Upconversion Luminescence of Graphene Oxide ... - ACS Publications

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Upconversion Luminescence of Graphene Oxide Through Hybrid Waveguide Zongbao Li, Jianxin Yang, Meng Shi, Liu Yang, Yupeng Cheng, Xiaowen Hu, Xiaofang Jiang, Xiaobo Xing, and Sailing He J. Phys. Chem. C, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00962 • Publication Date (Web): 02 Jul 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 2, 2018

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry

Upconversion Luminescence of Graphene Oxide Through Hybrid Waveguide Zongbao Li, †,§ Jianxin Yang,† Meng Shi,⊥ Liu Yang,# Yupeng Cheng,† Xiaowen Hu, † Xiaofang Jiang, † Xiaobo Xing,†,£ * and Sailing He†,#,± * †Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China. §

School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Guizhou 554300, China.

£

MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of

Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. #

National Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and

Electromagnetic Research, JORCEP, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. ±

KTH Royal Inst Technol, School of Electrical Engineering, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.

⊥

School of Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Polarization and Information technology,

Qufu Normal University, Shandong 273165, China

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ABSTRACT: Phonon-assisted upconversion is a promising way to generate shortwavelength emissions under excitation of long wavelength based on unique anti-Stokes luminescence properties. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) exhibit excellent optical properties owing to the quantum confinement and edge effects, which has driven research into fundamental principles and potential applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate upconversion emission by exciting an easily-fabricated GO hybrid waveguide (GHW) with enhanced photothermal effects. The results reveal different origins of short wavelength range and long wavelength range in the upconversion spectra, while the emissive surface defects of GONs and GHW structure play significant roles in the behavior of photoluminescence. Introducing other upconversion materials to promote emission efficiency, the hybrid waveguide system might readily provide the possibility for the construction of upconversion fiber lasers and remote control of the upconversion luminescence.


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INTRODUCTION Upconversion, or anti-Stokes luminescence, has drawn considerable interest for the promising potential applications in laser cooling1, frequency up-converted lasers2, solar cells3, photodynamic therapy4, and biological imaging5 because of its unique ability to generate short-wavelength emissions under excitations of longer-wavelength light6,7. First theorized in 19598, the photon energy upconversion from the infrared region to the visible region was demonstrated in 19609. For most possible upconversion mechanisms, such as triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion10,11, second harmonic generation12-14, and multiphoton ligand enhanced excitation of lanthanides15,16, high light intensity was needed together with low conversion efficiency and narrow spectral window, which limit their applications17. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the investigations of upconversion mechanism through establishing novel micro/nano-systems18, designing new upconversion micro/nano-structures19, and tuning laser parameters20 to obtain high upconversion efficiency and spectral modulation. Moreover, it is necessary to solve the problem of remote control of the upconversion luminescence to further extend their applications21. Graphene oxide (GO), as an insulated and disordered analogue of graphene, is a promising photonic material for future applications22. As an electronically hybrid material, GO has unique heterogeneous chemical and electronic structures which feature both conducting πstates from size of sp2 clusters and a large energy gap between σ-states of sp3-bonded carbons. The appearance of the sp2 clusters in a carbon-oxygen sp3 matrix can cause the localization of electron-hole (e-h) pairs, which introduces direct bandgap transition behavior and transforms the material to a semiconductor or semi-metal23. In contrast to graphene, GO is fluorescent over a broad range of wavelengths, owing to its heterogeneous electronic structure22. Previous researches have demonstrated that the photoluminescence (PL) of GO and its quantum dots ranged from visible to near-infrared regions under short wavelength light excitation, where 3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


the PL was a consequence of geminate recombination of localized e-h pairs in sp2 clusters24-27. Recently, it is found that, arising from quantum confinement effects, the nanosized carbon particles exhibit strong PL28 and upconversion luminscence properties attributed to the multiphoton active process29. Shen and colleagues30 have developed hydrazine hydrate reduced GO into ultrafine carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with surface passivation by PEG1500N. The CQDs with diameters of 5-19 nm were found to exhibit strong blue PL and high upconversion emission due to the anti-Stokes photoluminescence. It was revealed that the surface passivation played an import role in higher fluorescence performance and upconversion properties. Based on the nanosized structrue, graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) should also exhibit similar upconversion properties for the quantum confinement effects. However, there is rare reported about upconversion of GONs. Previous works have demonstrated that it could boost the temperature and intensify the thermal radiation as GO absorbed infrared photons31-32 and transferred energy to the host lattice through multiphonon relaxation19. Under excitation by inexpensive continuous-wave (CW) lasers, phonon-assisted anti-Stokes process can obtain higher energy emission than the incident one because of involved indirect optical transitions mediated by annihilation of one or multiple phonons33. Here, we report an upconversion luminescence of GONs under excitation by the CW laser. To obtain remote control of the upconversion luminescence, we develop a novel fiber taper waveguide system for achieving integration of a GONs hybrid waveguide (GHW) and fiber. These make a meaningful supplement to the upconversion luminescence of graphene oxide quantum dots and CQDs. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Figure 1 presents the schematic illustration of the experiment. The preparation of the GONs used in this study and the properties are described in Supplementary Section S1. The GHW is obtained both through thermal convection flow and optical gradient force, serving as the 4 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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driving force to assemble GONs onto the fiber taper waveguide in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMF) suspension solution of GONs (see Supplementary Section S2). The end of the optical fiber is fixed and manipulated by a three-axis microstage (Kohzu Precision Co., Ltd.). To prevent burning of GONs, the GHW is introduced into a chamber filled with argon. The CW laser light with wavelengths of 1064 nm, 980 nm, 808 nm, and 650 nm, is separately coupled to the fiber and propagates along the GHW. A computer interfaced microscope (with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera) and an optical spectrograph (AvaSpec-ULS2048x64TEC) are used for observation, image capture, and real-time recording. The diameter of the fiber gradually decreases from 20 µm to 14 µm within length of 84 µm and then abruptly tapers at 46 µm (Figure 1b). A quasi-ellipsoidal-shaped structure of the GHW with width of ~100 µm and length of ~220 µm is presented in Figure 1c & d. Figure 1e shows a blue luminescence image of the GHW when GHW is excited by 1064 nm CW laser under dark field. The fluorescence is strong enough to be observable by the naked eye (see in Supplementary Video S1). Micro-Raman measurements were made by a WiTec Alpha300 system with 532 nm wavelength incident laser light and a 100× objective. The incident laser power adopted was 5 mW to avoid the samples damage. Figure 1f exhibits the Raman spectra of the GONs coated on silicon wafer and the excited GHW. It can be seen that two samples display a D band at 1346 cm-1 and a G band at 1590 cm-1. The D peak is from the structural imperfections created by the attachment of hydroxyl and epoxide groups on the basal plane 34. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS When GONs is excited by 1064 nm laser, Figure 2a shows the upconversion luminescence spectra as a function of excitation power. The luminescence consists of a short wavelength range (SWR) of 400 ~ 550 nm and a long wavelength range (LWR) of 680 ~ 780 nm. As a new upconversion emission behavior of GONs, the dual-waveband spectra are split into several subpeaks. Due to the competition between electronic transitions, the radiation of the 5 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


LWR is inhibited by SWR with weaker luminosity intensity and narrower spectral range. A key feature of the spectra is steady increase of the luminescence emission with the increasing excitation power. Under higher excitation power, a steep boundary of SWR appears at about 400 nm with a peak localized at 407.6 nm, which is the minimum wavelength of the upconversion luminescence. Two stationary peaks of the LWR appear at 723.1 nm and 734.5 nm with anti-Stokes shift of ~ 341nm (~0.550 eV) and ~ 329 nm (~ 0.522 eV). In contrast, there is no detectable upconversion luminescence when GONs is substituted by graphene or carbon nanotubes on the fiber taper. Meanwhile, there is no luminescent emission of GONs suspension solution irradiated by the above laser or GONs coated on the cross section of optical fiber. It is demonstrated that both the peculiar structure of GONs and the specific waveguide structure of GHW play key roles in the upconversion process. The calculated CIE chromaticity in the inset of Figure 2a shows that the luminescence color of the spectra of SWR appears to be blue while that of LWR to be red. The results reveal that the temperature should be higher than 104 K if the blue emission is obtained only by blackbody radiation. Such a high temperature is not generated because the experiment process did not destroy the original scale morphology of the fiber and GONs (Figure 1d). From the Raman spectra in Figure 1f, the positions of D and G band remain constant and the relative density of ID/IG is similar. It reveals that there is no evidently chemical change occurring when GONs is illuminated. Further theoretical calculations confirm that the experimental temperature is about 1800 K at the incident power of 200 mW (See Figure S5). By combining with the localized peaks in Figure 2a, it is inferred that the emission is not blackbody radiation. The emission peak intensity (If) of the anti-Stokes as a function of incident laser power (P) is analyzed in a logarithmic coordinate, as shown in Figure 2b. For an upconversion process, the integrated If is proportional to Pn, where n is the number of photons required in populating the upper emitting state. From the slopes of the fitting lines, 6 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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the n values are 0.986 and 0.977 for LWR and SWR, respectively. Such a upconversion process is similar to those occurring in monolayer MoSe2 and WSe233. To get a clear picture of the upconversion emission, the photoluminescences excited by higher-energy incident lights are investigated. The upconversion emissions of three incident lights (with wavelengths of 980 nm, 808 nm, and 650 nm) at different powers are presented in Figure 3a, b and c. Using a 980 nm laser to substitute the 1064 nm one, the LWR has a ~190 nm blueshift (0.59 eV, from ~735 nm rto ~545 nm) with an anti-Stokes shift of ~ 435 nm (~ 1.01 eV, from 980 nm to 545 nm). The SWR remains the original position and has a small overlap with the LWR. Reducing the incident light wavelength to 808 nm, Figure 3b shows that the spectrum has a localized SWR narrow to ~ 100 nm, while LWR is absent. When GHW is excited by 650 nm laser, the spectrum only exhibits signal emission peak at 407.6 nm with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ~10 nm, as shown in Figure 3c. With the same slopes ~ 1 of the cases (Figure 3d, e, and f), the upconversion mechanism can be inferred that, under laser excitation, one electron in the Urbach tail of valance band can transport to the tail of conduct band by absorbing a photon, and a new hole is produced in the valance band35. Then, the electrons and holes in the tails can transport to higher energy levels assisted with multi-phonons absorption for the momentum conservation. Finally, upconversion emission occurs as the combination of the higher energy e-h pairs. The LWR appears anti-Stokes shift while the SWR localized at the same position under different laser excitations. These different behaviors reveal the different combinations of the e-h pairs in the upconversion process. Because of the same spectra range24-27, it can be inferred that the origin of SWR emission is the same with the PL spectra while the origin of LWR emission is direct e-h combination. To further confirm the transition mechanism of SWR and the relationship with PL, Figure 4a and 4b give out the PL spectra, PL excitation (PLE) spectra, and UV–Vis-NIR absorption of GONs dispersion (0.1 mg/ml). In neutral media, the weak blue excitation-wavelength7 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


dependent PL emissions indicate a scarcity of trap states between the π* and n-state energy levels24-27. Under excitation of 350 nm laser light, the PL spectrum shows a round peak at 407.2 nm in Figure 1a. According to the first principle calculations36, the PL spectrum peak at 407.2 nm (3.05 eV) is corresponding to the ribbons of ~ 0.4 nm width, inducing that GONs are cut into graphene quantum dots in the solution. The single PLE peak appears at 367 nm, which is corresponding to an absorption band hidden in the strong background absorption36. In previous literature researches37-38, it was found that the PL was emissive surface defects of GONs because of the high concentration of free zigzag sites with triplet ground state σ1π1. In order to further confirm the similar mechanism of upconversion emission and PL, the pHdependent PL spectra and upconversion spectra are obtained in Figure 4c & 4d. The PL spectrum is annihilated under 367nm laser irradiation for pH changed from 7 to 1, which is corresponding to reported results37. The upconversion spectra show a similar trend excited by 1064 nm laser for pH changed from 7 to 4. The phenomenon reveals the similar original combinations of the e-h pairs for the SWR and PL, which is due to the emissive surface defects of GONs with a direct bandgap transition behavior. On the other hand, following the excitation, thermalization takes place and emits a small amount of higher energy LO-phonon (~ kT)35. For the LWR spectra, the anti-Stokes shifts of ~ 0.5 eV (excited by 1064 nm) and ~ 1.01 eV (excited by 980 nm) reveal that the energy of the absorbed LO-phonons may be ~ 0.5 eV (See in Supplementary Section S3). Therefore, the mechanism of upconversion emission of LWR should be due to the direct combinations of the e-h pairs in high energy level by absorbing a photon assisted different numbers of phonons in high temperature field. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we demonstrate a phonon-assisted upconversion of GONs in a hybrid waveguide system. The results show that both the peculiar structure of GONs and the specific waveguide structure of GHW play key roles in the upconversion process. Due to the high 8 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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absorption of GO in the near-infrared region, higher temperature produces a large amount of higher energy phonons. By absorbing a photon with assistance of multi-phonons, radiative recombinations of e-h pairs takes place and leads to an upconversion process of LWR for direct band transition while that of SWR is similar with PL owing to emissive surface defects of GONs. But the other similar carbon-based materials, such as graphene, C60, and carbon nanotubes, do not exhibit a similar upconversion phenomenon. As an accessible and widelyused material, GONs will change the upconversion emissions from an academic and exotic phenomenon into a realistic and viable tool, such as for analysis and imaging techniques in medicine and diagnostics. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Characterization of graphene oxide. Fabrication of GO hybrid waveguide. Optical and thermal characteristics of GHW. Video S1 gives out the luminescence of GHW excited by a 1064 nm laser under 40× microscope in bright and dark field. The supporting information is available free of charge on the ACS publications website. AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Authors *E-mail: [email protected]; *E-mail: [email protected] Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are highly appreciated Prof. Shen Lan from South China Normal University for the help at the mechanism of upconversion. This work is partially supported by Guangdong Provincial

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(2017B030301007), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2016A020221030, 2016B090906004), Swedish VR grant (621-2011-4620), National Natural Science Foundation of China (91233208, 81371877, 81772246), Special Support Program of Guangdong Province (2016TQ03R749), the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (No. 2012AA012201), Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province ([2016]1150 and [2015]67). REFERENCES (1) Ha, S. T.; Shen, C.; Zhang, J.; Xiong, Q. Laser cooling of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites. Nat. Photonics 2015, 10, 115-121. (2) Guzelturk, B.; Kelestemur, Y.; Gungor, K.; Yeltik, A.; Akgul, M. Z.; Wang, Y.; Chen, R.; Dang, C.; Sun, H.D.; Demir, H.V. Stable and low-threshold optical gain in CdSe/CdS quantum dots: an all colloidal frequency upconverted laser. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2741-2746. (3) Gray, V.; Dzebo, D.; Abrahamsson, M.; Albinsson, B.; Mothpoulsen, K. Triplet-triplet annihilation photon-upconversion: towards solar energy applications. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 10345-10352. (4) Choi, S. Y.; Baek, S. H.; Chang, S. J.; Song, Y.; Rafique, R.; Lee, K. T. Synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles conjugated with graphene oxide quantum dots and their use against cancer cell imaging and photodynamic therapy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 93, 267273 (5) Wang, H.; Dong, C.; Zhao, P.; Wang, S.; Liu, Z.; Chang, J. Lipid coated upconverting nanoparticles as NIR remote controlled transducer for simultaneous photodynamic therapy and cell imaging. Int. J. Pharm. 2014, 466(1–2), 307-313. (6) Quimby, R. S.; Drexhage, M. G.; Suscavage, M. J. Efficient frequency UC via energy transfer in fluoride glasses. Electron. Lett. 1987, 23, 32-34 (7) Cho, C. H.; Aspetti, Carlos O.; Park, J.; Agarwal, R. Silicon coupled with plasmon 10 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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Figure 1. Experimental schematic and characterization of tapered fiber and GONs hybrid waveguide (GHW). (a) Experimental schematic. Red arrows indicate light propagation. (b) Optical microscope image of fiber taper waveguide. (c, d) Optical microscope (c) and SEM images (d) of GHW, integrated by GO cladding and SiO2-fiber taper waveguide. (e) Optical microscope image of upconversion emission as GHW is excited by 1064 laser in dark field. (f) Raman spectra of GONs film on quartz without excited and GHW after excited.


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Figure 2. (a) Upconversion emission spectra in range of 300 ~ 800 nm with different excitation power at wavelength of 1064 nm. Inset shows CIE chromaticity coordinates for SWR, LWR, and entire upconversion emission of GHW. (b) Excitation power dependence of upconversion luminescence intensity for SWR and LWR. A best fit with exponent factor as 0.977 for SWR and 0.986 for LWR.



Figure 3. (a, b, c) Upconversion emission spectra with different incident powers. (d, e, f) Excitation power dependence of up-converted emission.


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Figure 4. (a) PL spectra of GONs at different excitation wavelengths for pH = 7. (b) PLE spectra of the GONs dispersed in water. Inset shows UV–Vis-NIR absorption. (c) pHdependent PL spectra for pH = 7 and 1. (d) pH-dependent upconversion emission for PH = 7 to 4.


Upconversion Luminescence of Graphene Oxide ... - ACS Publications

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