Unclonable Security Codes Designed from Multicolor Luminescent

Subscriber access provided by Drexel University Libraries

Article

Unclonable Security Codes Designed from Multicolour Luminescent Lanthanide Doped Y2O3 Nanorods for Anti-Counterfeiting Pawan Kumar, Kanika Nagpal, and Bipin Kumar Gupta ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03353 • Publication Date (Web): 10 Apr 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 12, 2017

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Unclonable Security Codes Designed from Multicolour Luminescent Lanthanide Doped Y2O3 Nanorods for Anti-Counterfeiting Pawan Kumar †

†, Ψ

, Kanika† and Bipin Kumar Gupta†, *

Alternative Energy Materials Section , Advanced Materials and Devices Division, CSIR-

National Physical Laboratory, Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India Ψ

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory

Campus , Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India *

Correspondence to [email protected] (B.K.G.)

KEYWORDS: Photoluminescence, lanthanide, nanorods, counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ABSTRACT: The duplicity of important documents has emerged as a serious problem worldwide. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to develop easy and fast anticounterfeiting techniques with multicolour emission. Herein, we report the synthesis of multicolour luminescent lanthanide doped Y2O3 nanorods by hydrothermal method and their usability in designing of unclonable security codes for anti-counterfeiting applications. The spectroscopic features of nanorods are probed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods emit hypersensitive red (at 611 nm), strong green (at 541 nm) and bright blue (at 438 nm) emissions at 254 nm, 305 nm and 381 nm, respectively. The SEM and TEM/HRTEM results reveal that these nanorods have diameter and length in the range of 80-120 nm and ~2-5 µm, respectively. The two dimensional spatially resolved photoluminescence intensity distribution in nanorods is also investigated by using confocal photoluminescence microscopic technique. Further, highly luminescent unclonable security codes are printed by a simple screen printing technique using luminescent ink fabricated from admixing of lanthanide doped multicolour nanorods in PVC medium. The prospective use of these multicolour luminescent nanorods provide a new opportunity for easily printable, highly stable and unclonable multicolour luminescent security codes for anti- counterfeiting applications.


Page 2 of 27

Page 3 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


1. INTRODUCTION Recently, the duplicity of brands and valuable documents such as diplomas, certificates and currency is a growing critical issue that has created a serious problem for everyone including companies and government bodies etc.1-2 Therefore, counterfeiting of documents and certificates such as passports, checks, bond certificate and currency is a serious problem for every country, whether it is developed, developing or under developed.3 The modern advancements in science and technology have made counterfeiting an effortlessly feasible job for frauds. Therefore, many efforts are going on worldwide to develop anti-counterfeiting techniques for overcoming this serious problem. Different materials are being investigated for printing of advanced security codes for anti-counterfeiting techniques with high-end security.3-9 These advanced anticounterfeiting techniques make hard to duplicate and easy to authenticate. 1 In last few decades, luminescent materials which emit visible light upon excitation with ultraviolet (UV) or infrared radiation have been used as simple luminescent markers, security labels, holograms and invisible ink for printing of security codes or barcodes for the protection against counterfeiting. Numerous materials such as luminescent materials, plasmonic materials, metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) and quantum dots (both semiconductor as well as carbon based quantum dots) etc. have been developed for the anti-counterfeiting application to combat counterfeiting problem.10 Although various materials are used for anti-counterfeiting applications but they have their own problems. For example plasmonic materials are expensive and hence the synthesis or fabrication of plasmonic materials for anti-counterfeiting at economic cost is still a challenge. The synthesis of MOF with high yield is still a big challenge for material chemists. The semiconductor quantum dots such as CdS, CdSe and CdTe etc have their own problems such as toxicity, broad emission bands and solubility in harmful solvents.11 The carbon based quantum



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

dots have low luminescence quantum yield. But, among all these materials lanthanide based luminescent materials have gained huge attention because these materials have many advantages over other materials such as sharp emission characteristic due to their intra f-f transitions, longer lifetime, both thermal and physical stability, high quantum yield, low photo-bleaching and high yield synthesis etc.12-13 The lanthanide ions (Ln3+) doped nanomaterials have gained a great attention due to their exceptional luminescent properties ranging from UV-Vis to NIR spectral region which originates from forbidden f-f transitions (produced pure luminescence color with longer lifetime) as well as their wide range of applications such as optoelectronic, display devices, security ink, biomedical, temperature sensor and photovoltaic etc.1,

11, 14-21

Further, the lanthanide doped

nanomaterials can be synthesized by bottom-up methods such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, spray pyrolysis, solvothermal, auto-combustion and can be easily scaled up to large amount. Moreover, the size and shape of lanthanide doped nanomaterials can be easily tuned from micrometers to nanometers and spherical nanoparticles to nanorods.10, 13, 22 The Y2O3 is an attractive host lattice for lanthanide doped nanomaterials which is intensively investigated due to its physical and chemical properties and ease of synthesis of Y2O3based nanomaterials.11, 23The 1D (dimensional) lanthanide doped nanomaterials have been used for anti-counterfeiting applications in last recent years.11,

15

The 1D lanthanide doped nanomaterials are advantageous over their other

morphologies for anti-counterfeiting applications owing to the reduced surface area of former that reduces the amount of material used for security ink. Also, nanorod shaped nanomaterials are better infiller in cellulose matrix.11, 24 Herein, we report the synthesis of lanthanide doped highly luminescent Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods by hydrothermal method and successfully demonstrated their


Page 4 of 27

Page 5 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


use for anti-counterfeiting application. The photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopic techniques were used to explore the spectroscopic features of these nanorods. The Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods exhibit hyperfine red emission at 611nm, strong green emission at 541 nm and blue emission 438 nm upon excitation wavelengths of 254 nm, 305 nm and 381 nm, respectively. The crystal structure analysis of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods were carried out using powder X- ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used for the morphology and micro-structural analysis of nanorods. The PL mapping was performed for the investigation of PL intensity distribution of nanorods. Furthermore, we investigated the utility of these highly luminescent nanorods to design multicolour emitting luminescent ink for anti-counterfeiting applications. The obtained spectroscopic results and unclonable multicolour luminescent security codes suggest that these luminescent nanorods have great potential for designing; PVC (polyvinyl chloride) medium based luminescent security ink for anti-counterfeiting applications. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION The precursors; Y2O3(99.99%), Eu2O3(99.99%), Tb2O3(99.99%), Ce2O3(99.99%), HNO3 and NCetyl-N, N, N trimethyl ammonium bromide (C19H42BrN, CTAB) were purchased from SigmaAldrich. All reagents were of analytical (AR) grade and used as received without further purification. Deionized water was used throughout the experiments. The hydrothermal method was used for the synthesis of mutlicolour (red, green and blue) Y2O3:Eu3+ Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods. The optimised concentration of Eu3+ ion (15 mole



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

%) was used for the synthesis of red emitting Y1.7O3:Eu0.33+ nanorods as previously reported.16 For the synthesis of Y1.7O3:Eu0.33+ nanorods, the stoichiometric amount of Y2O3andEu2O3were dissolved in a solution containing 10 mL DI (deionized) water and 5 mL hydrochloric acid (HCl) under stirring at 80°C. The one molar solution of N,N,N trimethyl ammonium bromide (C19H42BrN, CTAB) was prepared in 20 mL DI water. The above prepared solutions were mixed in ethanol solution (1:5 ethanol to water ratio) under vigorous stirring at room temperature. The pH value is a critical parameter for the synthesis of nanorods. The sodium hydroxide solution was added to above solution under stirring to control the pH value. The sodium hydroxide solution was added until the pH value of solution reached at ~12. Then, the solution was transferred into hydrothermal bomb. The hydrothermal bomb was kept at 185°C for 10 hours in a box furnace. The white precipitate was formed during hydrothermal process. The obtained white precipitate was centrifuged several times with DI water at 5000 rpm and dried at 80°C in oven. Finally, the powder was heated at 1000°C for 6 hours. Similarly, the Y1.7O3:Tb0.33+and Y1.7O3:Ce0.33+nanorods were synthesised for green and blue emission. The gross crystal structure analysis of sample was carried out by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) with Bruker AXS D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer, using Cu Kα1 radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The absorption spectra were recorded by UV-visible spectrometer (Model 160 UV Shimadzu). The Raman spectra were recorded using Renishaw in-Via Raman spectrometer where 785 nm laser act source of excitation. The surface morphology and elemental analysis were investigated by using Carl ZEISS EVOR-18 equipment at 10 kV operating voltage. The microstructural analysis was examined by using Tecnai G2 S-Twin transmission electron microscope with a field emission gun operating at 300 kV. The photoluminescence (PL spectroscopy was carried out using Edinburgh spectrometer, where Xenon lamp and


Page 6 of 27

Page 7 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


microsecond flash lamp act as sources of excitation. To estimate the absolute luminescence quantum efficiency of nanorod bundles, an integrating sphere equipped with an Edinburgh spectrometer (Model FLS900) instrument has been used for measuring the integrated fraction of luminous flux and radiant flux with the standard method.15 The PL mapping of luminescent nanorods was performed by using WITec alpha 300R+ Confocal PL microscope system (WITech GnBH, Ulm, Germany), where 375nm diode laser acts as a source of excitation.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The gross structural analysis of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods were carried out using powder X-ray diffraction technique. The XRD patterns of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods are shown in Figure 1a. The XRD patterns demonstrate that the nanorods have cubic structure with space group Ia3ത (as per JCPDS card no. 43-1036). For further analysis of crystal structure, the Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns was carried out. The Rietveld structural refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+(red), Y2O3:Tb3+(green) and Y2O3:Ce3+(blue) nanorods was performed using FullProf Suite software.25 The crystal structure of Y2O3 from literature was used as the initial parameters for the Rietveld refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods.26 The results obtained from refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods are illustrated in Figure 1b-d which exhibit the experimentally observed XRD pattern, calculated XRD pattern, difference between observed and calculated XRD patterns and Bragg positions for the refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods. The refinement plots reveal the good agreement between the observed and calculated XRD patterns as shown in Figure 1 b-d. The unit cell parameters obtained from the Rietveld refinement are summarized in Table S1 (see supporting information).The estimated unit cell parameters



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

forY2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods were a = b = c = 10.6541 Å, a = b = c = 10.6060 Å and a = b = c = 10.6678 Å, respectively, which are comparable to the standard lattice parameters a = b = c = 10.6040 Å. The unit cell volume of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods were 1209.355Å3, 1193.054 Å3 and 1214.003Å3, respectively. The Rietveld refinement results reveal that the Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods have cubic crystal structure and crystal structure of host lattice Y2O3 was remain unchanged with the doping of Eu3+, Tb3+ and Ce3+ions. Moreover, the various R factors obtained from Rietveld refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods are summarized in Table S2 (see supporting information). However, the quality of refinement was checked by calculating the parameter called goodness of fit (GoF). The goodness of fit is defined as GoF=Rwp/Rexp. The GoF must be unity for a perfect refinement. The acquired values of GoF for Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods are 1.45, 1.49 and 1.51, respectively (shown in Table S2 (see supporting information)).The cubic crystal structure of Y2O3isshown in Figure 1e where Y3+ion are replaced by Re3+ = Eu3+, Tb3+ and Ce3+ions because the ionic radii of Y3+ is very close to Eu3+, Tb3+ and Ce3+ ions.26 The cubic crystal structure of Y2O3 has two cation symmetry sites C3i and C2 as shown in Figure 1f. The oxygen ions are positioned at 48e Wyckoff position. Both the cationic sites are located over to Wyckoff position 8b and 24d with local symmetry C3i and C2, respectively.26 The cation site occupancy is a critical parameter that decides optical and other physical properties. The C3i symmetry site has inversion symmetry. Therefore, only magnetic dipole transitions are allowed at this site. Whereas symmetry C2 sites do not have inversion symmetry, therefore both electric and magnetic dipole transitions are permitted at this site. Hence, these symmetry sites are mainly responsible for the luminescent emission from Eu3+, Tb3+ and Ce3+ ions doped Y2O3 host lattice.26-27


Page 8 of 27

Page 9 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the examination of surface morphology of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. The SEM image of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods is shown in Figure 2a. The SEM image demonstrates that the as-synthesized nanorods have uniform size distribution. The high-resolution SEM image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods is illustrated in Figure 2b. Figure 2b shows that Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods have diameter in the range of 80-120 nm and length in the range of 2-5 µm. Moreover, the SEM images of Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods are shown in Figure S1 (see supporting information).Further, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolved transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were performed for the analysis of microstructure of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. The TEM image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods is shown in Figure 2c. Figure 2d shows the TEM image of individual Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorod. The inset of Figure 2d shows the HRTEM of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorod. The HRTEM image of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorod clearly demonstrates that synthesised nanorods have well resolved fringes without any distortion which reveals the good crystallinity of nanorods. The estimated d-spacing of nanorods is ~0.3 nm which is comparable to the 0.306 nm corresponding to (222) plane (JCPDS card no. 43-1036). The qualitative analysis of tricolourY2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods was performed by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The EDS spectrum of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods is shown in Figure S2 (see supporting information). The EDS spectrum nanorods exhibits the presence of Y, O and Eu atoms. Further, the EDS spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+nanorods is shown in Figure S3 (see supporting information), which exhibits of presence of Y, O and Tb atoms. Furthermore, the spectrum of Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods is shown in Figure S4 (see supporting information), which reveals of presence of Y, O and Ce atoms inY2O3:Ce3+nanorods. Additionally, the thermal stability of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods was examined by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA graph of Y2(OH)3:Eu3+ nanorods



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 10 of 27

is illustrated in Figure S5 (see supporting information). The TGA results exhibits that three weight losses in three different time intervals. Initially, the weight loss from 99-188°C attributed to water loss. The weight loss in the range of 268–312°C corresponds to decomposition of nitrates into hydroxides. The weight loss in the range of 374°C up to 800°C is due to the decomposition of hydroxide into oxide. The results obtained are consistent with results reported earlier for same host lattice.11 The spectroscopic properties of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods were explored using photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The PL emissions spectra of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods exhibit the characteristic emission attributed to electronic transitions of Eu3+,Tb3+and Ce3+ ions. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectrum of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods is shown in Figure 3a. The excitation spectrum shows that the Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods have broad excitation around 254 nm which is originated from the charge transfer (CT) between O2--Eu3+ and other excitations peaks in the range of 300-500 nm are due to the f−f transitions within 4F6 electron shell of the Eu3+ ion. The excitation peaks at 395 nm and 465 nm are due to the 7F0–5L6 and 7F0–5D2 transitions of the Eu3+ ion, respectively.28Figure3b demonstrates the PL emission spectrum of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods at excitation wavelength 254 nm. The emission spectrum exhibits hypersensitive red emission at 611 nm which is ascribed to the 5

D0−7F2 radiative transitions in Eu3+ ion. The weak PL emission peaks at 580−601 nm and 631

nm are attributed to the 5D0−7F1 and 5D0−7F2 radiative transitions, respectively. The weak emission peaks in the range of 580−601 corresponding to the 5D0−7F1 are due to the magnetic dipole transitions. However, the strong emission at 611 nm corresponding to 5D0−7F2 is ascribed to electric dipole transition and its intensity depends upon the local environment of Eu3+ ion (such as crystal field or symmetry of Eu3+ ion).28 Therefore, the emission intensity is high for


Page 11 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Eu3+ ions located at C2 symmetry site as discussed above (in Figure 1f). The inset of Figure 3b reveals the CIE colour co-ordinates of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods at excitation 254 nm, where x = 0.65 and y = 0.35. The energy transfer and exchange mechanisms depend on the thickness and the density of the lanthanide doped Y2O3 fluorescent particles and related energy transfer processes can be demonstrated based on the crystal field theory.29-31 A simple model for the energy transfer from host lattice to activator is shown in Figure S6 (see supporting information). The PL emission spectra of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods at different excitation wavelengths (254 nm, 365 nm and 467 nm)are illustrated in Figure S7 (see supporting information). Figure S7 depicts that the Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods have maximum PL emission at excitation wavelength of 254 nm. Therefore, excitation wavelength 254 nm is prominent for maximum PL emission. The PLE spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+nanorods is shown in Figure 3c. The PLE spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+ nanorods reveals the broad range excitation spectrum in the range of 250-337 nm having maxima at 305 nm. The PL emission spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+ nanorods at excitation wavelength 305 nm is illustrated in Figure 3d. The emission spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+ nanorods exhibits four different emission bands corresponding to 5D4-7Fj (j = 6, 5, 4, 3) electronic transitions in Tb3+ ion. The emission bands at 472-510 nm, 532-565 nm, 575-601 nm and 610-631 nm are attributed to the 5D4−7F6, 5D4−7F5, 5D4−7F4 and 5D4−7F3 radiative transitions.32 The inset of Figure 3ddemonstrations the CIE colour co-ordinates of Y2O3:Tb3+nanorods at excitation wavelength 305 nm where x = 0.33 and y = 0.57. The PL emission spectra of Y2O3:Tb3+nanorods at different excitation wavelengths are illustrated in Figure S8 (see supporting information). Figure S8 shows that the Y2O3:Tb3+nanorods have maximum PL emission at excitation wavelength of 305 nm. Figure 3e shows the PLE spectrum of Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods at emission wavelength of 438 nm. The PL emission spectrum of Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods at excitation wavelength 381nm is shown in



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 12 of 27

Figure 3f. The inset of Figure 3f demonstrations the CIE colour co-ordinated of Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods at excitation 381 nm where x = 0.185 and y = 0.122. Further, the estimated quantum efficiencies of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods are 86%, 71% and 65%, respectively. The PL intensity distribution is a critical parameter for the use of luminescent materials for any application.33 Therefore the PL emission intensity distribution in Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods was investigated using photoluminescence confocal microscopy where 375 nm diode laser was used as source of excitation. Figure 4a exhibits the optical image of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods. The Figure 4b shows the high resolution optical image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. Further PL mapping of a bunch of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods was carried out at region marked redregion in Figure 4b. The 2D (2 Dimensional) image of PL mapping of region marked red in Figure 4b is illustrated in Figure 4c. The Figure 4c reveals that theY2O3:Eu3+ nanorods have uniform PL intensity distribution. Therefore, the obtained spectroscopic and PL mapping results suggest that these highly luminescent nanorods with uniform PL intensity distribution could be highly useful for various applications such as bio-medical, optical display devices and anti-counterfeiting applications.11, 14, 34 The preventing the valuable documents such as diplomas, certificates and currency form counterfeiting is an important task.10, 35 Therefore, we demonstrated the use of the multicolours Y2O3:Eu3+,Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods for anti-counterfeiting applications. For the practical application of multicolour nanorods for anti-counterfeiting, the commercially available PVC medium (used for commercial screen printing) was used as ink medium. In order to fabricate security ink, the multicolour nanorods were dispersed in PVC medium. The red, green and blue inks were fabricated using Y2O3:Eu3+,Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods, respectively


Page 13 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


The Quick Response (QR) code and “CSIR-NPL” logo were printed on black paper using red, green and blue inks. The schematic for screen printing process in shown in Figure S9 (see supporting information).The Figure 5a shows the red, green and blue QR codes printed on black paper using under UV light. The printed QR do not exhibits any colour under normal light as shown in Figure 5a.Therefore, these QR code are not readable under normal light. While, the QR code shows red, green and blue colours under UV light. Consequently, the QR codes are readable in UV light as shown in Figure 5a. A part form this, we also printed logo of CSIR-NPL on black paper using red, green and blue inks. The printing logo of CSIR-NPL on black paper was show strong red, green and blue colour under UV light as shown in Figures 5 b-d. The effect of the substrates on the fluorescent signals of printed logo of CSIR-NPL was also studied in details. The Figures S10-12 (see supporting information) show the optical images of red, green and blue emitting materials (Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods ) based printed logo of ‘CSIR-NPL’ on rough pastel black paper, shining black paper and different origami colours papers under normal light and UV light. The SEM of red printed logo of CSIR-NPL is shown in Figure S13 (see supporting information), which clearly shows the presence of nanorods in printed patterns. The effect of different substrate surface was The PL intensity distribution in red emitting logo of CSIR-NPL was investigated by using PL confocal microscopy. The PL mapping was performed on the yellow parked region in Figure 6a under an excitation wavelength of 375 nm. Figure 6b shows the image of 2D (2 dimensional) PL intensity distribution of yellow marked region in Figure 6a under an excitation wavelength of 375 nm. Figure 6b clearly reveals that the printed pattern has uniform PL intensity distribution. Further, the PL mapping was also performed on yellow marked region in Figure 6b for examine the PL intensity distribution at high resolution. The image of 2D PL intensity distribution of yellow marked in Figure 6b is



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 14 of 27

illustrated in Figure 6c. Figure 6c exhibits that the printed pattern has uniform PL intensity distribution at high resolution. These obtained results divulge that the multicolour luminescent nanorods in single host lattice (Y2O3) using different activators (Eu3+, Tb3+ and Ce3+) can be potentially used for printing of unclonable security codes. The major advantage used of single host lattice, its easily dispersion in PVC medium as well as less expensive as compared to designed multicolour emitting luminescent materials with different host lattices. Because, the suitability of different host lattice in PVC medium is a challenging as well as highly expensive task. Moreover, these multicolour luminescent nanorods excitable with three different wavelengths which include additional security features on valuable documents that provide them more protection against counterfeiting in compared to with range excitable single colour emitting security codes. Therefore, these multicolours luminescent nanorods provide new opportunities for fabrication luminescent security ink for screen printing of easy, fast and multicolour luminescent security codes at economical cost for anti-counterfeiting applications

4. CONCLUSIONS We

have

successfully

demonstrated

the

synthesis

of

multicolour

luminescent

Y2O3:Eu3+,Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods and their use in fabrication of luminescent security ink for anti-counterfeiting applications. These multicolour Y2O3:Eu3+,Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods exhibit emission at 611 nm, 541 nm and 438 nm upon excitation wavelengths of 254 nm, 304 nm and 383 nm respectively. XRD and Rietveld refinement results exhibit that these nanorods have cubic crystal structure with space group Ia3ത. SEM results reveal that these nanorods have diameter and length in range of 80-120 nm and 2-5 µm, respectively. The PL mapping results exhibit that these nanorods have uniform PL intensity distribution which


Page 15 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


also confirms almost uniform substitutions of activators in Y2O3 nanorods. Further, we utilized these multicolor Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods for the fabrication of security ink for anti-counterfeiting applications. The obtained results suggests that these multicolor nanorods provide futuristic approach to print multicolor security codes for anti-counterfeiting application which are hard to duplicate and easy to detect.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI:…. SEM images of Y2O3:Tb3+and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods,EDS spectrum of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+, and Y2O3:Ce3+nanorods, TGA analysis of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods,A simple model for the energy transfer, emission spectra of Y2O3:Eu3+nanorods at excitations wavelengths of 254 nm, 395 nm and 467 nm, emission spectra of Y2O3:Tb3+nanorods at excitations wavelengths of 278 nm, 287 nm, 291 nm and 305 nm, schematic for screen printing process, pattern printed on different surfaces under normal of UV light, SEM image of printed pattern, table of unit cell parameters obtained from the Rietveld refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods and table of R factors obtained from the Rietveld refinement of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods.

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: [email protected].



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Dr. D. K. Aswal (Director, N.P.L., New Delhi) for his keen interest in the work. The authors are thankful to Prof. O. N. Srivastava (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi) for his encouragement. Mr. P. Kumar gratefully acknowledges the financial support from University Grant Commission (UGC), Government of India. The authors are grateful to the CSIR-TAPSUN program for confocal PL mapping facility.

ABBREVIATIONS PVC, polyvinyl chloride; Ln3+, lanthanide ions; PL, photoluminescence; GoF, goodness of fit; PLE, photoluminescence excitation; CT, charge transfer

REFERENCES 1.

Andres, J.; Hersch, R. D.; Moser, J. E.; Chauvin, A. S., A New Anti‐Counterfeiting

Feature Relying on Invisible Luminescent Full Color Images Printed with Lanthanide‐Based Inks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014,24 (32), 5029-36. 2.

Yoon, B.; Lee, J.; Park, I. S.; Jeon, S.; Lee, J.; Kim, J.-M., Recent Functional Material

Based Approaches to Prevent and Detect Counterfeiting. J. Mater. Chem. C 2013,1 (13), 2388403. 3.

Liu, Y.; Ai, K.; Lu, L., Designing Lanthanide-Doped Nanocrystals with Both Up-and

Down-conversion Luminescence for Anti-Counterfeiting.Nanoscale 2011,3 (11), 4804-4810.


Page 16 of 27

Page 17 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


4.

Eliasson, C.; Matousek, P., Noninvasive Authentication of Pharmaceutical Products

Through Packaging Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy. Anal. Chem.2007,79 (4), 1696701. 5.

Tran, C. D.; Cui, Y.; Smirnov, S., Simultaneous Multispectral Imaging in the Visible and

Near-Infrared Region: Applications in Document Authentication and Determination of Chemical Inhomogeneity of Copolymers. Anal. Chem.1998,70 (22), 4701-8. 6.

Widjaja, E.; Garland, M., Use of Raman Microscopy and Band-Target Entropy

Minimization Analysis to Identify Dyes in A Commercial Stamp. Implications for Authentication and Counterfeit Detection. Anal. Chem2008,80 (3), 729-33. 7.

Liu, Y.; Ma, X.; Lin, Z.; He, M.; Han, G.; Yang, C.; Xing, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, X.,

Imaging Mass Spectrometry with a Low‐Temperature Plasma Probe for the Analysis of Works of Art. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49 (26), 4435-7. 8.

Prime, E. L.; Solomon, D. H., Australia’s Plastic Banknotes: Fighting Counterfeit

Currency.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010,49 (22), 3726-36. 9.

Eberlin, L. S.; Haddad, R.; Neto, R. C. S.; Cosso, R. G.; Maia, D. R.; Maldaner, A. O.;

Zacca, J. J.; Sanvido, G. B.; Romao, W.; Vaz, B. G., Instantaneous Chemical Profiles of Banknotes by Ambient Mass Spectrometry. Analyst 2010,135 (10), 2533-9. 10.

Kumar, P.; Singh, S.; Gupta, B. K., Future Prospects of Luminescent Nanomaterial Based

Security Inks: From Synthesis to Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. Nanoscale 2016,8 (30), 14297-340. 11.

Kumar, P.; Dwivedi, J.; Gupta, B. K., Highly Luminescent Dual Mode Rare-Earth

Nanorod Assisted Multi-Stage Excitable Security Ink for Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014,2 (48), 10468-75.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

12.

Page 18 of 27

Wang, F.; Liu, X., Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Lanthanide-Doped

Upconversion Nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev.2009,38 (4), 976-89. 13.

Liu, Y.; Tu, D.; Zhu, H.; Chen, X., Lanthanide-Doped Luminescent Nanoprobes:

Controlled Synthesis, Optical Spectroscopy, and Bioapplications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013,42 (16), 6924-58. 14.

Dwivedi, J.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, A.; Sudama; Singh, V. N.; Singh, B. P.; Dhawan, S. K.;

Shanker, V.; Gupta, B. K., A Commercial Approach for The Fabrication of Bulk and Nano Phosphors Converted into Highly Efficient White LEDs. RSC Adv. 2014,4 (98), 54936-47. 15.

Saraf, M.; Kumar, P.; Kedawat, G.; Dwivedi, J.; Vithayathil, S. A.; Jaiswal, N.;

Kaipparettu, B. A.; Gupta, B. K., Probing Highly Luminescent Europium-Doped Lanthanum Orthophosphate Nanorods for Strategic Applications. Inorg.Chem. 2015,54 (6), 2616-25. 16.

Gupta, B. K.; Haranath, D.; Saini, S.; Singh, V.; Shanker, V., Synthesis and

Characterization of Ultra-Fine Y2O3:Eu3+ Nanophosphors for Luminescent Security Ink Applications. Nanotechnology 2010,21 (5), 055607. 17.

You, M.; Zhong, J.; Hong, Y.; Duan, Z.; Lin, M.; Xu, F., Inkjet Printing of Upconversion

Nanoparticles for Anti-Counterfeit Applications. Nanoscale 2015,7 (10), 4423-31. 18.

Bouzigues, C.; Gacoin, T.; Alexandrou, A., Biological Applications of Rare-Earth Based

Nanoparticles. ACS nano 2011,5 (11), 8488-505. 19.

Van Der Ende, B. M.; Aarts, L.; Meijerink, A., Lanthanide Ions as Spectral Converters

for Solar Cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2009,11 (47), 11081-95. 20.

Kumar, P.; Gupta, B. K., New Insight into Rare-Earth Doped Gadolinium Molybdate

Nanophosphor Assisted Broad Spectral Converters from UV To NIR for Silicon Solar Cells.RSC Adv. 2015,5 (31), 24729-36.


Page 19 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


21.

Zheng, S.; Chen, W.; Tan, D.; Zhou, J.; Guo, Q.; Jiang, W.; Xu, C.; Liu, X.; Qiu, J.,

Lanthanide-doped

NaGdF4Core–Shell

Nanoparticles

for

Non-contact

Self-Referencing

Temperature Sensors. Nanoscale 2014,6 (11), 5675-9. 22.

Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Deng, R.; Tian, J.; Zong, Y.; Jin, D.; Liu, X., Multicolor Barcoding

in A Single Upconversion Crystal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014,136 (13), 4893-6. 23.

Agrawal, S.; Dubey, V., Down Conversion Luminescence Behavior of Er And Yb Doped

Y2O3Phosphor.J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci 2014,7 (4), 601-6. 24.

Singh, A. P.; Gupta, B. K.; Mishra, M.; Chandra, A.; Mathur, R.; Dhawan, S.,

Multiwalled

Carbon

Nanotube/Cement

Composites

with

Exceptional

Electromagnetic

Interference Shielding Properties. Carbon 2013,56, 86-96. 25.

https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/downloads.html.

26.

Som, S.; Sharma, S., Eu3+/Tb3+-codoped Y2O3 nanophosphors: Rietveld Refinement,

Bandgap and Photoluminescence Optimization. J. Phys. D Appl. Phy. 2012,45 (41), 415102. 27.

Antic, B.; Rogan, J.; Kremenovic, A.; Nikolic, A.; Vucinic-Vasic, M.; Bozanic, D.;

Goya, G.; Colomban, P., Optimization of Photoluminescence of Y2O3:Eu And Gd2O3:Eu Phosphors Synthesized by Thermolysis of 2, 4-Pentanedione Complexes.Nanotechnology 2010,21 (24), 245702. 28.

Szczeszak, A.; Grzyb, T.; Śniadecki, Z.; Andrzejewska, N.; Lis, S.; Matczak, M.;

Nowaczyk, G.; Jurga, S.; Idzikowski, B., Structural, Spectroscopic, and Magnetic Properties of Eu3+-Doped GdVO4 Nanocrystals Synthesized by a Hydrothermal Method. Inorg. Chem. 2014,53 (23), 12243-52.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

29.

Page 20 of 27

Huang, P.; Zheng, W.; Zhou, S.; Tu, D.; Chen, Z.; Zhu, H.; Li, R.; Ma, E.; Huang, M.;

Chen, X., Lanthanide‐Doped LiLuF4 Upconversion Nanoprobes for the Detection of Disease Biomarkers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53 (5), 1252-7. 30.

Liu, Y.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Peng, Q.; Li, Y., Energy Upconversion in Lanthanide-doped

Core/Porous-Shell Nanoparticles. Inorg. Chem. 2014,53 (7), 3257-9. 31.

Olsen, K.; Lawler, A.; Diaz, A. L., Quantitative Assessment of Surface Loss in

Nanocrystalline YBO3: Eu3+ from Measurements of Host-to-Activator Transfer Efficiency. J. Phys. Chem. C2011,115 (34), 17136-46. 32.

Zhang, Y.; Guo, J.; White, T.; Tan, T. T. Y.; Xu, R., Y2O3: Tb Nanocrystals Self-

Assembly into Nanorods by Oriented Attachment Mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007,111 (22), 7893-7. 33.

Kumar, P.; Singh, S.; Singh, V. N.; Singh, N.; Gupta, R. K.; Gupta, B. K., Experimental

Observation of Spatially Resolved Photo-Luminescence Intensity Distribution in Dual Mode Upconverting Nanorod Bundles.Sci. Rep. 2017,7, 42515. 34.

Gupta, B. K.; Narayanan, T. N.; Vithayathil, S. A.; Lee, Y.; Koshy, S.; Reddy, A. L. M.;

Saha, A.; Shanker, V.; Singh, V.; Kaipparettu, B. A., Highly Luminescent–Paramagnetic Nanophosphor Probes for In Vitro High‐Contrast Imaging of Human Breast Cancer Cells. Small 2012,8 (19), 3028-34. 35.

Thirumalai, R.; Mukhopadhyay, R. D.; Praveen, V. K.; Ajayaghosh, A., A Slippery

Molecular Assembly Allows Water as A Self-Erasable Security Marker. Sci. Rep. 2015,5.


Page 21 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns of Y2O3:Eu3+, Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods. (b-d) Rietveld refinement patterns of Y2O3:Eu3+ Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods; observed results, calculated results, their difference and Bragg position. (e) The crystal structure of Y2O3:Eu3+ Y2O3:Tb3+ and Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods. (f) The schematic diagram for cationic symmetry site in Y2O3.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 22 of 27

Figure 2. (a) & (b) SEM and high resolution SEM images of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods, respectively. (c) TEM image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. (d) TEM image of single Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorod and inset shows HRTEM of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorod.


Page 23 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 3. (a) PLE spectrum of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. (b) PL emission spectrum of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods and inset shows CIE-colour co-ordinates. (c) PLE spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+ nanorods. (d) PL emission spectrum of Y2O3:Tb3+ nanorods and inset shows CIE-colour co-ordinates. (e) PLE spectrum of Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods. (f) PL emission spectrum of Y2O3:Ce3+ nanorods and inset shows CIE-colour co-ordinates.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Figure 4.(a) Optical image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. (b) High resolution optical image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods. (c) 2D PL mapping image of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorods.


Page 24 of 27

Page 25 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 5.(a) Schematic for smart phone with a QR scanning application can read the encoded message ‘CSIR-NPL’ in QR code in normal light and UV light and red, green and blue QR codes under UV light. (b-d) optical images of red, green and blue printed logo of ‘CSIR-NPL’ under UV light, respectively.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 26 of 27

Figure 6.(a) Optical image of red printed logo of ‘CSIR-NPL’ under UV light. (b) 2D PL mapping image of the yellow marked region in (a) at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm. (c) 2D PL mapping image of the yellow marked region in (b) at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm.


Page 27 of 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Demonstration of multicolour luminescent lanthanide doped Y2O3 nanorods by hydrothermal method and their usability in designing of unclonable security codes for anti-counterfeiting applications. 254x108mm (96 x 96 DPI)


Unclonable Security Codes Designed from Multicolor Luminescent

Recommend Documents