EDUCATION
Colleges Could Train More Ph.D. Candidates Lack of fellowship funds is a barrier to graduate school expansion
Colleges Finance Most Graduate Study Fellov /ship Support*, % of Total From From federal From private universities government foundations
Academic Area
A new study of graduate schools by the U.S. Office of Education shows that colleges and universities iri the U.S. have room for some 20,000 additional doctoral students. And the schools say that more than half of this capacity could be devoted to training science and engineering students if the schools had fellowship funds' and other financial backing for them. How large is this unused capacity? Graduate enrollments now total about 300,000. So the 20,000 represents 6.8% of all graduate student enrollments and 13.6% of all graduate students who are beyond their first year of study. USOE estimates that 9800 doctoral degrees were awarded in 1959-60, indicating that schools have total capacity to train close to 30,000 doctoral candidates. The short answer to the problem of unused doctoral training, USOE feels, is simply that many able students cannot afford it. Thus, if the financial barrier were lowered, more students would enter graduate school, and the excess capacity would diminish. However, at least two other factors influence the picture. In the physical sciences, for example, jobs in business and industry are plentiful for majors in these fields, and the brighter students may be accepting them shortly after graduation from college. Secondly, since fellowships are available for top students only, those in the lower ranks may be discouraged from going on to graduate school. The graduate schools that took part in the USOE survey (139 colleges and universities that award 95% of all doctorates) say their present facilities and faculties are adequate for the extra graduate students. USOE concludes, therefore, that a strong effort to use these resources is the next obvious step toward increasing the number of earned doctorates during the next 10 years. Failure to use them, it adds, could downgrade the quality of education and eventually all aspects of the nation's social and economic structure. 44
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OCT. 16, 1 9 6 1
Engineering Physical sciences Biological sciences Social sciences Humanities Education Other
66 58 53 65 60 54 74
23 32 39 11 17 39 11
11 10 8 24 23 7 15
* At 139 schools, 1959-60.
Chemistry Receives More Fellowship Funds Than Other Fields of Study Field of Study*
Value of Fellowships, All Sources, 1959-60
Doctorates Awarded 1958-59, %
Chemistry Physics Mathematics English and dramatics Psychology Education History Economics Chemical engineering Political science
$3,594,827 2,560,789 2,469,314 1,913,430 1,797,381 1,616,906 1,482,357 1,202,818 1,066,781 995,041
10.8 5.1 2.7 4.1 6.8 17.2 3.5 2.4 1.5 2.0
* Top ten fields among 60, in order of dollar support.
Many Schools Can Accommodate More Doctoral Students Capacity of Graduate Schools for Additional Doctorates, No.
Academic Area
Engineering fields and metallurgy Physical sciences, m a t h , statistics Biological sciences, oceanography, psychology Social sciences Humanities Education Other Total
Doctorates Awarded 1958-59, No.
1,538 3,654
714 1985
4,379 3,601 3,273 1,386 2,954
1974 1227 1350 1614 596
20,785
9460
Lack of Financial Aid for Students Is a Barrier to Graduate School Growth
Barrier
Physical sciences
Lack of financial aid Lack of qualified students Faculty shortage Facilities shortage Housing shortage
42 21 17 23 19
Per Cent of Schools that Rate Barriers as Serious in Biological Education H u m a n i t i e s sciences
42 24 4 24 19
55 15 10 13 16
72 13 7 22 15
Social sciences
59 17 6 18 18
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C&EN
OCT. 16,
1961
ELECTRODYNAMICS
• A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL
Chemistry Ph.D.'s, Among the schools that report extra capacity for doctoral students, 106 say they have room for a total of 1400 chemistry students, and 45 schools could handle at least 300 more in chemical engineering. This capacity for more doctorates in chemistry is the highest in any field of study. Currently about 10% of all Ph.D.'s awarded are in chemistry—just above 1000 a year. Another 140 Ph.D.'s are awarded yearly in chemical engineering. Chemistry also leads other fields of study in receiving more fellowship aid than any other major academic area. In 1959-60, the 20,811 fellowships granted in all fields had a total value of $35 million. Chemistry had over 2000 of these grants, valued at $3.6 million—an average of $2242 each. Colleges furnished almost $2.5 million of these funds; the Government, $842,000; and private foundations, $383,000. Fellowship aid in chemistry, USOE points out, is in line with the number of doctorates awarded in the subjectthat is, 10% of all fellowship support produces 10% of all doctorates awarded. However, fellowship funds for physics and math exceed earned Ph.D.'s. Thus, the top three fields in fellowship support (chemistry, physics, and math) receive 25% of all fellowships but award only 19% of all Ph.D.'s. This compares with the top 10 fields which awarded 56% of all doctorates with 5 3 % of total fellowship support. On the basis of its survey, USOE says, the need in chemistry as well as the other physical sciences is for larger numbers of graduate students rather than for more new programs. Schools Finance Graduate Study. The USOE survey shows that colleges and universities provide the largest portion of financing for doctoral study. Of the nearly 21,000 grants made in 1959-60, they awarded more than 15,000. The Government financed 3500 and private groups 2100. The schools furnished better than 10% of the tuition fellowships for all areas and another 50% of the funds for "other" grants. Nonuniversity sources combined gave engineering 34% of its funds; other physical sciences, 42%; biological sciences, 47%; social sciences, 3 5 % ; and the humanities, 40%. A major part of government fellowships goes to support students in the natural sciences—almost 74% compared to 17% for the social sciences
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and humanities. Private groups, though, give more to the social sciences and the humanities, helping to balance support among all areas. Upgrading Faculties. A phenomenon familiar to anyone in doctoral work, USOE says, are students who have completed their graduate work "all but the dissertation" (ABD's). Many of these students are already teaching in college and probably would not directly reduce the college teacher shortage. But their doctorates would serve to upgrade faculties, especially in small liberal arts and junior colleges. Industry and Government have been quick to see the need for people with advanced training, USOE adds. They might consider the ABD's in their recruiting programs. USOE counts 4500 of these students in more than 900 schools. About 1500 are in education, English, and history. The physical sciences have fewer— about 150 each in chemistry and physics. In counting the ABD's, USOE restricted their ranks (1) to students who completed all formal course work at least three years ago and (2) those who could be recommended for oneyear fellowships that would allow them to complete their work. Existence of this large number of ABD's, USOE believes, may reflect adversely on the quality of graduate education. Further, these students often have a discouraging effect on graduate school faculties and on other doctoral candidates. Because of this, it says that colleges have started to check their counseling techniques to find more effective ways to reduce the delays in the already long, drawn-out process of graduate study.
BRIEFS The National Science Foundation, division of scientific personnel and education, Washington 25, D.C., has set Nov. 15 as the closing date for proposals for design and development of new lab equipment for school and college courses in math, science, and engineering.
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C&EN
OCT. 16, 1 9 6 1
A complete kit of 114 chemicals selected for carrying out the tested demonstrations in general chemistry, designed by Dr. Hubert N. Alyea and Dr. Frederic B. Dutton, is available from Alyea-Jackman Kits, P.O. Box 666, Pottstown, Pa.
