls. Vegetable wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawdnst a n d excelsior.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,567
....
5,499 1 27,671
3,213
. . .
....
111-TANKING EXTRACTS
.......
384c
Miscellaneous tanning extracts,
97a 976 97e 9 7f 97g 342 343 345 146
LACQUERA N D VARNISHG U M S , ADHESIVES 2,619 Turpentine rosin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770,100 560 11 ,168 D a m a r ; hard and soft gums and resins. I,li9 .................. .... Shellac.. . . . 1.027 .... G u m acacia, Bassora gum, e t c . , . . . . . . . 625 G u m tragacanth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... Alcohol a n d shellac varnishes. . . . . . . . . . 84 1,975 Miscellaneous and coach varnishes 4,447 . . . P u t t y and miscellaneous putties. . . . . . . 829 , . , . Asbestos paint a n d p u t t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 IV-RESINS,
V-CAOUTCHOLX A N D CAMPHOR 98a 986 98d
Caoutchouc, crude or refined.. . . . . . . . . G u t t a percha, crude or refined.. . . . . . . . R u b b e r scrap a n d waste.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
VI-ANIMAL 126a 1266 126c
l28b 129 130 13ia 166d 166h 1661 168 170 171b 17lc 172 2056
AKD V E G E T A B L E
364 272 3,145
FATSA N D
,
...... Oleic acid, olein, e t c , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edible vegetable f a t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,019 911 13,741
OILS
Hog lard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,011,812 196,328 Oleomargarine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goosefat, beef-marrow, e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 Prime beef tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,998 Beef and mutton t a l l o w , . . . . . . . . . 35,498 ..... 16,809 Bone-fat. fat-waste, stearin-tar. Fish oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,417 .... Peanut oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,950 Cotton-seed o i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beechnut, bone, corn, poppy, sunflower. etc., o i l s , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,127 Cocoa-butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ........... 3,335
. .
-
- I 3
....
.... 5,875
.. , . . .
. . .
. .
.,
.
3 i ,il0.i
... 16,058
. . .
.... 4.798
....
136 684 2,150
. . . 345
T H E JOURNAL OF INDCSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 6 , No. 4
TABLE 11-IN UNITSOF 100 KG.= SUBSTANTIALLY 0.1 LONGT o r (Continued)
u. s.
Official German suhclass
exports to Germany
U. S. imports from Germany
VII-ANIMAL PRODUCTS 142 156f
Spermaceti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bones and hoofs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173a
P o t a t o starch, wet, d r y or g r o u n d . . . . . . Corn, wheat a n d other starches. . . . . . . . Starch-gums (dextrin). roasted starch and gluten.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beet sugar, all forms, refined. . . . . . . . . Beet sugar, r a w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glucose, e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VIII-STARCH 173c 174 176c 1761 li7a
IX-.4LCOHOI,,
AND
...
....
10,821
....
15,222
SUGAR
.
5,833
....
....
... ....
19.460 22,112 101,504
5,217
....
ACETICAcIn, YEAST, M I N E R A LWATERS
..
..
190
Mineral waters, inclusive of bottles
223a 224d 2250
Clay (potter's pipe, fire, etc.). . . . . . . . . . .... Graphite, crude, ground and w a s h e d . . 10,763 Pumice a n d tripoli, crude, ground a n d 1,761 washed, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral abrasives polishes a n d rouges. . ... Magnesite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphate rock a n d other mineral phosphates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,212,124 Portland, etc., c e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Asbestos, crude a n d in fihers. . . . . . . . . . 48,15 1 Mica.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 H e a v y spar a n d celestite.. . . . . . . . . . . . .... Boronattbcalcite, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,088 Miscellaneous earths, e. g., Fuller's earth, etc., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 ,987
X-MINERAL
225c 2276 22id
230a 231E 231c 232a 2360 236c
2375 237g 23ih 2370 2379
IROK
239a 2396 239c 239d 239e 239f 209g 23911 250b 25 1 240a 241 249 243 a
OILS
AND
2456 246a 246c 246d 246e 2461 246g
2470
256 Z57n 25ib
....
.... 6,675 10,856
.... 104,423
.... 442 350,196
.... ....
....
210 4 25,854 4,610
132,088
....
6,731
....
2,501
....
185,492 .... 6,664 OTHER FOSSIL R A W MATERIALS
OILS
AND
N a p h t h o l and n a p h t h y l a m i n . , . . . . . . . . Anthraquinone, nitrobenzol, toluidin, resorcin, phthalic acid a n d other like materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-WAXES Beeswax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AND
8,415
....
....
.... .... ..,.
.... .... .... ....
.... 5,214 8,078
.... ....
.... .... .... . o .
159,944 7,242 12,098 2,152 24,282 6.379
....
9.651
....
1,116
FATPRCDUCTS
S o f t a n d textile soaps; Turkey-red oil, etc ........................ Soap in cakes, powder, liquid, e t c . . . . . . Crude glycerin.. ..................... Refined glycerin,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . .
....
.... ....
6,208 48 1 5,037 1.307
exports to Germany FATPRODUCTS(Concluded)
266 270 276 277 278 279a 280r 280d 280e 280f 283 2896 290 292 2950 295b 298a 299 304h 306
308a 3086 309a ,311 312
u. s. imports from Germany
XVI-SOAP A N D Vaselin and lanolin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lubricants made of fats or oils, . , . Shoe p o l i s h . , ......................... Stearin, paraffin materials. . , . , . , . , , . . , XVII-CHEMICAL
AND
10,285 .... 68,384 .... 243 .... .... 395 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
metals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alkali a n d other Sulfur a n d Spence metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalic acid a n d potassium oxalate., , . . , .4cetic anhydride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactic acid and lactates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tartaric a c i d , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crude salts of 12-15 per cent KzO.. Salts of more t h a n 15-19.9 per cent KIO. Fertilizer salts and fertilizers with 38 per cent KzO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Abraum" and miscellaneous salts Barium chloride.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caustic potash, solution or solid., . , . , Potassium c a r b o n a t e . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bleaching powder, barium and hydrogen peroxide, e t c . , , . , . , . , , . , , , , . , . . , . , Potassium s u l f a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium phosphate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alums. acetate of alumina, alumina, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrome-iron a n d copper alums.. , , , , , . , Barium n i t r a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium manganate a n d permanganate.,.......................... Potassium and sodium ferro- a n d ferricyanide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium a n d sodium c y a n i d e . , , . , , . , Acetate of l i m e . , .................... Crude and refined argols.. . . . . . . . . . . . . T a r t a r emetic and other antimony
...
.
315 316b 317a 317b 317c 31id 3l i e 317i 3I ik
Zinc chloride a n d other zinc s a l t s . , . . . Carbides of aluminum, silicon, etc S u l f a t e of a m m o n i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenious a c i d . . ..................... Epsom salts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorides of magnesium a n d c a l c i u m . , Potassium chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium magnesium s u l f a t e . . . . . . . . . . Lime-nitrogen, nitro-lime and other
317, 3 17%
Nitrites.. , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , . . , , . . , , . , . . Salicylic acid a n d salicylates; santonin;
.
.... 7 1,535
.... ....
.... ..
,
., ..
....
.... ....
411
26,066 832 2,040 1,235 5,412,614 412,926
....
2,168,204 131,626 13,434 38,173 78,339
.... .... ....
82,634 536,741 13
.... ....
7,605 4,794
.... ....
....
....
6,078 3.978 10,179 25,619
203,643
....
.... ....
....
18,261
....
....
1,284 2,077 903 489
....
....
56,296 10,947 46,816 68,771 2,611,137 222.978
....
231,976 4
.... ....
3 1 il
Sodium sulfhydrate, a n d miscellaneous metalloids, acids, salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32,939
88,971
A N D PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS XVIII-MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL
37 1 372 373 375a 375b 376 378 380a 3806 386 388 390a 390b
-
Scrap Welsbach mantles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dried or powdered egg a l b u m e n . . . . . . . Casein a n d products for technical uses. Glue exclusive of a l b u m e n . . . . . . . . . . . . Gelatine., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gelatine capsules.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood a n d p e a t t a r kreosote.. . . . . . . . . . Quinine, salts a n d compounds.. . Other alkaloids a n d their salts o pounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artificial balsams a n d non-odoriferous watery e x t r a c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proprietary remedies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous medicinals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous chemicals for photographic cleansing a n d other uses. . . . Miscellaneous pharmaceuticals and chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX-DYES
3186 319 3200
AND
....
J2
.... ....
1,308 1,658 23,180 4,839
.... .... 1
....
540 180 625
.... 3
444
389 416
....
240 1,010 968
....
5,521
....
280
DYE MATERIALS
Animal kirmes, carmine, sepia.. Anilin and other coal-tar d Alizarin-red . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
25
.... ....
4
....
2,672 19,127
....
PRODUCTS
Anthracene a n d heavy oils . . . Naphthalene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phenol, crude o r refined. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XVI-SOAP 254
.... ....
Mineral lubricants.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 0 2 4 , 6 7 3 1,619 Crude petroleum, e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H e a v y benzine, p a t e n t - t u r p e n t i n e . , . . . . 18,194 G a s oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,468 Refined p e t r o l e u m , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 , 7 4 7 , 5 8 7 Crude benzine., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.159 Benzine, ligroin a n d other miscellaneous light distillates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,712 Miscellaneous crude mineral oils. . . . . . . 18,746 Crude h a r d paraffin,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,028 Soft paraffin., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO0 Asphalt a n d asphaltic minerals Crude ozokerite, etc. . . . . . . . . Refined ozokerite, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .... Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-CO.4L-TAR
223,922
FUELS
Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vegetable charcoal, , . XIII-MINERAL
20,419
258 260 262 264
A K D SLAGS
Antimony ores a n d m a t t e . . . . . . . . . . . Gold o r e s . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper ores a n d cuprous c i n d e r . . . . . . . . Manganese o r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc o r e s . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uranium, molybdenum a n d other miscellaneous ores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII-FOSSIL
238d 23831
,
FOSSILR A W MATERIALS
AND
XI-ORES. 23ia
....
135
u. s.
Official German subclass
.... 138,547 4,926
.
A p r . , 1913
T H E J O C R , Y d L O F I ; V D U S T R I A L A*VD E.\TGISBERI,VG TAWLE 11-IN UNITSo P 100 K c
Official German subclass
u.S. exports to Germany (Concluded)
277
=SUBSTANTIALLY 0 1 LOYCToa (Concluded)
u.s. imports from Germany
XIX--DYES A K D DYE nIATERI.4I.s .illzarin dyes f r o m a n t h r a c e n e . , , , . , . . . . . 21,636 iZla Indigo, synthetic a n d vegetable. , . , , . , .... 34,609 322 Prussian blues, chrome and zinc greens. . . . 1.056 324b \Yhite lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,848 . . 325 Blanc f i x e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,208 326a Zinc oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,850 20.979 32Sh Zinc dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 8,337 326c Lithopone., . . . . . . . . . . ... 7,328 327 Red cinnabar . . . . . . . . . 306 3?8a Logwood extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , iiJ .. 3286 Fustic, Brazil wood a n d similar estract1 ,225 .. 329c r m b e r , sienna a n d earth colors , , . , .... 18,716 330 L a m p and similar b l a c k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.53; . . . 33 1 Bronze and metal colors.. . . . . . . . . . . , . 6,616 332b Copper pigments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,226 8,530 .334 573 Printing i n k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 336a Ready-made paints ground in oil.. , . , .... 8i9 336b -4rtists’ colors. . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . ... 295 338 Graphite in manufactured forms. , , , , 21i ...... 340 Lead a n d colored pencils; c r a y o n s . , , . . , ... 2,210 XX-ETHERS A N D ALCOHOLS 348 Fusel oils: amyl, butyl and propyl alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 669 Crude wood alcohol.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,707 349a .... Acetaldehyde, paraldehyde.. . . . . . . . . . . .... 35 1 45 XXI-vOLATII,E OILS, SYNTHETIC PERFUMES, TOILET ~ZRTICLES 352 IVood tar oil: caoutchouc oil; animal oil. .... 65 353a Turpentine, pine needle oil a n d spirits turpentine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269,945 353c Oil camphor, anise. elder, rosemary and other volatile oils; menthol a n d mentho1 pencils.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,374 2.711 354 Terpineol, vanillin, anethol a n d similar synthetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,842 358 Toilet a n d tooth powders . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 298 XXII-ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS 359, .Xnimal fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,996 360 Bone-meal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 82,838 .... 105,481 361 Thomas-meal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Superphosphates, e t c . , , . , , . , . , , . .... 42,160 X X I I I - E X P L O S I V ~ S ,. ~ X M ~ K I T I O X. w n COMBUSTIBLES 366 Loaded cartridges. , . . , . . , . . , , , , . , , 119 953 370 Fuses, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2,847
u. S. exports to Germany
Official German subclass XXIV-\TOOD
32Ob
I
CHEMISTRY
6506 664
cs imports from Germany
FIBER, CHEMICALPAPBR
Straw, esparto and other fibers; paper stock.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tracing, blue-print, gelatine, fly, ozone and test p a p e r s . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i,545
352,468
348
1,752
XXV-METALS i69d i69e
--, _,>a i77n -i i_i -b i/?C
844 850 855a 860 864 869a 869b 86% 869e 869f
Gold s c r a p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium: cast, raw and not alloyed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Silver alloys, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Silver scrap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Pig iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Ferro-aluminum, chrome, manganese .... nickel, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,367 Aluminum plates a n d m e t a l . . . . . . . . . . 162,727 Pig lead and lead s c r a p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... T i n and tin s c r a p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,285 21,566 h’ickel and nickel c o i n s , , , , . . , . . , , , , , . Copper., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,946,378 Copper coins, copper scraps, e t c . . . . . . . 5,111 Copper alloys, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 , I62 Spiers glance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Chrome, cadmium, tungsten and similar metals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
, .
> .. ... 24,400 117 , 3 1 I 10,186
.... 17,697 10,412
.... I ,97: F ,311 1,545 5.094
It should be noted t h a t in certain of t h e above items such as Class X V I I , sub-classes 2 8 0 6 and 317e, crude potash of 1 2 - ~ j per cent K20 a n d potassium chloride, respectirely, i t is stated t h a t some of t h e exports t o this country listed as under 1913,do, in fact, include some of 1 9 1 2 , b u t no information is given as t o t h e actual or relative size of such 1912 inclusion. b u t such inclusions do not disturb t h e general result or effect.
BERNHARD C. HESSE 90 \vILLIAM STREET NEW Y O R K CITY
ORIGINAL PAPERS
THE RELATION OF COMPOSITION OF ASH IN COAL TO ITS FUSING TEMPERATURE’ B y OSCARW. PALMENBERG
One of t h e most troublesome features in the combustion of coal is t h a t due t o t h e production of clinker. T h e production of clinker influences t h e rate of combustion and t h e cost of maintenance especially where automatic stokers are in use. A coal m a y clinker so readily under certain conditions t h a t i t becomes unfit for u s e irrespective of its fuel value. It is, therefore, of t h e greatest importance t o know whether a coal will clinker under t h e conditions for which i t is required. When coal is lmrned under a boiler for t h e production of steam i t is especially important t o know whether t h e ash will clinker and a t what temperature. The production of clinker, as is well known, is due t o t h e fact t h a t t h e ash of t h e coal, which is t h e liberated mineral matter, is exposed t o a temperature sufficient t o fuse i t , causing i t t o form a viscous mass which will 1 Presented before t h e N e w York Sectlon of t h e Society of Chemical Industry, T h e Chemists’ Club, New York, S o v e m b e r 71, 1913
flow and form cakes a n d thereby clog up t h e spaces between the burning particles of coal or coke. ,The mass of fused material offers resistance to t h e flow of air a n d robs t h e coal of the necessary oxygen t o support combustion. If t h e draft cannot be increased t o overcome this resistance t h e rate of combustion is diminished, other things being equal, in proportion t o t h e amount of clinker formed. To determine whether a coal will clinker, t h a t is, whether t h e coal has a n ash which will fuse a t a low temperature, has been undertaken in several ways a n d many have believed t h a t a n analysis of t h e ash, or t h e iron in t h e ash, or t h e sulfur in t h e coal will give t h e explanation. To show t h a t there is no relation between t h e clinkering quality of a coal a n d t h e sulfur or iron content, t h e writer has made this investigation. The following analyses of the ash together with the fusing temperature determinations on a wide range of coals u-ill readily show t h a t no conclusion can be obtained from a chemical analysis.
