Science Concentrates STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
Structures of ‘hot’ cancer target solved The enzyme HDAC6 is a “sizzling hot target for cancer chemotherapy,” says David W. Christianson, a chemist at the University of Pennsylvania who studies the enzyme. More formally known as histone deacetylase 6, this enzyme is responsible for removing acetyl groups from the protein tubulin, a structural component of a cell’s inner scaffold. Interfering with this deacetylation process can disrupt a cell’s ability to divide and transport nutrients, leading ultimately to cell death. Because researchers would like to disrupt tumor cells this way, they’ve been looking for HDAC6 inhibitors as potential cancer treatments. So far, they have needed to search in the dark without a crystal structure to guide them—but not anymore. Now two independent groups have solved structures of HDAC6 from zebrafish. Christianson and graduate student Yang Hai solved one set of crystal structures (Nat. Chem. Biol. 2016, DOI: 10.1038/ nchembio.2134). They also solved one structure of human HDAC6, which showed that the zebrafish version is a suitable surrogate. The other set was solved by Patrick Matthias of the Friedrich Miescher
CREDIT: NAT. CHEM. BIOL. (STRUCTURE) ; NATURE BIOTECHNOL. (TO MATO ES)
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Knowing HDAC6’s configuration could help researchers design therapeutics Institute for Biomedical Research and coworkers (Nat. Chem. Biol. 2016, DOI: 10.1038/ nchembio.2140). Unlike other histone deacetylases, HDAC6 has two domains that catalyze acetyl group removal. Catalytic domain 2 (CD2) is the main site for deacetylation. Catalytic domain 1 (CD1), in contrast, is often called the “low activity” or “no activity” domain. Christianson and Hai learned that, contrary to its nickname, CD1 can be quite active with the right substrate. CD1 has a lysine residue in its binding site where CD2 has a leucine. Using peptide substrates to model segments of tubulin, the researchers learned that CD1’s lysine serves as a “gatekeeper” that blocks the active site from all substrates except those that have an acetylated lysine at their carboxy terminus. The researchers aren’t yet sure why CD1 has that specificity in terms of its regulation of tubulin, Christianson says. The team, however, was able to get snapshots of HDAC6’s catalytic mechanism. By replacing a histidine in the enzyme’s active site, the researchers were able to trap a tetrahedral intermediate of the deacetyla-
CD1 (blue) and CD2 (purple) form an ellipsoid complex with pseudo-twofold symmetry. The linker (green) connecting the two domains is on the outside of the complex. Metal ions are gray spheres. Red arrows indicate the position of the substrate binding cleft in each domain. tion reaction. They also solved structures of HDAC6 with various substrates and inhibitors. Both groups solved structures of the isolated catalytic domains. In addition, Matthias’s group solved a structure of CD1 and CD2 linked to one another. Together, the domains take on an ellipsoid shape with pseudo-twofold symmetry. “There is a large area of interaction between the two domains, with the linker on the outside,” Matthias says. Matthias’s team also found that HDAC6 gets its specificity for tubulin from a helix that is oriented differently than in other HDACs and from a flexible tryptophan in a loop connecting two of the enzyme’s helices. “Both the Matthias and Christianson papers determine enzyme-inhibitor structures useful for pushing therapeutic discovery forward,” says Karen N. Allen, an enzyme researcher at Boston University. “These papers are chock-full of important information.”—CELIA ARNAUD
FOOD
Tasty supermarket tomatoes that can travel Most supermarket tomatoes have been bred ing for a pectin lyase enzyme that starts the to travel. In other words, they possess a musoftening process by breaking down comtation in a ripening gene that leads to slower plex polysaccharides in tomatoes. Using fruit softening, thereby allowing the popular RNA interference, they silenced this gene produce to be shipped around the world in a flavorful variety of tomato called Ailsa without getting squished. Unfortunately for consumers, that Heirloom (left) and engineered tomatoes. ripening gene also directs flavor and color production. Its mutation blocks these tomatoes from ever fully ripening, leaving consumers with a relatively bland incarnation of the fruit. But there’s hope for tomato lovers, courtesy of a team led by the University of Nottingham’s Graham B. Seymour. The researchers identified a gene cod-
Craig, which is commonly grown by gardeners but is too soft to be shipped the global distances required by the tomato industry. The team found that the transgenic tomatoes did not activate the softening chain reaction, leading to fruits that were travel hardy with no consequences to flavor and color (Nat. Biotechnol. 2016, DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3602). Given the public’s concern about genetically modified organisms, the discovery is unlikely to result in transgenic tomato crops. But the work could guide scientists to use conventional breeding strategies to grow pectin lyase mutant varieties.—SARAH EVERTS AUGUST 1, 2016 | CEN.ACS.ORG | C&EN
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