R E S E A R C H RESULTS . . . . . . immediately available All papers listed are being considered for possible publication in I&EC and I&EC Quarterlies. They are available in manuscript form prior to I&EC publication or alternatively for a t least three months.
A Research Results Service manuscript should be treated as a personal communication. Reference to ita content in any publication should have the author’s prior approval. Orders are processed within 24 hours of receipt. Shipment is by first class mail; prices for subscribers and nonsubscribers are listed with each manuscript. Please use the printed coupon and include payment with your order.
Critical Moisture of Sand and Its Properties. Variables considered were particle diameter, bed thickness, air temperature, humidity, and velocity. Results reported are for coarse and intermediate sizes. I n most cases, a sharp change in drying rate allowed a clear estimation of critical moisture.
Jaime Wisniak, Arturo Fertilio, and Clark Freed, Catholic Gniuersily of Chile, Santiago, Chile IMS. 66-229
19 pages ( G j g u r e s , 1 /able)
Subscribers $2.00
..............................
Ms. No. Price
..............................
Total payment (check, money order, cash, Unesco coupons) to American Chemical Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Send to:
Research Results Service, l&EC
1 155 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036
NAME
......................................... ......................................
ADDRESS.
............................................. SUBSCRIBER
0
NONSUBSCRIBER
0
Batch Processing in the 700 Million-Gallon Paint Industry. Describes present manufacturing methods, recent changes in the industry, problems of continuous paint manufacture, and trends in the industry.
E. W . Geis, The Glidden Company
M S . 66-285 9 pages
Subscribers $1.00 Nonsubscribers 82.00
Nonsubsiribers $4.00 Modern Economic Evaluation Applied to a Batch Process.
Influence of pH on the Kinetics of Comminution of Quartz.
Initial rate of formation of fine particles in a ball mill is a zeroorder rate phenomenon, and independent of p H of grinding medium.
P. Halatyamani, S. Venkatachalam, and R. Mallikarjunan, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay-76, India M s . 66-231
79 papes (5Jigures)
Subscribers $2.00 Ifonsubscribers $4.00
A Note on the Theory of Diffusion. T h e restrictions on the use of Fick’s Law of Diffusion are delineated. The physical importance of these restrictions is emphasized.
R. L. Laurence, The Johns Hotkins L’nimrsitj M s . 66-259
8 pages
Su bscrt bers $7 .OO
L. W . Gamble, E. .4. McCracken, and J . T . M/ade, Humble Oil @ Refining Company
dVonsubscribers $4.00
rials to finished product-is used by many chemical plants and does not deserve to become “old hat” chemical engineering.
Vernon A. Fauver, n o w Chemzcal Companj Ms. 66-284
74
Subscribers $2.00
‘Vonsirbscrzbers54.00
A discussion of hazards peculiar to batch processes and how to minimize them, with emphasis on accident and loss prevention as related to people, property, and profits.
Safely in Batch Processing.
Walter B. Howard, Monsanto Comjany
10 pages
Subscribers 31.00 A’oonsubscribers $2.00
Effect of a Dissolved Solid onwiped Film Evaporation. Evaporation rate decreases with increasing salinity and decreasing blade efficiency, a measure of mixing between feed and brine liquids in the blade bow wave. A scraper-wiper combination is desirable. Observed evaporation rates were correlated with the analysis.
Walier Linterberg and Donald K . Edu’ards, Uniuersily o j California IUS.66-289
40 pages ( 13 Jigures)
Subsrribers
34.00
Nonsubscribers $8 .00
Subscribers 52.00
Why Look at Batch Processing? Some reasons why the batch process-which does not have a continuous florv from raw mate-
8 p a g e s ( 7 figiire, 2 tables)
114s. 66-287
20 pages (8Jigures)
>Yonsubscribers $2.00
polystyrene. Radioactive tetrahydrofuran \\as used to eliminate effects of viscosity differences, molecular size, and other parameters that might interfere. A residence time distribution function is suggested as a means of characterizing flow behavior.
17 pages (7figures, 7 table)
E. A . Guldenroph, Dow Chemical Company
M s . 66-288
Flow Characteristics of Gel Permeation Columns. Describes behavior of selected small molecules in presence of cross-linked
MS. 66-272
Points out situations where a batch process can be more economical than a continuous process, and presents a modern method for economic comparisons. Examples are cited.
Subscrr bers $7.00
~Tonsubscrtbers32.00
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
Metal-Ion Separotions b y Dialysis through Solvent Membranes.
Ion-specific membranes for the transport of uranyl-nitrate with close to 100% selectivity have been prepared and their properties studied and discuesed. Rates of permeation seem feasible, but to be of practical interest, membrane life time should be extended.
R. Bloch, A . Finkelstein, 0. Kedem, and D . Volsi, The Weizmann Institute qf Science, Rehovoth, Israel A4s. 66-290
37 pages (6,figures, 4 tables)
Subscribers $4.00 Nonsubscribers
88.00
RESEARCH RESULTS Modification of polyethylene by substituting chlorine for hydrogen transforms stiff polyethylene into a flexible, rubbery polymer. The new elastomer is cured with amines or peroxides and has properties particularly suited to production of wire and cable jackets, mechanical goods, and heels and soles. Chlorinated Polyethylene as an Elastomer,
F. C. Csaszar and J . A . Shannon, Allied Chemical Corporation
simple oxidation-precipitation process. Both cerium and lanthanum can be recovered by a simple, relatively rapid twostep ozone oxidation which produces good yields of commercial grade compounds. Separations are accomplished without introducing undesirable ions into the systcm.
Subscribers
83.00
D . J . Bauer and R . E. Lindstrom, Reno Metallurgy Research Center, Bureau of Mines
Nonsubscribers
$6.00
Ms. 66-316
Ms. 66-303 26 pages ( S f i ~ u r e s ,10 tables)
Recovery of Cerium and lanthanum by Ozonation of Lanthanide Solutions. Cerium is effectively recovered by a
15pages (2jigures, 3 tables) Reduction of Friction in Oil Pipelines b y Polymer Additives.
Polyisobutylene is effective as a friction reducer in turbulent flow of petroleum. A critical Reynolds number, below which no friction reduction occurs, was proportional to pipe diameter and to the inverse solvent viscosity. For each polymer a critical velocity also exists, which decreases with increasing moleclllar weight.
E. Finkelsiein, A. Ram, and C. Elata, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, HaiJa
M s . 66-306 20pages (gjigures, 3 tables)
Subscribers 82,OO Nonsubscribers
Subscribers
82.00
h'onsubscribers
$4.00
Optimum Control of a Class of Distributed Parameter ProcConsiders processes for which optimal control is esses.
simple, and in particular time-optimal control, with a transfer function representing the dynamics of a practical class of processes. Results are primarily of value when the tubular or distributed-parameter nature of process is significant in determining dynamic response.
Lowell B. Koppel, Purdue University
Ms. 66-317 77pages (4figures)
Subscribers
$2,00
Nonsubscribers
$4.00
$4 00 A Simple Empirical System for the Prediction of Boiling Points of Organic Compounds. Three-step system requires
Improved process for conversicn of o-carborane to meta and para isomers accomplishes isomerization rapidly, in a continuous fashion, and eliminates need for heavy pressure equipment. Under optimum conditions yield of meta isomer was 98%, of para about 22%.
Vapor Phase Isomerization of o-carborane.
Stelvio Papetti, Clayton Obenland, and Theodore L. Heying, Olin Research Center
MS. 6 6 - 3 0 7 13pages ( 2 j g u r e s , 3 tables)
Subscribers $2.00 Nonsubscribers
$4.00
no difficult calculations and gives reliable results. Constants are listed and a number of examples show method of calculation.
H . S. Klein, Shell Development Company Subscribers
$ 1 .00
Nonsubscribers
$2 .OO
Ms. 6 6 - 3 1 8
Spages ( 4 tables)
Analytical Estimates of the Performance of Chemical Osclllators. Approximate analytical solutions for difference in time
average and steady-state output are derived and limitations noted. T h e information should be useful in design of chemical oscillators which have a higher yield than that corresponding to optimum steady-state design.
Two Dimensionless Groups Relevant in the Analysis of Steady Flow of Viscoelastic Materials. Analysis of four basic
J . M. Douglas and N . Y. Gaitonde, University of Rochester
flow patterns leads to the introduction and unequivocal definition of two dimensionless groups of interest in steady flow. Concepts were applied to analysis of boundary layer flow, and the flow pattern in the leading edge region was qualitatively deduced.
Ms. 66-320
Gnanni Astarita, University of Delaware
simple equation of state which is applicable u p to moderate densities, remote from the critical, such as those prevailing in most typical separation operations.
MS.66-308
41 pages (2figures)
Subscribers $5.00 Nonsubscribers
$10.00
37pages (7jigures, 2 tables)
Subscribers
$4.00
Nonsubscribers
$8.00
Empirical Correlation of Second Vlrial Coefficients for Vaporliquid Equilibrium Calculations, Correlation is presented for a
J . P. O'Connell and J. M . Prausnitz, Uniziersity of California Ms. 66-321
Subscribws
$2.00
Nonsubscribers
$4.00
Phosphate Glass Process for Disposal of High-level Radioactive Wastes. Simplicity in handling main process stream as a
17pages (Zjigures, 2 tables)
liquid and highly unleachable character of glass product are advantages of process operated on pilot plant scale for over two years. Full-scale demonstration prototype plant constructed. Design verification testing presently under way.
Elastomers from o-Tolidinediisocyanate. Detailed study of the TODI-polyester-glycol system to determine the scope of useful TODI-based elastomers prepared by either the prepolymer or catalyzed one-step process. An isocyanate-hydroxyl ratio of 0.99 to 1.01 afforded polymers with best over-all and meltprocessing properties.
E. J . Tuthtll, G. G. Weth, L. C. Emma, G. Strickland, and L. P. Hatch, Brookhaven National Laboratory M s . 66-31 7
37pages ( 7 2 j g u r e s , 8 tables)
Subscribers $4.00 Nonsubscribers
$8.00
K. W. Rausch, T. R . McClellan, and 8. A. R . Sayigh, Carwin Research, The Upjohn Company
MS. 66-323 35pages (Idjigures, 8 tables)
Constitution of Asphaltic Bitumen. Characterization of Bitumens by Means of a Combination of Pyrolysis, Hydrogenation, and Gas-liquid Chromatography. Bitumens can be
rapidly characterized as to cyclic or paraffinic nature. Model experiments and application of results in structural analysis of a number of bitumens, bitumen fractions, and related compounds are described.
J . Knotnerus, Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium, Amsferdam, Holland Ms. 66-373
3 0 p a g e s (4jfgures, 13 tables)
Subscribers $3.00 Nonsubscribers
86.00
Subscribers
$4.00
Nonsubscribers
88.00
Economic Considerations in Effective Process R B D. T h e engineer-scientist in industry must hold economic values a t a higher level than the strictly technical values to satisfy obligations to his firm. Economics as a primary process R & D function; R & D product evaluation; the impact of nonprocess variables, and economic analysis in technical studies are discussed.
Chalmer G. Kirkbride and Gene E. Hamilton, Sun Oil Company M s . 66-324
23pages (70jigures)
Sutscribers
83.00
Nonsubscribers
16.00
( C o n t i n u e d o n Page 7 6 ) VOL. 5 8
NO. 10
OCTOBER 1966
75
RESEARCH RESULTS A Study of Ihe Relationship between Free and Captured Entrainment and Plate Spacing in a Perforated Tray Column. At tray spacings greater than 12 a/4 inches and superficial gas
velocities greater than 3.5 feet per second, the captured entrainment (using a collection tray of 8% free area) was greater than the free entrainment. A qualitative explanation of this phenomenon is orered.
Robert J . Calcaterra, Curtis W . Nicholls, and James H. li’eber, Uniuersitq of Nebraska
Ms. 66-325
Subscribers
37 pages (26jigures)
54.00
OF By-product Polypropylene. Gamma radiation of three nonstereoregular polypropylene grades of varying degrees of residual crystallinity, with and without allyl methacrylate, silica, and vinyl-containing silicas show residual crystallinity to be an important factor in improving tensile strength. Tensile strengths of three polypropylenes are compared after radiationinduced crosslinking. Upgrading
Bruce S. Bernstein and Joseph Lee, RAI
Ms. 66-332 29 pages (BJgures, 2 fables)
Subscribers
83.00
Nonsubscri bers $6 00
Nonsubscribers 48 .OO Analysis of Multistage Reaction Rate Controlled Systems.
The Growth of a liquid Drop in a Subcooled Vapor Mixture.
T h e classical Boltzmann transformation provides a similarity variable in the case of phase growth, where the phase densities are concentration- or temperature-dependent. Problem is analyzed in the limit of a large conductivity to latent heat ratio.
L. E. Johns, Jr., T h e Dow Chemical Company
MS.66-326 6 pages
Subscribers
$7 .OO
Nonsubscribers
$2.00
Heat release of a multistage reactor into which all fuel is introduced in first stage and additional air in subsequent stages depends on conditions of initial and final stages. A two-stage reactor with smallest possible volume in second stage yielded a higher heat release than a single stage for same over-all mixture ratios. 14.’ Engelmaier and Eugene C. Woodaura, Jr., L’nioersity of South Carolina
M s . 66-333 20pages ( 5 j g u r e s , 3 tables)
Subscribers
82.00
Nonsubscribers $4 00
Transient laminar Flow of a liquid with Suspended Particles in an Equilateral Triangular Duct. Transient response of a cloud of solid particles suspended in a liquid is presented. Numerical results calculated for the difficult case of ducts of a n equilateral triangular cross section should be qualitatively good for ducts of other shapes.
A Note on Hydrodynamic Stability of o Fluidized Bed. Two-fluid model of Pigford and Baron predicts instability of a fluidized bed when subjected to a general perturbation. Growth rate of the instability is shown to be independent of the horizontal wave vector of the perturbation.
Pau-Chang Lu and Roy W. .Mil/er, Case Institute o j Technology
J . E. Chappelear, Shell Deueiopment Compan:,
M s . 66-327
Subscribers
15pages (6Jgures)
52.00
Nonsubscribers 84.00
lead Azide-Detonation and Propagation in Compacted PowderTrains. Aging of lead azide detonating cord for
varying times and temperatures causes a maximum in the curve of propagation velocity with time heated and a gradual increase in the ignition energy. These effects are correlated with observed changes in the crystal surfaces.
M s . 66-329
Subscribers
12 pages (3jigures)
$2.00
Nonsubscribers 84.00
Ms. 66-,334
7pages
measures concentration profiles in an infinite field of polvmerwlvent diffusion. Profiles were analyzed to give the diffusion coefficient of the polymer-solvent pair. Information should be very useful when considering polymer processing steps such as mixing, dissolution, fiber formation, solution spinning, etc.
D.R. Paul,
Chemstrand Research Center, Inc.
.MS.66-330 33pages ( Q j g u r e s , 3 tables)
Nonsubscribers
92,OO
R. Kumar and N . R. Kuloor, Indian Insttwc of Science, Bangalore-12, India M s . 66-338
Subscribers
holds for most cases of absorption accompanied by an infinitely fast ionic reaction with the limitation of equal diffusivities. Both published and original absorption data show good agreement with theory.
Subscribers
44 .OO
Francesco Gioia and Gianni Asfarita, Uniuersitj of Naples, Italy
Nonsubscribers
48.00
.Ms. 66-339
Bubble Formation in Inviscid liquids under Constant Flow Conditions. New model considers bubble formation to be
taking place in an expansion and a detachment stage, with total bubble volume the sum of the volumes obtained in these two stages. Model has been verified for flow rates u p to 10,000 cu. cm. per second and found to explain the experimental data quite well.
$2 00
Vo~onsubscribsrs $4 00
A General Solution to the Problem of HnS Absorption in A theoretical solution for absorption Alkaline Solution. followed by instantaneous reversible ionic reaction, \\.hich
.30 pages (8 jigures)
Subscribers
93.00
iVonsubscribers $6 00
Olefin Chlorination in Homogeneous Aqueous Copper Chloride Solutions. New type of liquid phase homogeneous catalysis is
characterized by almost perfect selectivity, attributed to the ease with which uniform temperature is maintained and the mild reaction conditions needed to achieve economic space time yield.
R. Kumar and N . R. Kuloor, Indian Instztute of Science, Bangalore-72% India
AM. L. Specfor, H. Heinemann, and K . D. M i l l e r , M. W. Kellogg
Ms. 66-331 76 pages (5jigures)
76
91,00
Bubble Formation in Fluidized Beds. Equations based on the authors’ two-step bubble formation model for inviscid fluids ale used to explain existing data on bubble formation in incipientlx fluidized beds. T h e model is applicable u p to flow rates of 8 liters per second.
17pages (4Jgures, 1 table) Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients for Concentrated Binary Polymer Solutions. A simple interferometer technique
Subscribers
Company
Subscribers
82.00
Ms. 66-340
Nonsubscribers
S4.00
14pages (3jigures, 7 table)
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Subscribers Nonsubscribers
82.00 84 00
RESEARCH RESULTS Mass transfer coefficien ts were determined during sublimation from an oscillating sheet in the air. U p to sevenfold increases with regard to the static values were obtained. The empirical correlation is justified by an analysis based on the assumption that the phenomenon occurs in a quasi-stationary state. Mass Transfer from an Oscillating Sheet.
J . L. Lombardi and J . H . Krasuk, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ms. 66-345 23 pages (4figures)
Subscribers 83.00 Nonsubscribers $6.00
Quantitative Analysis of Card-Gap Tests. The Reflected Wave Technique. R W T computes shock pressure transmitted
6CF Whirllet with 6”.flange inlet connection
to a test specimen in card-gap test configurations with 11 to 15% accuracy without measurement or knowledge of test sample properties. A correlation was found between incident and transmitted pressure. Hugoniot prediction from R W T results not yet practical,
+ p
d
P. K . Saltman, Aerojet-General Corporation Ms. 66-350 38pages (12fgures, 4 tables)
Subscribers $4.00 Nonsubscribers
0
$8.00
A Mathematical Analysis of a laminar Flow Tubular Reactor for Non-Newtonian Fluids. Numerical Solution. A reacting
,+ I
l/gB WhirlJet l/g” NPT inlet
b with
connection
COMPLETE, SELE~TION
the Jwgest, the smallmt and BN sizes in between \
Choice of capacities from 0.07 to 1055 GPM at 20 psi. Choice of spray angles from 50” to 130” depending upon capacity. Choice of such materials as brass, steel, stainless steel, Nylon, hard rubber and PVC. Other materials on order. strainers and accessories. For complete information write for CATALOG 25.
non-Newtonian fluid flowing in laminar flow in a vertical tube is considered. The general equations of continuity, motion, energy, and diffusion are solved. Two simple models are proposed which tend to bound the solutions and correlate the
results. J . W. Whatley and H. C. Ward, E. I. du Pont de Nemours €8 Co., Inc. M s . 66-355
28 pages (IOJigures, 2 tables)
Subscribers 83.00 Nonsubscribers
Circle No. 30
$6.00
od
Readers’ Service Card
Do you know how to protect A Mathematical Analysis of a laminar Flow Tubular Reactor for Non-Newtonian Fluids. A nowNewtonian fluid flowing in laminar flow, in a vertical tube and reacting with a first order chemical reaction is considered. A general analytical solution is obtained under the assumptions of constant properties and fully developed flow.
your idea or invention
Jack W. Whatley and Henderson C. Ward, Georgia Institute of Technology
M S . 66-356 74pages (2Jigures, I table)
Subscribers 82.00 Nonsubscribers
84.00
Numerical Differentiation of Equal-Spaced and NonequalSpaced Experimental Data. Procedures for numerical differ-
entiation of data, estimation of error in the slope, a review of assumptions behind the methods, and a method for numerical differentiation of data with certain types of nonrandom errors.
Harry C. Hershey, Jacques L. Zakin, and Robert Simha, University of Missouri at Rolla
M s . 66-358 32pages (Ifigures, 7 table)
Subscribers 84.00 Nonsubscribers
$8.00
Improved Phenothiazine Antioxidants for Synthetic lubricants.
No “phenothiazine sludge” occurs with phenothiazine carboxylic arid esters. Mechanism is uncertain, but two possible explanations are advanced. Inhibited oils are stable and sludge-free at different air flow rates, in presence of metals, and at temperatures up to 425’ F. Harold 0. Strange, Joseph J . .McGralh, and John P. Pellegrinir, Jr.. Gulf Research @ Development Cnmpany
M s . 66-365 lopages (6figures)
Subscribers $ 7 .00 Nonsubscribers
-
.,,
or how to avoid the pitfalls that have lost rights and fortunes for many inventors in the past? Are you familiar with the require. ments for patentability? Do you know what steps to take if your idea involves a new use for an old product, is related t o prior art, or deals with homologs, isomers, or other analogs? PATENTS FOR CHEMICAL INVENTIONS discusses these and It will help you in your con. many other pertinent questions. tacts with your employer and your patent attorney and will help you understand patent literature. Though it contains legal abbreviations and terminology, this 117-page book is not a treatise on patent law. It is written for the technically trained man-the research chemist and directorwhose very profession provides more than the usual opportunities for conceiving patentable ideas. It presents the broad range of problems concerned with the nature of invention, owner. ship, inventorship, priority interpretations, documents, signatory formalities during prosecution, etc. Shop rights, employer assignment agreements, the status of the chemist hired t o invent, and many other important aspects are discussed. You will want t o have PATENTS FOR CHEMICAL INVENTIONS for your own personal reference. It is Number46 i n the Advances in Chemistry Series, 117 pages, cloth bound, $4. Order your copy today.
Special Issues Sales/American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20086
82-00
VOL. 5 8 NO. 10 O C T O B E R 1 9 6 6
77
