INTERINDUSTRY
PURCHASES
A N D SALES
PURCHASES
MM$ Labor and Capital Consumption
ι WBMBIBffl^
Agriculture
jJSi^^S^fl^^^^^^f^^^
F o o d and K i n d r e d P r o d u c t s —
g
Government Services
955.0
6.85 ν
j
I
I
701.9
5.04 v \
I
J
J
I
I
I
385.9
2.77
\
•BIM"lH^fl|BI|^
P a p e r and Allied P r o d u c t s
381.2
2.74
\
206.0
1.48 \.
E B B
Nonferrous Metals
150.0
1.08
• B B
Metal Products
135.9
0.98
\
I Ij
\
\ Ζ \ \ γ \ \ , / \ \ γ ^ \
0 . 54
§B
Machinery
69.6
0 . 50 ^
§B
I r o n and Steel
58.2
0.42 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ V ^ f l —
g a L u m b e r a n d Wood
4 9 . 9
0 . 36 " ^ - ^ ^ . ^ ^ * ^ ^ * ^ * ^ ^ Ν > ^ 0 ^ ^ I
Ν . Ν.VVVOOv X
A
N
^
Sales Within t
m
^^*^***'***Zr*s>*^ —— ^*"*^--*^ ^ — _ _ ^ _-——*" ^^^^S^s*
J
BB WÊÊ S t o n e , S a n d . C l a y , a n d A b r a s i v e s 7 ρβ β Printing and Publishing BB M i s c e l l a n e o u s N / l a n u f a c t u r i n g
4 2 . 9 42. Ο
0.31—• 0 . 30 —'
I
Rubber Products
38. 6
0. 28 ^ ^ ^
β
Construction
26. 1
0. 19 ^ ^ ν ^ Χ / Ζ ^ Γ
I Plastic Products
24.7
0. 18
Β - e q u i p m e n t - P r o f e s s i o n a l and Scientific
16. Ο
0. 11 ^ χ
0.33
—
1
I
G r o s s P u r c h a s e s of I ,-,, , . .... , I Chemicals and Allied J Products MM$ |
s / / /
0.05
/
/
/
I L e a t h e r and Leather P r o d u c t s
4.4
0.03/
/
/
I Motor Vehicles
3.5
0.03 /
I E l e c t r i c a l Goods
3.3
0.02/
1 Transportation Equipment
2. 8
CL 02 *
I
/
/
/
/ /
/ /
/
/
5, 1 3 8 . 2
j
3 6 . 87
( 1 ) All p e r c e n t a g e f i g u r e s a r e p e r c e n t a g e s o f g r o s s p u r c h a s e s o r g r o s s s a l e s . 1 9 4 7 I N T E R I N D U S T R Y R E L A T I O N S S T U D Y , B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .
W h e r e Do Chemicals Go? Located in middle of r a w materials-finished goods chain, chemical industry can use input-output graphs to chart production a n d sales 3376
Γ
S^χ/////
6.7
Total P u r c h a s e s from Above Industries
$
I
I • I I
M M
^'''^s'xsSskX
I T e x t i l e Mill P r o d u c t s
Notes: Source:
II I
I
75.1
MfflFPItffl R e m a i n i n g
5 r. *5 4
c
\ Z v \
Glass
, 4 6 . 0
-,-,-> 7 7 2 . 0Λ
\ S \
J | |
JBaraBBi^
29.98
τ-> P e—r c—e«n— ti. —
Transportation
Mining
Percent
4.177.7
xjrwrfKdM$ „
Efl^ttMffMHjfff
Hllllfffll
OF THE
CHEMICAL
AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
lEAASCAIS A N D ALLIED PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES SALES
Percent 8.56
MM$ 1, 192, 5 F o o d and K i n d r e d
Products
Λ.04
701.7
A 4 . 57
636. 8
^4.56
635. 8
Agriculture
630. 3
Rubber P r o d u c t s
A.bZ
f
E™1^!!^^
T e x t i l e Mill P r o d u c t s Construction
ΜΒΒΕΜΒΗ^ΜΗΙΒΜΗίΜΜΜΙΙΜΙ ^^fflmBPPBffif|gffffl QBITOlfllflffllll^^
Energy H^OHHUHI
288. 1 / ' • " •
y-n
Miscellaneous
217. 7 210. 1
13,935.3
w
Final Demand Percent MM$ 18.97
169.4-
Personal Services
ra^^^H
165. 1
P a p e r and Allied P r o d u c t s
BffWfffH
1.00
139.4
^0.92^
127.6
L e a t h e r and L e a t h e r Goods BHSM
,.0.74
102. 6
Metal Products g g |
•-0.69
96. 8
P r i n t i n g and P u b l i s h i n g JMÊM
*-0.67
93.9
Plastic Products
cal industry to the American economy? Take a look at t h e s e figures (and those above): 27.6% of the chemical industry's output is used to make other chemicals; 8% goes to the food and kindred products industry; over 5% is used by textile industry; nearly 5% goes each to construction, agricultural, and rubber products industries. VOLUME
3 3.
NO.
33
·
·
Apparel
H H
j§l
»-0.58
80.2
Transportation^»
*"0.55
76.7
I r o n and S t e e l
^0.52
72.3
*0.51
71. 1
^0.50
69.4
S t o n e , S a n d , C l a y and A b r a s i v e s
H
0.45
63.2
F u r n i t u r e and F i x t u r e s
S
0.37
52. 1
^0.33
46.4
,
0.26
i
0.22
Nonferrous
Equipment-Professional
28.4
A). 18
24. 8
A). 12
16.8 1, 1 6 4 . 8
53.42
7,444.0
Glass
g
1955
|
Equipment |
P l u m b i n g and H e a t i n g Equipment | Equipment-Agriculture, -Remaining Industries
These figures and others establish the position in the United States economy of 16 chemical and alhed products and process industries. These data appear in an analysis of the chemical industry's cost and marketing structure prepared by Stanford Research Institute ( S R I ) . They appear as the latest installment in SRl's "Chemical Economics Handbook." Basic ma15,
Β
Transportation
8.36
AUGUST
and Scientific
Mining
Λ>.20
g§
L u m b e r and Wood i I
31.2 29.4
[fjSp
Metals ^g
Machinery
36.2
Λ).21
2,643.9
J UST HOW FUNDAMENTAL is the chemi-
BfflBBŒHB
,1.18 χ
Gaross S a l e s of C h e m i c a l s and Allied ï^rodiacts
E l e c t r i c a l Goods
.1.22 the Industry I I
||nH^^B
Motor Vehicles §S§H§B|Ë
173. 2
Percent 27.61
Manufacturing
T o b a c c o Manufacturing j C o n s t r u c t i o n , and Mining
- T o t a l S a l e s t o Above
Industries
terial for SRI's study was obtained from so-called input-output tables prepared by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ). BLS tables, in turn, were prepared over a five-year period (19485 2 ) using purchase and sales transaction data obtained from the Census Bureau in its 1947 census of manufactures and from other industry statistics. 3377
INDUSTRY
A l c o h o l i c beverages 1 j
T o t a l food products
and
kindred
SRI's tables and charts demonstrate visually the dependence of other indus tries upon the various chemical indus tries, and conversely, dependence of the chemical industry upon other in dustries. The original BLS study en compassed about 450 sectors. To facilitate handling, these were con densed by BLS to 200 sectors. BLS' input-output tables covering these 200 sectors were condensed again by SRI into 32 major industry groups. Within the chemical group there are 14 separate chemical sectors and two allied industries—petroleum products and coke and products. Bar graphs and charts for each of these 16 sectors plot 1947 dollar volume of production and the sales to, and purchases from, each industry. This includes those within the chemical group, those out side the chemical group, and also those to ultimate consumers. These rela tionships of an industry's purchases to its output are labeled technical or in put coefficients. They are the essence of the input-output system of analysis. These relationships, though based on the year 1947, are still a useful tool in determining the position of the chemical industries today. Use of pro duction indexes, and adjustments for price changes, technological develop ments, and consumer preferences, are useful in updating the tables. What Is Input-Output? The basic concept of input-output is simple and has long been in use in industry under 3378
0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8
0.0
o.o
0.0 0.0 0 1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0
o.o
208. Q 850.7
other names. This concept was de veloped by Wassily Leontief of Har vard. An input-output chart merely states, usually in dollar terms, that a given amount of a product requires so much of other materials. A ton of steel, for example, requires so much iron and coal; a ton of aluminum so much electrical energy and so much alumina, which in turn requires so much bauxite. If all these relationships are put to gether for the entire economy under a meaningful industrial classification sys tem, and balanced in terms of each in dustry's output and each industry's re quirements, this is an input-output sys tem There are two major uses for inputoutput or interindustry relationships. One is as a data collection and organ ization system. The second is as an analytical method. Among the many applications of in put-output, a unique contribution is the ability to trace throughout industry the chain of requirements of a given change in the demand of final con sumers. It is through this tracing that the interrelationships of all industries be come evident. The type of relation ship that runs throughout the economy may be illustrated in a specific ex ample: The amount of synthetic rub ber produced depends in great part on the number of tires and other rubberusing items in production. The de
o.o o.o o.o
330.5 78.1
h.ô
'hem icals
1
nf Indust
Total Pi chases Chem •ils
w
ν
>
o.o
mi cal Indi.istries 2ii.fi 16.5 2 6 17.8 1.6 3.5 3.0 3.1 0.2 5.2 12.6 53.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.2 40.6 101.3
i)
0.2 54. S 29.6 38. S O.O 19.1 178. ô 718.7 O.O O.O 0O
-S
30O.3 50.0 O.O O.O 10.5 O.O 0.8 9.7 0.1 O.O 18.8 18.4 O.O
3
*0.tf 19. Q O.O
Ο
>»
ο CJ
Total Si
0.0 1.0 17 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.0
V
*o
|
Total Si
1.4 0.0 0 1 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.9 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 5.5 7.9
Î2
ils
Wood •α
Oils
Alliée "a
Paint ai
cerin, and Prod ucts >»Ό
Fertilize
5.8 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.9 33.3 0.0 0.0 3.1 5.5 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.3 39.0
Che micals
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.5 0.0
c
£
Gum an
0.0 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0 0 0.0 5.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 5.8 19.9
M
Misc. C
M i s c e l l a n e o u s food products Sugar
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.2
W
Animal
j
ο
Drugs à i Med ici ne
Bakery p r o d u c t s
s and Pireiworks .
1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 14.5 1.6 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 24.9
JU
Explosif
C a n n i n g , preserving, a n d freezing Grain m i l l products
0.0 0.2 4.5 0.3 0.9 7.3 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 5.1 14.6 37.6 0.0 27.6 16.5 77.2 39.5
Fiber:
1 I 1
0.0 1.3 0.0 1.7 0.1 1.0 0.2 4.5 0.0 0.9 1.6 12.8 0 0 2.5 0.0 0.5 1.9 25.2
JU
Synthet
M e a t p a c k i n g and w h o l e s a l e poultry P r o c e s s e d dairy products
Rubb
1 1 1
S
Synthet
Ο
«5
Plastic 1 aterial
hemic als
ο
Organic
Chem icals
Food and Kindred Products Industry—Purchases from and Sales -to the Chemicals and Allied Products Industries (1947) (Millions of dollars)
Inorgan
1
M
1
334.7
11,106.1
1
11.9
3,646.7
I 1
106.8 20.3 15.2
2,725 3
38.9
5,344.1
]
0.8
3,352.1
I
230.7
6,033 2
1
42.1
1,180 4
I
27.6
2,724 7
1
701.9
36,712.6
1
66.8 90.3 39.9 840.9 4.3 23.2 1192.5
mand for tires depends on the number of tire-using vehicles manufactured. The number of such vehicles produced is directly related to demand for them by individuals, businesses, govern ments, foreign buyers, and others. Looking at the purchase side, the synthetic rubber plant purchases in dustrial chemicals, the industrial chemi cals plant uses grains, the farmer uses many items to raise the grains, includ ing a host of agricultural chemicals, and trucks and farm vehicles which use rubber tires. Similar interconnections throughout the economy can be traced, beginning with almost any industry. Structural relationships which together form the transactions network of our immense economy are often the direct result of technological ties or business customs which may tend to fix the input rela tionships within fairly stable limits. It is the technical relationships which pro vide a basis for anticipating the effects of a change in one area of the economy upon other sectors. A comprehensive input-output table tying all these relationships in quantita tive fashion is the first step in tracing the diverse ties among all industry sectors. The 200-sector tables of BLS for the year 1947 are the most compre hensive published tables of this sort presently available. Uses of Input-Output. Input-output is a method of presentation of technical relationships between industries, It is
CHEMICAL
AND ENGINEERING
NEWS
JNDUSTRY also a method of predicting future requirements based on the assumption that these relationships remain fairly stable over a reasonable period of time. Input-output provides a method of analyzing national economic aggregates. This assures relative consistency of industrial details within these broad aggegates. This analytical technique has proved useful in many fields, especially in mobilization planning and general economic forecasting. It has also shown important practical applications in regional economic analysis and in both specific and general market analysis. It is in market analysis where the greatest potential lies for the chemical industry. With proper applications of indexes of production and price changes to reflect the current scene and with similar adjustment of current or expected technical relationships, the 1947 data can be used to give reasonably accurate projections of broad trends in an industry's purchase and sales patterns, and to trace these trends, both forward and backward, through industries which b u y from or sell to chemical industries. In any type of analysis using inputoutput techniques, whether it be for the national economy or for a specific industry, care must b e taken to conduct it as part of a general framework, in which all t h e analyst's special knowledge and tools are used concurrently and coordinately. In this sense the chemical economist uses all techniques at his disposal in trying to estimate the market for his product. By making him consider in consistent and balanced fashion all the industries which have relationship to his problem, the input-output technique provides the analyst with a framework which prevents him from going far astray. Chemical Industry Applications. Input-output tables show production volume, distribution of output (dollar sales and customer industries), and distribution of inputs ( dollar purchases and supplying industries) for each industry. The charts can be used directly, therefore, to show the position of an individual industry in relation to the size and components of its market. The chemical industry, being essentially an intermediate producer, is interested in tracing final consumer demand, such as requirements of households arid governments, back through the various stages of production to requirements for raw and semifinished chemicals. This method of identifying initial sources of consumer demand for ultimate chemical requirements is the essence of utilization of VOLUME
33,
NO.
33
*
·
input-output tables for market analysis. A good example is the food and kindred products industry. It produced $36.7 billion worth of goods in 1947. The vast majority of these goods reached the household consumer directly without further processing. The food industry is One of the largest direct purchasers of chemicals. The $1.2 billion worth of chemical purchases ( 1947 ) amounted to about 3.25% of the combined food industry's total output. If it is assumed that increased population, increased per capita income, foreign requirements, and other factors will cause the demand for food to rise a certain amount, the demand for chemical products rises immediately b y about 3.25% of that amount. Most of increased direct demand for chemical products goes directly to the vegetable and animal oil subsectors. Further, most of the increased demand for these oils comes directly from meat packing and miscellaneous food products, especially for production of con-
AUGUST
sumer food products like shortening, salad oils, and spreads. With additional input-output tables for the food industries and industries related to them, it is possible to trace requirements for other chemical products, and to identify them specifically. The ability to sum the total of all requirements, direct and indirect alike, upon the chemical industry and its subsectors of an increase in demand for a product like food is the contribution of the input-output method. Tables with this article give only the direct requirements. Indirect requirements can be estimated by means of additional tables which can be derived mathematically from the first. BLS has made many of these additional tables. In the case of the food industry, for. example, indirect purchases are estimated to be greater than the direct purchases. A broad panoramic view of the relationship of the chemical industry to other industries and to the total economy are also provided by SRI's data.
Input-Output's History Will there be mass unemployment and other disruptions in the American economy if the European war should end suddenly? This was a question in the minds of Congress early in 1941. At that time the U . S. had not entered World War II, and there were indications that a peace might be negotiated in Europe. Congress called on the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for advice in this matter. It allocated funds to make studies of the question of postwar unemployment and postwar readjustments. BLS officials, who felt that input-output studies might provide a basis for answering such questions, contracted with Wassily Leontief of Harvard, a pioneer in this field, to conduct such a study. Using 1939 Census Bureau data and other statistical information, the table was completed by 1944. Based on these data, postwar readjustment studies were issued. These studies indicated, contrary to popular belief, that there were no essential reasons for a major recession or decline in the economy after the war. A study for steel, for example, indicated that rather than a surplus of steel capacity, as many expected, there might be a shortage in 1947. BLS estimates proved to be correct. By 1947 the 1939 data were becoming obsolete. However, in 1947 the Census Bureau made its first census of manufactures since before the war. These data and other statistics were considered to be a good basis for preparing new input-output tables. In 1948 the government's mobilization planning agency, National Security Resources Board felt that an up to date input-output study would be of great aid in long-range planning and gave BLS financial support to initiate the studies. As 1947 Census Bureau data became available in 1949, the study got rolling. In 1950 the Air Force took over financial support of the project. It was fairly well completed by 1952. The BLS study was headed by W. Duane Evans, a chemical engineer by training and an economist and statistician by profession. He was assisted by Marvin Hoffenberg, Sidney Jaffe, Jack Alterman, Philip Ritz, and Sam Schurr, and a staff of about 75. Funds for continuing input-output studies were cut off in 1953 as an economy measure. Although censuses of manufactures, business, and minerals are being made for 1954 and one for agriculture is being conducted now, there are no plans to prepare new input-output tables. To construct such tables, according to some estimates, would take about 18 months and would cost in the neighborhood of $500,000. i S,
Î95S
3379
INDUSTRY.
INTERINDUSTRY PURCHASES A N D SALES Ol PURCHASES
MM$
6 . 40 >
47. 1
2 . 82 >
40.9
2.44
37.6
2 . 25 -
37. 3
2 . 23 -
30.2
1. 80 ·
29.5
1.76
Alcoholic Beverages
27.6
1 . 65 ·
Food G r a i n s and F e e d
25.3
1.51
•
22.5
1.35
·
20.4
1.22 •
18.7
1.12
18.6
1.11·
•
17.2
1.03 •
•
17.0
1.02
•
16.3
0.97
•
10.4
0.62
9.7
0.58
Chemicals
Petroleum Products Railroads Sugar
Miscellaneous
Chemical
Industries
D r u g s and M e d i c i n e s
Primary
Crops
Lead
•
E l e c t r i c Light and P o w e r — P a i n t s and Allied
Products
Coal Mining "Wood C o n t a i n e r s a n d
Cooperage
Pulp Mills T i n C a n s and O t h e r T i n W a r e Natural,
Manufactured,
a n d M i x e d Gas
R e m a i n i n g 63 I n d u s t r i e s Total P u r c h a s e s from Above Industries
• 157.Β 691.1
Percent
603.6
36.09
G o v e r r i m e zxt Services
113. I
6.76
Percent
107. 0
Inorganic
MM$ Labor and Capital Consumption
, Sales
Within
MM$ 264. 2
• G r o s s P u r c h a s e s of Organic Chemicals Industry MM$ 1. 6 7 2 . 3
9.43 41.33
Notes: ( Π A l l p e r c e n t a g e s a r e p e r c e n t a g e s of g r o s s p u r c h a s e s o r g r o s s s a l e s . S o u r c e : 1947 I N T E R I N D U S T R Y R E L A T I O N S S T U D Y , B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s
The tables, excerpted from the study, show by industrial groupings the major purchases and sales of the chemical industry in 1947. Close to 7% of the combined indus try's total purchases were from agricul ture, and about 5% from rood and kindred products. Almost 4% of total costs represent purchases of energy. Products of mining, somewhat surpris ingly, account for only 1.5% of the inputs to chemicals. 3380
Cost of labor, depreciation, interest, profits, and similar charges run to about 30% of the industry's output. Cost of government services, most of which were taxes, run to 5.5%. Much of the remaining input not shown re fers t o such noncommodity items as advertising, trade margins in purchased goods, rentals, and the like. The chemical industry is the chemi cal industry's best customer, with some 27.6% of all its products being con
sumed within the industry. Only 19% of the industry's output is consumed by final purchasers such as households and governments and much of this is concentrated in drugs and medicines, soap and related products, and mis cellaneous chemicals. The food and kindred products industry purchased about 8.5% of the output of die chemi cal industry. T h e next largest pur chasers are textile mills, construction, agriculture, and rubber products. The
CHEMICAL
AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
.INDUSTRY
H E ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY i>Ml_£LO
Percent
MM$
12.12
202.6
6.88
115.0
Miscellaneous Chemical Industries
6.63
110.9
P a i n t s and Allied P r o d u c t s
6.36
106.3
5.08
85.0
— Inorganic Chemicals
5.05
84.5
Spinning, "Weaving, and Dyeing
4,81
80.4
Synthetic F i b e r s
4.13
69.1
D r u g s and M e d i c i n e s
2.98
49.9
2.24
37.4
Soap, G l y c e r i n , and Related P r o d u c t s J
1.46
24.4
T i r e s and I n n e r T u b e s
1.04
17.4
0.99
16.5
0.97
16.2
Wholesale Trade
0.88
14.7
Optical and P h o t o g r a p h i c E q u i p m e n t
0.87
14.6
0.84
14. 1
0.60
10.0
Nonprofit I n s t i t u t i o n s
0.57
9.5
Leather Tanning
0.54
9.0
Motor V e h i c l e s
6.69
111.9
71.72
1,199.4
the Industry Percent 15. 80
G r o s s Sales of Organic Chemicals Industry MM$ 1,672.3
Final Demand Percent MM$ 12.48
208.7
combined energy industries purchased some 2% of the total chemical output. Because only 19% of the chemical industry's output goes to purchasers of finished goods, requirements of these purchasers for other products, which themselves use chemicals, are the important determining factors of what the chemical industry must produce to meet changes in demand in the consuming sectors. VOLUME
3 3,
NO.
33
·
·
Plastic Materials
Petroleum Products
Synthetic R u b b e r !
M i s c e l l a n e o u s Rubber P r o d u c t s Alcoholic B e v e r a g e s I
Miscellaneous Food P r o d u c t s Miscellaneous Manufactured
R e m a i n i n g 62 I n d u s t r i e s
Study Outlook Bleak. Economists and statisticians agree that the 1947 input-output relationships are a poor alternative to current data of a similar nature. This is particularly true in a dynamic, growing economy such as that of the United States in which technology is advancing at an accelerated pace in industry and in which technical relationships between industries are changing every day as new products, new techniques, and new methods are
AUGUST
15,
1955
Products
T o t a l S a l e s to Above I n d u s t r i e s
incorporated into the production system. The chemical industry, which has long been in the forefront in adapting science and technology to industrial production, is well aware of the changes taking place in a highly competitive world. It is obvious that it would be better to have a new and current study of interindustry relationships than to try (Continued
on page
3447) 3381
(Continued
INDUSTRY from page 3381 )
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
to update data which are almost a decade old. At this moment t h e U. S. Govern ment is in a good position to reinstitute input-output studies. Just as the 1947 study drew heavily on the 1947 census of manufactures, and other government surveys and data, a study for the year 1954 could be undertaken because of the availability of primary source data. The Bureau of the Census is conduct ing a census of manufactures and also a census of business and a census of minerals covering the year 1954. Pre liminary reports will be available be fore t h e end of t h e year. Shortly there after there will also be data for the 1955 census of agriculture. The 1947 study was two a n d a half years in preparation and cost on the order of $750,000. With t h e knowhow gained from the 1947 study and with t h e improved statistical informa tion now available, persons who worked on t h e earlier study believe that preparation of input-output tables based on 1954 data could b e available in about 18 months, at an estimated cost in the neighborhood of $500,000. T h e Federal Government, which supported the initial study, first through the National Security Resources Board and later through t h e Air Force, cut off funds for these studies in 1953. BLS has no funds to m a k e u p new input-output tables. Census Bureau spokesmen advise C&EN that they have no responsibilities for input-output studies, although they h a v e t h e data from which such tables could b e made. E v e n t h o u g h the Government has given u p support of input-output stud ies, other nations are now using them. Some economists believe t h a t a partial study could b e made by a nongovern mental agency. However, t h e scope of a complete input-output study is so large and the ramifications so exten sive, that most economists feel that only the Federal Government could conduct it adequately.
EQUIPMENT (Continued from page matic control effluent.
3426)
of the purity of
the Ε 12
• Line of light-weight centrifugal pumps, by Rice P u m p & Machine, have been developed from aluminum alloy. Capacities range from 5500 to 18,000 g.p.h. Ε 13 VOLUME
3 3.
NO.
33
·
·
AUGUST
Aluminum Co. of America 3425 American Cyanamid Co 3404-3405 American Platinum Works 3392 Antara Chemicals, A Sales Div. of General Aniline & Film Corp.. . . 3419 Arizona Chemical Company ( Inc. ) . . 3433 Atlantic Refining Co 3409 Baker Chemical Co., J. Τ Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.. . .
3407 3394
Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Co., A Div. of Union Carbide & Carbon Corp 3385:3431:4th Cover Central Scientific Co 3410 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co 3389 Columbia-Southern Chemical Corp.. 3427 Commercial Solvents C o r p . . . . . . . . . 3370 Cooper Alloy Corp 3361 Davison Chemical Company, Division of W. R. Grace & Co 3367 Diamond Alkali Co 3428 Dow Chemical Co 3421 D o w Corning Corp 3388 du Pont de Nemours & Co. ( Inc. ) , E. 1 3375:3386 Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.. . . Eastman Kodak Company El Dorado Oil Works Enjay Co. Inc Ethyl Corp
3401 3420 3424 3397 3364
Ficklen III, Joseph Β Fisher Scientific Co Fritzsche Brothers, Inc
3448 3414 3396
General Chemical Div., Allied Chem. & Dye Corp 3rd Cover General Electric Company, X-Ray Dept 3399 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co 3362 Hardinge Co. Inc Hercules Powder Co. Inc Hewlett-Packard Co Hughes Beseardh & Development Corp
3448 3429 3422 3366
Koppers Co. I n c
3368
Laboratory Eçpiipment Corp Liquid Carbonic Corp
3417 3408
Mathieson Chemicals, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp 2nd Cover Metal Hydrides Inc 3402 Mettler Instrument Corp 3403 Michigan Chemical Corp 3416 Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. 3387 National Aniline Div., Allied Chem. & Dye Corp Neville Chemical Co
3423 3426
Oldbury Electro-Chemical Co 3431 Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., Industrial Chemicals Div 2nd Cover Oronite Chemical Co 3411 Pennsylvania Industrial Chemical Corp Pittsburgh Lectrodryer Corp
3391 3415
Rohm & Haas Co
3393
Sherwood Refining Co. Inc Sindar Corp Snell, Inc., Foster D
3448 3426 3417
Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Div. 3385:3431:4th Cover United Aircraft Corp 3398 U. S. Stoneware Co 3412 Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp.. . . Virginia Smelting Co
3435 3413
West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co., Polychemicals Div Westinghouse Electric Corp
3436 3369
DIRECTORY Chemicals
3437
Exchange... .
Chemirad Corp. City Chemical Corp. Cleveland Mixer Co. Κ & Κ Laboratories Orlando Research, Inc. Pierce Chemical Co. Research Specialties Co. Shattuck Chemical Co., S. W. Xechnic Inc.
Equipment Mart
3437-3438
A . C. Tank Company Cannon Instrument Co. Taylor & Co., W . A. TJehling Instrument Co. Ultra-violet Products, Inc. 'Wilmington Plastics Co.
Technical Services
3438
Applied Science Laboratories, Inc. Bjorksten Research Laboratories Food Research Laboratories, Inc. Kendall, David N. LaWall & Harrisson Schwarzkopf Microanalytical Laboratories Truland Chemical & Engineering Co. Inc. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
RJBINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION Advertising Management for the American Chemical Society Publications Merald Lue, Advertising Sales Manager, American Chemical Society Publications 430 Park Ave.,New York 2 2 , Ν . Υ ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES H. Victor Drumm, Advertising Sales Manager N e w York 22—MUrrayhill 8-8600; District Managers—A. Stuart Powell, Jr., G. S. Mullin, Robert J, Halliday, Thomas F. Casey Cleveland 14—NBC Bids., 815 Superior Ave·» Ν. Ε., PRospect 1-5583; District Manager— Wm. T. Bisson Chicago 2—111 West Washington Street, Randolph 6-8497; District Managers—H. Scott Leonard, Frederick C. Dorr San Francisco 5—McDonald-Thompsoo, 625 Market Street, YUkon 6-0647; Roy M. McDonald Los Angeles J—McDonald-Thompson, 3727 West Sixth Street, Dunkirk 7-5391; Ε. Τ. Thomp son Seattle 4—McDonald-Thompson, National Bldg., 1008 Western Ave., Elliott 3767; Harry Abney Houston 6—McDonald-Thompson, 3 2 1 7 Montrose Blvd., LYnchburg 6711; Frank N . Vickrey Denver 2—McDonald-Thompson, Colorado National Bank Building, KEystone 4-46691 Robert H. Heidersbach Dallas 6—McDonald-Thompson, 5526 Dyer St., FOrest 8-5510; Ed J. Whetzel
15.
1955
3447
