.4pr., 1921
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
285
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE OF SWITZERLAND By 0.P. Hopkins 1824 BELMONT ROAD,WASHINGTON, D. C.
The war placed Sw:tzerland in a most trying and in Switzerland, and a fair share of the credit for the delicate position. Always in danger of being forced development of this industry is not always given the into the conflict, she found herself hard pressed for Swiss chemist. The early and successful start is favors from both sides, and equally hard pressed to usually attributed t o t h e excellent technical training find sufficient food and fuel for her own people. Some afforded, t o t h e steady domestic demand for highindustries, especially those engaged on luxuries, suffered class colors, and t o t h e fact t h a t no patent laws affectfrom foreign import restrictions, while the great textile ing chemicals were in force in Switzerland previous to industry was deprived of raw materials by foreign export 1908, a circumstance favoring t h e use of foreign patents restrictions. She is alive t o tell the tale, however, and without restriction. At any rate, the production of the in most ways better off than her belligerent neighbors. best class of dyes increased steadily until a n export trade A number of her industries were helped by the war. of more t h a n $5,000,000 was recorded in 1913, the The high price of her money is a t once a n indication of year before t h e war began. As far back as 1896 t h e her economic strength and a handicap in t h e marketing exports were valued at $2,600,000. It is understood of her goods. Nine-tenths of t h e pessimism in Swiss t h a t t h e exports amount t o more than 80 per cent of t h e production and t h a t t h e lower-priced staple dyes trade is based on this exchange difficulty. Although t h e majority of the inhabitants are engaged do not figure prominently in t h e trade. When t h e German dyes were excluded from t h e in agricultural pursuits, Switzerland is known abroad for its manufacturing industries, t h e products of which world markets t h e Swiss makers found i t impossible are largely exported, whereas agriculture supplies t o meet t h e demands made upon them. They were only a part of t h e country's needs. These industries not able t o maintain their pre-war exports so far as are unique in t h a t they depend almost wholly upon quantity was concerned, as there were difficulties in imported raw materials. The more valuable exports getting supplies of intermediates and also difficulties in in normal times are embroideries and cotton goods, silk delivering the finished products. But prices rose rapidly goods, watches and clocks, machinery, ready-made and the makers profited. Previous t o the war the clothing, timber, woolen goods, chemicals, cheese, con- industry relied largely upon intermediates from Gerdensed milk, and chocolate. Swiss milk is used in the many, b u t these supplies were cut off, and t h e dye manufacture of cheese, condensed milk, and chocolate, plants were obliged t o undertake the manufacture of some of the chemicals are based upon domestic supplies intermediates from crudes supplied by Austria, Eng of salt, lime, and asphalt, and t h e timber is home land, Germany, France, and even the United States, a grown, but the great bulk of manufactured goods is very close cooperation being worked out with the made entirely of imported materials. They are mainly English for a n exchange of crudes for finished dyes. The demand did not fall off when hostilities ceased, highly finished goods t h a t sell on a quality basis in the most competitive markets. All of which is a tribute the productive capacity has been greatly increased t o the skill of the Swiss workman, the excellence of since t h a t time, and t h e deliveries of raw materials t h e country's technical training, and the intelligence have been satisfactory, so t h a t the value of t h e export trade has reached a rather remarkable figure. I n of the Swiss manufacturer. Whatever may have been t h e effects of the war on 1918, the last year of t h e war, t h e value of exports other industries, there is no disputing the fact t h a t the was given a s ' $18,900,000. I n 1919 t h e value had chemical industries as a whole were benefited, particu- risen t o $26,000,000, although the quantity was still larly the dye and electrochemical branches. Accord- slightly below t h e figure for 1913. Figures for t h e full ing t o the census of 1911, there were a t t h a t time 197 year 1920 are not available, b u t estimating the total a t enterprises engaged in the manufacture of chemicals, twice the value of t h e exports for t h e first six months, employing 8692 workers. I n 1918 there were 270 we arrive at t h e impressive sum of $44,500,000. The concerns, employing 17,764 workers. Before the war quantity exported, estimated i n t h e same manner, was the exports of chemicals (nearly 90 per cent of the pro- 25,977,000 lbs., a n increase of 8,107,000 lbs. over 1919 duction is exported) were roughly valued at $20,000,000, and of 6,518,000 lbs. over 1913. The development of about one-fourth of which were dyes. During the the export trade in dyes has been as follows: QUANTITY first six months of 1920 the value of chemical exports YEAR Pounds VALUE ~.~~ ~.. reached t h e imposing total of $30,000,000, of which 1896.. . . . . . . . . . . 8,417,000 62,700,000 1913 . . . . . .. .. . . . 19,459,000 5,500,000 more than two-thirds were dyes. (These are chemicals 1918.. . . . . . . . . . . 12,939,000 18,900,000 1919 ...... . . . . , . 17,870,000 26,000,000 in the stricter sense of the word and do not include 1920,. , . . . . , , . . 25,977,000 1 44,500,000' many allied products.) Whereas t h e chemical ex1 Twice the total fnr the first six months. ports ranked about ninth before t h e war, they now rank The increasing activity of the Swiss exporters has third. judging from the incomplete 1920 returns. caused no little discussion in this country. It is THE DYE INDUSTRY felt by some t h a t German dyes and Swiss dyes made Coal-tar dyes were manufactured a t a n early date from German or Austrian materials are coming in ~
~
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T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
from Switzerland that would be excluded by the War Trade Board if properly described. It is rather difficult t o get a t the facts. T h a t no coal is mined in Switzerland is well known. Facilities for the distillation of coal t a r recovered a t gas plants have recently been created, but no statistics of production are available. The bulk of the crudes are imported, and some of the intermediates. I n 1919, under the heading of aniline, aniline oil, and aniline compounds €or the manufacture of dyes, the total imports were only 1,756,000 lbs., of which 84 per cent were from England, 9 per cent from Germany, and smaller percentages from France and the United States. (These statistics are from official Swiss returns, which are considered reliable.) I n 1918, a war year, about 4,000,000 lbs. were imported, of which only 7000 lbs. were attributed t o Germany. The imports of aniline intermediates for the first six months of 1920 were much heavier, however-4,600,000 Ibs., or a t the rate of more t h a n 9,000,000 lbs. for the year. Germany’s share for t h e first six months was 172,620 lbs. But the Swiss dye makers now rely largely upon crudes rather t h a n upon intermediates, and the statistics show t h a t in 1919 the imports of such crudes, given as “coal-tar derivatives for the manufacture of dyes” in the Swiss statistics,’ amounted t o 5,291,000 lbs., of which England supplied 29, France 28, Germany 27, Austria 15, and the United States about 1 per cent. It is obvious, however, t h a t the imports of crudes in 1919 are not large enough t o account for the exports of nearly 18,000,000 lbs. of dyes, including indigo; so, in the hope of shedding more light on the subject, suppose we lump together the imports of such crudes for 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919. The total for these years is 49,000,000 lbs., of which Austria supplied 47 per cent and Germany 19 per cent, the rest coming from England, France, and the United States. The largest imports are recorded for 1916, when Austria supplied the bulk of the purchases. For the first six months of 1920, the imports of such crudes were 6,808,000 Ibs., or a t the rate of about 14,000,000 lbs. for the year, exceeding the average for the four years previous. During these six months, Germany supplied 2.7 per cent and Austria 4.2 per cent, the chief sources of supply being England, the United States, and France. I t will be observed t h a t Germany and Austria supplied a considerable proportion of the crudes imported over a period of four and a half years, but t h a t this proportion is gradually being reduced. Another point is t o be considered. Are Germanfinished dyes imported into Switzerland for reexport? According t o the statistics, only t o a slight extent. I n 1919, a total of 516,000 lbs. came from Germany for consumption in Swit!zerland and 25,000 lbs. for reexport. For the first six months of 1920 the imports for consumption amounted t o 649,000 lbs., practically all of which originated in Germany, with small amounts from Austria and Czechoslovakia. Dyes imported for reexport during t h e same period are not shown. I n view of the foregoing facts, can it be assumed t h a t 1 Under this heading in the Swiss statistics are included benzene, toluene, xylene, anthracene, naphthalene, anthracene oil, chloride of naphthalene, nitronaphthalene. dinitrotoluene. benzoic acid, carbolic acid, etc.
Vol. 13, No. 4-
dyes are coming into this country from Switzerland t h a t ought t o be excluded? The writer hesitates t D express a n opinion. There may be, but i t is practically impossible t o prove it. If a n importer is told t h a t t h e dyes he is importing are not made of materials of German or Austrian origin and he makes affidavit to t h a t effect, how is i t possible t o prove t h a t he is in error? If identical dyes can be made from German and English crudes and both materials are used in the same Swiss plant, is i t possible t o identify the dyes made from t h e German material? And if i t is possible, can the limited staff of the present War Trade Board conduct the necessary investigations? Turning again t o the status of the Swiss dye industry, i t is interesting t o note t h a t the three big concerns have pooled their interests for a period of fifty years and can be assumed t o be operating and marketing their product on a n efficient basis. They seem confident of the future and are counting on a continuance of their profitable new connections in such quarters as Alsace-Lorraine and Belgium. They recognize certain serious handicaps, chiefly the exchange rate. Swiss money is a t a high premium in most European countries, whereas German money is very cheap. Also, Swiss workmen have recently gained the eight-hour day and higher pay, a fact t h a t is cited over and over by all Swiss writers on financial and business topics. Nevertheless, the pessimism concerning other branches of the chemical industry is almost entirely missing in current discussions of the future of the dye industry. ELECTROCHEMICAL I N D U S T R I E S
The war greatly stimulated the development of hydroelectric power in Switzerland, as there was a serious shortage of coal from the beginning of hostilities. The available waterpower is estimated a t 4,000,000 horsepower, of which 500,000 horsepower had been utilized by 1914. A t the end of 1919 new installations had raised the total t o 720,000 horsepower,. a n increase of nearly 50 per cent. The carbide plants were especially active during the war, for i t was never possible t o meet the demands from the belligerent countries. From a production of 7500 tons in 1913 there was a continual increase until a total of 40,000 tons was reached in 1918. Then came the post-war slump and production fell off to, 10,000 tons, with no signs of immediate recovery. The capacity for manufacturing carbide in Europe now exceeds the peace-time demand and the Swiss are not hopeful of the future. As in other countries, attention has been directed t o the increased manufacture of cyanamide from carbide, using the airnitrogen facilities developed during the war, but the Swiss peasant is rather skeptical about the value of this fertilizer and has welcomed the return of other artificial manures with which he was well acquainted before the war. Owing t o the small size of the country, most of the plants t h a t make carbide are within easy reach of communities t h a t are turning t o electricity for lighting and heating a$ the result of the long-continued coal shortage, and these plants are making t h e best of t h e opportunity t o sell current for such purposes, They will make carbide as a side line in the future.
Apr., 1921
T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y ,
Nevertheless, it is reported that seven of the fifteen plants in operation in 1918 were closed in 1919. The aluminium plants were also stimulated by the war. They manufacture a high-grade metal and firstclass wares, and have been able t o continue operations during the post-war period. Employment was steady i n 1919, when the carbide industry was so hard hit, but business' was naturally not so good as during t h e war. The exchange rate is the principal handicap. Plants t h a t manufactured nitric acid during the war are turning their attention t o sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate, but the farmers are not enthusiastic users of t h e latter. The electrolytic production of caustic soda, bleaching powder, and chlorine is of some importance and was reported active in 1919. The manufacture of ferroalloys, especially ferrosilicon and ferrochrome, is a promising industry, although i t has experienced a post-war slump almost as serious as t h a t affecting t h e carbide industry. The output of ferrosilicon has been as high as 16,000 tons a year. The production of abrasives in connection with t h e electrochemical industry is also noteworthy. DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Although no longer ranking with the dye industry in importance, the manufacture of drugs is still flourishing in Switzerland. The period of greatest prosperity was during the war and the influenza epidemic, b u t business has been fairly good since then. Competition from English and American manufacturers is felt on the Continent in some lines, and considerable anxiety is felt on the score of the return of German products. A full line of vegetable alkaloids is produced, t h e exports amounting t o over 51,000 lbs. in 1919 as compared with 44,000 lbs. in 1913, the increase in value, of course, being much greater. The manufacture of synthetic drugs has been developed along with t h e dye industry, and t h e products are considered t o be of fine quality. The statistics do not give details as t o the varieties of drugs exported. P E R F U M E R Y A N D COSMETICS
The manufacture of artificial scents came into prominence in Switzerland between 1890 and 1900, a n d has grown into an important industry since. It goes hand in hand with the dye and medicinal industries. There is also a considerable output of natural scents. The exports of finished perfumes and cosmetics amounted t o over $1,200,000 in 1913. The total for 1919 was somewhat below that of 1913 i n quantity, but prices were up during the period of luxury-buying t h a t followed the armistice. It is a n industry t h a t suffers during periods of business depression such as marked the latter half of 1920. As compared with 1913, the export trade in soaps, both toilet and common, showed a big increase in 1919, although a t best it is not comparatively a large trade. The Swiss manufacturers were caught with large stocks of high-priced oils on their hands when the slump in prices came. HEAVY CHEMICALS
Switzerland is naturally not a large producer of heavy chemicals, as there are few domestic raw ma-
287
terials and the geographical position of the country makes the cost of importing such materials prohibitive. The only soda factory was compelled t o suspend operations for a time during the war, but was later operated as an essential war-time institution in spite of the high price of coal. I n 1914 there was only one sulfuric acid plant, but the great chemical plants a t Basle later established a plant for t h e manufacture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Domestic supplies of nitric acid are more than adequate as a result of the development of nitrogen fixation plants during the war. Heavy chemicals are manufactured t o some extent by electrolytic processes, as mentioned elsewhere. T H E MARKET F O R IMPORTS
Bearing in mind the size of the country, i t will be seen in the following table t h a t Switzerland imports chemicals on a fairly large scale-that is, heavy chemicals. The source of supply has been European rather than American, however. I n normal times dependence is placed pretty largely upon Germany and to a lesser extent upon England. American participation has been irregular and incidental and confined t o a Comparatively few articles-a few acids, denatured alcohol, tin salts, dyeing extracts, phosphate, turpentine, and pharmaceuticals. A table showing the import trade in detail follows: IMPORTS
OB CHEMICALS A N D AIAIED PRODUCTS
1913 CSIRMICALS: Acetate of: . . Aluminium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromium, pyrolignite of iron Lead, nitrate of lead.. Germany. United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . Acetylene, liquefiec? under pressure Acids : Acetic and lactic: methanol. crude: acetone: methvll ethyliretone; ' prepaiations with pyridine base. Austria-Hungary France. Germany. United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenic. antimony compounds, n. G , s.; chloride of sulfur; bisulfide of calcium; sulfide of arsenic. Germany. ................ Arsenious (white arsenic) ; chlorides of barium, calcium and manganese; m a d e s i u m carbonate and
Pounds
2,650 194,450 34,170 33,510
.......
................
.....
..................
.
........... .................. ................
6,830
....... ....... .... .-............. ............... ..................... ........... ......... .................. ................ ....................
United States.. .... Boric and phosphoric. France. Germany.. Italy United States.. Citric and tartaric.. France. Germany. Italy.
...........
.
Oxalic, oxalate of potassium.. Germany. Sulfuric, sulfurous acid in aqueous solution. Austria-Hungary France Germany. Italy. Sulfuric fuming; chlorosulfur:c acid.. Austria-Hungary France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.
................ .......
99,430 79,810
3,530 16,530 146,390 48 280 9s:110
33,950
410
17,420 15,650
2,169,560 4,466,120 220 4,078,990 119,710 1,408,310 2,200 11,680 69,670 231,050 11,240 146,390 57,540 440 220 61,950
..*..
351,200 78,930 162,920 106,260 17,302,090
.....
378,310 106,700
.....
1,362;270 15,987,050 503,090 41,230 425,270 119,930 119,930
250,450 1,569,030 277,780 899,700 7,500 648,820 494,940 660 545,640 545,640
21,189,510
2,677,070
.......... i,5i5:9oo ................... ................ 19,581,890 48,720 .................... ............. 3,873,300 .......... .........
.....
.
Z?2;490
3 597,060 440
1919 Pounds
33,730 1,980 440 1,540
4,449,810 4,534,020 334,250 610,460 19,400 66,800 1,696,020 552,260 10,140 949,530 695,560 2,262,600
..........
Austria-E
1916 Pounds
1.2i39:oio 20,720 1,011,040 1,430,580
.....
560,190
.....
S70,390
2,079,400 182 540 177:910 1,026 910 291'010 253:750 15 430 15:ZlO
1,146 840 1,024,710 111 770
:
2 200 244 ' 710 11:240 6,390 106,700 29 100 122 360 50 270 3:310 68,560 2,533 110 5491610 283 520 1,650:380 615,090 14,110 587 970 366 630 303,360
:
:
5,019,480 709 230 1 936'320 1 :957:480 354,500 2,323,450 676,600 1,242 960 16:750 115,960
.
Vol . 13. N o. 4
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
288
(Conlth u e d ) A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS IXPORTS OF CHBMICALS 1919 1916 1913 Pounds Pounds Pounds CHBMICALS (Continued): Acids (Concluded) : 7.280 112.440 70.560' Tannic. gallic. gallaminic 12.790 9.700 16.090 Acids. liquid. n e s
..... . . .......... Alcohol : Amyl (fusel oil) ............. Denatured spirits of wine .... Austria.Hungary .......... Russia ................... Dutch East Indles ......... United States ............. Methanol.. pure; collodion; organic compounds of bromine. chlorine. iodine: phosgene; other similar products Germany Snain .................... U&ed Kingdom United States Aluminium sulfate; hydrate of alumina . sodium aluminate; chloride ' sesquichlorate. and fluoride 'of chromium; thiocyanate of aluminium Germany United States Alums Germany Ammonia: I n aqueous solution Germany Liquefied under pressure Ammonium muriate (sal ammoniac) Germany Bromine and iodine and salts Germany United States Calcium : Carbide Chloride France Germany Carbon sulfide Carbonic acid. liquefied Chlorates. perchlorates, persulfates. n . e . s Chlorine . liouefied under pressure Chloroform. chloral Copper sulfate and preparations France. United Kingdom United States Ether: Acetic Sulfuric Formaldehyde. aldehyde. denatured Germany United States Gases. liquefied. n . e s Glycerol glycerol lye Hydrogln peroxide H g pochlorites Inorganic prepared auxiliary materials. n . e . s France
12.790 32.190 15,584.920 9.648.530 16.530 6 870 700 830.700 8:310:990' 306. ..... 7.727.440 420 .....
............... .................
3 018 790 2:664:730
2.956.620 328.050
.............
48.060 101.190
1.5iQ.&o 491.850
..........
.....
060 ...... 88:803 325:540 ................... ..... ............... 245.370' ....................... ................... 211.200 .......... 186.070 440 ................. 181. 17.640 ..... .................. 400.800 390 ................... 396. 840 ... 131. 125.000 ................... ..... ............... 68.780 .................... 2.648.850 ................... 258.380 ................. 2.358.510 ................. 804.470 ................ ........ 352.520 ................. 153.220 566.150 ....................... 24.470 ............ 4 636 540 2:416 '040 .................... 689:600 ............ 222.230 ............... I
1
_
82.230 6.560.730
.....
3.028. if0 1.958.140
2,680.600 348.990 929.030 392.640 664.250
59 220 790 32.250.320 57:526:090 32.046.390 ..... 788.370 238.320 3.526.510 200.840 3.107.630 440 440 169.320 168.880 111.990 27.120 49.820 23.590 1.320
.....
1.820 787.930 440
1.388.030 1.299.620 1.320
..... 8.820 1.322. 990 111.110 1 .150.160 890.670 440
220
61.070
440 14.770 3.908.130 307.540 2.392.010 414.030
297.620 13.230 2.341.750 46.300 1.482.600 10.800
440
440 12.350
............
341.050 604.290 313.280 2713.220
701.290 140.430 355.600 41.000 57.320 498 460 89 730
434.750 164 460 196:870 121.920 65.040 266 540 93 700
..................... .......
1.123.920 143.300 760.370 11.900 2.650 1.118.850
767 430 1081470 547.410 6. 610 220 194.230
898.380 112 880 678:140 34.170 1. 100 89.510
................. ........... .....................
Iodoform Iron sulfate. zinc sulfate Lactarine (casein).
Lead oxide
..
10.360 63.490 825.630 824.310
.....
399.920 306.440 48.060 216.710 6.527.890 6.432.200 26.680 749.130 609.580
.
Potash. crude Potassium : Hydroxides of potassium and sodium. solid Austria-Hungary France
........... .......... ................... ........ .................
sodium. liqujd (lye) Nitrate. and nitrate of sodium (pure) United States . Prussiate. bichr
.......... ................. ......
Austria-Hungar y Germany United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silicate and silicate of sodidm (water glass)
83.780 107.810 848.340
:
332.240 239.640
363.540 242.510
1io: oio 4.412.330 4.412.330 51.150 895 080 719:810 28.220 24.470 1.749.590
52.250 4.366.694 4.263.520 16.310
: :
.....
591.500 588.190 54.010 38.360 194.230
19.635. 250 18 715 260 1 849 900 1.026.030 3.397.760 18.595.770 9 291 820 220 3 : 114:690 1.060.860
6.382.820 506.400 3.040. 830 290 790 2.469.400 44.310
1.501.120
1.402.800
259.040
1.653.910 834.230 1. 760 104.060
1.179.250 13.230 579.160 3.970
214.070 138.670
987.670 149.470 769.190
228.180 71.430 151.240
974.000 805.130 136.020 14.770
5.648. 020 314.820 5.308.290
4 450 470 1:215:190 3.211.030
3.411.430
...
....
1913 CHEMICALS (Concluded): Potassium (Concluded)! Pyrolignite and phenate: barium nitrate; lead sulfide: iron sulfide; zinc powder France Germany United Kingdom United States Sodium: Acetate. hyposulfite. Ruosilicate Belgium France Germany United States Arsenate. bicarbonate. sulfite. and bisulfite France
.
................... ................. ..........
............. ................... .................. ................... ................. ............ .......... ................. ........
Pounds
(Continued) 1916 1919
Pounds
Pounds
:
3.343.310 1 348 130 1 395:740 5.510 225.970
2.913.190 276.900 1.668.020 365.970 525.800
1.091 950 280 870 340.390 301.590 1. 100
755.080 252.210 108.020 394.850
916.020
471.130 22.050 233.910 136.470
1.587.770 41.890 1.532.430 5.070 707.680 97.440 597 670 3:970
990.100 211.200 590.840 27.560 1.198.430 700.850 220 269.620
:
.....
.....
343.480 167.330 205.030
.....
1.405.220 284.110 766 400 179 020 604.290 18.960
:
United Kingdom Borate (borax) France Germany 466.500 United Kingdom .. ..... 108.910 United States ...... .. Carbonate: 30.640 3.300 769 190 Crystals 710 224.210 Seda ash .......... . . 34.413.270 19.340. 1.344.160 223.990 France 220 33.965 290 14.820.350 Germany '803;810 395.950 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . Chromate (bichromate). cyan3 . 5 6 0 . 460 ide. sulfate. sulfide ....... 8.934.890 2.921.560 242.950 377.210 Austria-Hungary 483.250 245.370 620 i58'ioo 1720 1.161. France . . . ..... 26: 631 2.113.130 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.560 904.560 135.140 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . 125.880 232 810 ..... United States 796.090 530 870 998.690 Nitrite.
.............. ................... .......... .. ...
.......... .. ................. ...............
.....
:
.....
..........
.....
..................... ..................... .................. ................... ............... . .......... .........
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS
.....
;
3 . 4 i i 430
............. ....................
2.079.620 71.430 2.008.190
.....
453.710 151.900 293.880 6.830
.......... ........
Tin salts Germany
COAL-TARPRODIJCTS: Coal-tar dyes: Alizarin : Germany Aniline. anthracene. naphthalene dyes; coal-tar dyes. n e s Germany Indigo. natural or synthetic Germany Other products: Aniline. aniline oil France
................. ................. ...........
Germany United Kingdom United States ............. Coal-tar derivatives for the manufacture of dyes (benzene. toluene. etc.) ... Austria-Hungary .......... France. Germany United Kingdom United States Phthalic acid. resorcinol ...... Saccharin Salicylic acid Tar-oil derivatives (carbolineum. creosote. creosote oil. creolin. lysol. etc.) France Germany United Kingdom United States DYEINGAND TANNING MATERIALS: Extracts for dyeing France Central America United States
.................. ................. .......... ............. ................... ...............
.....
415.330 201. 31.090 720
.....
93.260
10.360
440
6. 170
60.410 1.203 500 905:780 132.060
10.800
582.020 184.090 390.OOO
199.740 192.240
88.630 56.880
164.690 131.400
508.600
134.920
197.530
:
: .....
1.539.270 1.476.660 153 440 152:560
949 750 949 750 17.200 17.200
489.200 475.090 41.230 41.230
2.649.510
2.848.810 47.400
815.710 56.226 13.670 145.8%
:
2.59i'Qjo 57 540
2.3i4.630 486.780
.....
1 956.160 6.170 1.871.280 78.710
280.210 32.850 4.410 199.960 42.990
939.830 17.190 142.420 727.090 53.130
2.388.050
841.280 325.180 4.410 470.020 41.670
1 C97.340 488.770 240.960 803.140 152.340
7.331.690 26.038.330 401.020 660 16.645.560 927.920 6.232. 250 4 708 850 2:4331460 689.600 228.400 32.850 26i:oio 880 3.750 116.840 139.330
5.290.870 720.030 1.494.290 1.428.160 1.509.730 89.730 107.360 11.020 168.210
I
................. .......... .............
Germany Unit.ed Kingdom United States Benzyl chloride. nitrobenzene. naphthol and its derivatives.,
343.920 880 660 213.190 129.190 309.970 220 136.470 132.940 22.0.50
63.930 1 849 240 1 598:570
.................
.................. . ............. ... ................. ........... ................... United States ............. Aniline compounds for the
:
157 630 120:370 4 . 190 33.070
.....
2.3i7.OZO
.....
9.920
~
........ ................... ................. .......... .............
7.086.220 14.770 6.906 420 14 330
............ ..................... ............ ...............
1.165.140 201.280
854.730 93.260
1 (111 790 65.480
465.840 299. 170
531. 19.750 840
342 658:080 380
: .....
2.127.460 23.563.450 267 860 1 693 720 827:610 21 :752:350 996.710 95.900 47.180
.....
. .
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Apr., 1921 IMPORTS OF
CHEMICALS
AND
IMPORTS OF
ALLIED P R O D U C T S (Continued)
1913
1916
CHEMICALS
AND
1919
OILS, VEGETABLE (Concluded) : Volntile or essential (Concluded) : France. Germany. Other (cloves, lavender, aspic, juniper; ethers with fruit odor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. .................. 4,630 4,630 35,720 British India.. United States.. 221,340 166.230 9,260 PAINTS, PIGMENTS, VARNISHES: 10,360 29,100 22,930 Chemical colors, dry, not prepared: FERTILIZERS: Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons Black, lampblack, bone black. Chile saltpeter, ammonium sulGermany. 1,078 3,328 343 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . P Cinnabar, Prussian blue, ul14,859 18,885 7,457 ................... tramarine, Schweinlurt 329 ..... 2,083 green, bronze colors.. . . . . 4,832 5,410 1,565 France. .................. 21 3 2,114 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,145 2,004 3,045 ............... United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,530 ..... 8,882 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Color varnishes (carmine, ge29,336 22,808 13,241 Potash fertilizers, Stassfurt salts ranium, scarlet, viridin) 15,361 . . . . . 18 France. .................... Lead. 13,945 -~ 13,223 22,808 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Red.” .................... 4,776 1,572 82 Potassium muriate White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,685 ..... 10 France. Yellow., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1,572 72 Lithosone, pearl white. ...... 46,443 29,922 . 55,793 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,826 7,992 1,985
DYEING ETC.(Concluded): Extra& for tanning.. . . . France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. ...................... Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . BXPI.OSIVES: Guncotton pyroxylin.. Dynamite Lnd other explosives, n. e. s...................... Fireworks and pyrotechnical preparations.
Pounds
5,793,530 3,644,460 1,281,330 374,340 28,220
Pounds
Pounds
5,592,900 7,658,860 373,240 19,840 263,230 I , 158,530 2,209,690 6,999,670 3,970 1,776,270
........
289
ALLIED P R O D U C T S (Conlinucd)
1913
1916
Pounds
Pounds
1919 Pounds
.................. ................
9,260 13,890
17,640 18,960
17,860 6,390
............ ...........
272,930 32,410 102,960 2,6.50
476,420 39,240 86,860 4,850
539,250 106,480 80,690 55,560
...............
................
...
....................
Sulfuric acid, used, . . . . . . . . . . . . Superphosphates and other prepared fertilizers. France.
.......... ....................
.............
United States.. MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS A N D DRUGS: Alkalnirlq . . __. .. vezetable. Germany ... ...... Balsams concentrated juices of plant; medicinal oils. . . . . . . . Chemic2 products, n e. s , for pharmaceutical u Foods artificial (so Pharmaceutical pro
r...
France..
t . .
...............
United State Sera. vaccines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spring salts and marsh salts. . . . . OILS,VEGETABGE: Fixed or expressed: Castor: Crude, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorless, purified. . . . . . . . . Coconut, palm, and o t h e r . .
..
.............
Netherlands, Spain.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dntch East Indies.. . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . Olive: Denatured.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain. . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . Edible.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...........
47,749 1.994
27,937 237
9,337 110
26,309 4,833 15,537
1,776 1,761 5
3,215 37 16 3,030 102
..... .....
..... .....
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
24,910 11,900
6,390 3,310
46,740 34,390
695,780
500,450
366,400
702,170 35,940
274,700 7,050
260,800 8,380
1,031,980 308,210 522,270 95,240 22,710 4,630 32.630
534,620 329,810 78,040 78,930 1,320 2,650 48,060
...................
es . . . . . . . . . . . . . Varnishes, lacs, and siccatives.. France. .................... Germany. . . .
.............
United States.. PERFUMERY A N D COSMETICS: i n containers weighing more
358,250 679,020 115,300 65,040 105,600 16,530 ............... 4,829,670 6,142,960 6,515,980 I n containers weighing 1 kilo or 175,930 1,213,200 3,315,090 less. ..................... ..... 2,315,730 France ..................... 360,900 278,000 1,366;650 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224,890 ..... United States 22,050 2,229,970 ..... 577,830 OTHER PRODUCTS: 646,830 381,840 296,520 Albumin, . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,381,260 640 io,5ii:O60 5,542; United States.. . . . . 267,200 5,338,930 Blacking and polisl!e 660 290 1 593 940 3,554; I n containers 992,520 2:972:930 1,558 230 or more. ... 324,080 257 940 I n convainers 746,040 than 5 kilos., . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . 1,395,970 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,380 11,460 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . .
..... .....
..... .....
1,381,860 2,675,310 591,500 1,816,830 ..... 835,330 48 720 1,875’030 1,947;5io 927’930 697,980 682’110 630,080 156:310 499,790 20.280
2,872,400 160.060 2,626,040 48,280 5,256,700 272,490 271,830 4,711,940 440
Peanut, rape, hemp, sesame, cottonseed, and other, for 6,321,090 7,757,400 4,731,340 industrial purposes. 50,270 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,034,850 39,900 1,977,990 2,463000 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326,720 2,200 Italy.. 221,790 i,635:6io 292,770 United 628,760 Dutch 2,883,200 2 , ii5 ‘ i3o 25i :550 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,270 709 000 678,800 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey-red oil and other sulfo25,130 335,540 232,810 ricinoleates. .... 20,764,680 19,015,750 19,760,470 Oils, edible, n. e. s. 2 412 520 Belgium. ....... 555 780 France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10:471:510 13,132;930 1,457:480 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.36619iO 5,528;?50 15,472,480 United S t a t e s . . 220 1,979,970 Germany. ................ VoIatile or essential: For pharmaceutical use and perfumery (rose, viqlet. cajeput, nutmeg, pineneedle bitter-almond, 29,540 26,460 58,860 eucalyptus).
.....
Belgium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (chrome yellow and green; mineral blue; smalt; zinc green, etc.). . . . . . . . . . . Colors of all kinds, prepared: Chrome oxide and other colors, n . e. s., in water paste.. . . . Oil varnishes (linseed oil and . poppyseed oil, boiled, fluid). White casein or glue colors (alahastine, amphiboline, in-
:
United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Candles: Ball tapers, Christmas tree candles, colored or ornamental candles., . . . . . . . . . . Allother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dextrin. Glue: For joiners, hoiise pamtern, plasterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States Gelatin, fish glue.. . . . Liquid or in powder.. Liquid, for office u s e . . . . . . . . . Ink:
.....................
:
.....
...........
............
.....
United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Paper and pulp: Paper : Newsprint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden. Other printing, writing, and drawing paper.. Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . Packing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
......
509,040 2,704,190 455,700 2,607,630 10,360 15,430
328,270 242,950 37,920
289,250 44,310 219,360 220
276,680 37,700 235,670
261,910 61,290 165,790 3,310
173,060
475,540
142,640
539,910 845,690
67 680 1081470 440 2,504,890 2,252,680 80,910 1,808,670
122,140 181,000
1,555; i4o
.....
659,400 569,230 33,730 866,200 11,020 659,400
450,400
275,800
194,670
184.750
406.750
24.690
46,960
81,130
154,100
59,080 1,980 13 000 302 090 258,600 220 549,610 161.480 157,190 100,970 55,340
20,720 1,980 34,390 183,200 135,140 6,830 478,180 117,950 127,430 118,830 76.280
56 880 15:870 36,380 220
152,780 33,950 109,130 1,100
64,150 17,640 35,710 1,100
264,780 119.710 104,940 3,530
262,570 160,940 81 350 31750
373 240 241:400 56,660
415,350 336,540
18,520
10,140
117,250 917,120 622,360 452,170 362,660 2,200 1,722,030 219,360 1,088,420 168,650 39,900
;
.....
23,810
.....
210,540
70,100
17,200
822,320 676,600 72,750 7,940
426,370 256,400 79,800 31,750
221,340 103,400 J9,240 29,760
45,860 70,770 70,770
660 20,280 419,100
1,760 23,150 142,640
783,740 462,310 175,490
328,270
1,253,330 932,330 177,030
.....
52,030
134,920 108,690 37,040
149,250 880 39,240 33,510 29,320
495,160 327,380 264,770 4,410
442 690 229:720 199,520 440
133,600 214,290 187,390 660
732,590 697,540
121,700 3,936,910 633,610 121,700 3,145,770
2,420 231,050 178,130
.....
9,630,010 10,405,160 8,043,120 7,557,220 54,670 13,230 5,079,010 4,642,050 3,005,780 2,941,850 686,740 511,690
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
290 IMPORTS OF
CHEMICALS
ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded) 1913 1916 1919 Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons
AND
OTHERPRODUCTS (Concluded) ' PaDer and D u b (Concluded) : Paper p u b Chemical. Germany.. Sweden Russia.. Mechanical. Pitch, unmanufactured. Germanv..
................ ............. ................ ............... .............. ........ .................
Resins manufactured (brewers' and'shoemakers' pitch, etc.) Rosin,. France. Spain.. United S t a t e s . . Soap, Common, in bulk, cases, casks: in lumps, cakes, etc.; soft soap France,. Spain.. United States.. Other (toilet, medicinal, special soaps) France. Germany., United States.. Soap powder and preparations for laundries., Germany.. Soap waste.. Starch gum, preparations for sizing and finishing..
...................... .................... .................... ............. ................... ................. .................. ........... ................. .................. ............... ........... ..... ............... ...............
........
10.476 6 539 1:867 120 1,590 2,589 2,330 Pounds
9.461 87 9,074
..... 2,198
1,321 989 Pounds
12.160
.....
9,929 1 661 1:117 22,219 18,842 Pounds
50,040 7,785,400 6,543,540 554,020 888,890
3 190 530 1:443 :370
4,625,300 4,120,880
..... 9,260
4,435,920 2,913,190 c18,620 20,060
6,195,870 1,082,910 4,756,690 97,220
475,310 93,480 285,940 12,570
149,250 91,050 9,700 18,960
313,060 130,290 5,290 46,520
1,645,750 1,521,190 848,120
320,550 319,670 43,660
46,960 20,720 18,740
768,530 6,209,520 3,081,180 2,046: iio
58,200
1,713,650 29,540
1,483,930 597,890 122,580 Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons
Sugar, raw and refined; glucose, solid.. Austria. Hungary. France. Germany. Netherlands. Dutch East Indies. Central America. United States.
................... ........... .................... .................. ............... .......... ........... .............. T a r . . ........................ Turpentine, white resin. .......
................. ................. ................... ...........
Spirits of.. Prance.. Spain.. United States.,
117,261 74,917 7,600 33,229 9 4 6 14 Pounds 2,417,350 188,270 4,259,990 1,835,570 2,371,730 35,270
110,358 11,014 16 10,917 0,067 31,131
.....
48,213 Pounds 173,060 66,800 3,274,970 1,953,740 887,580 433,650
104,927 326 84 2,486 ' 694 88,096 3,533 1,283 Pounds 2,998,730 6,390 3,405,040 641,330 2,491,440 272,270
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Confinued) I
1913 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Ponnds CHEMICALS (Continued): AI coho1: Amyl (fusel oil). 3,750 ..... Denatured spirits of wine.. 2,200 1,980 1,760 Methanol, pure; collodion: organic compounds of bromine, chlorine iodine; nhoseene: other ' similar 1&2,320 147,050 362,000 products. 95,680 68,120 1I1,IlO France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,660 27,780 United Kingdom., 1,760 Aluminium sulfate; hydrate of alumina; sodium aluminate: chloride sesquicblorate, and fluoride' of chromium: thiocyanate of aluminium. ....... 14,550 ..... 1,320 2,420 152,560 25,360 Alums. Ammonia : 215,610 164,020 103,180 In aqueous solution.. 8,820 2,650 31 530 Liquefied under pressure.. . . . Ammonium muriate (sal am880 39,240 4,850 moniac) .................... Bromine and iodine and their 660 11,680 salts. 1,540 Calcium. Carbide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,085,830 127,889,700 81,332,040 1,522,070 88,180 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,180,200 78,700 22,840,990 26,690,260 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany , . , , , , , , , , , , 55,144,660 101,990,020 53,868,560 44,090 44,090 5,888,650 Netherlands, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,593,530 300,490 ..... 1,336,000 462,970 347:i50 724,000 Rumania Chloride, 1,203,280 489,870 1,980 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . , . . 130,070 233,470 63,710 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 228,620 2,650 ..... Austria-Hungary.. , . . . . . 146,170 330,690 8,820 Carbonic acid, liquefied., . . . . . . 121,340 328,050 8,820 ..... France. Chlorates, perchlorates, per4,911,910 2,462,120 1,215,850 sulfates.. 451,730 ..... 216,710 316,580 34,170 11,680 678,360 79,150 74,960 1,444,910 932,340 223,990 427,700 33,730
............ ..
.............. ........
......................
.......
I
...................... .....................
. .
.
.................
..................
..
............... ........... . . . . .
.....
22:l550
136,240 Ether: Acetic. Sulfuric.
....................
................... aldehyde,
de-
.............. n , e . s......... 1 l y e . . ........
......... ............
materials, n. e. s.. Austria-Hungary
EXPORTS OF CHRMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 1916 Pounds
1919 Pounds
128,970 10,360
392,640 2,200
5,510 5,290
12,120
2,870
1913 Pounds CHEMICALS: Acetate of: Chromium pyrolignite of iron Lead, nitrite of lead.. Acetylene, liquefied under pressure Acids: Acetic a n d lactic; methanol crude. acetone: methyl! ethyldcetone; preparations with pyridine base., Germany.. Italy Arsenic; autimony compounds, n e s chloride of sulfur; bhuifid; of calcium; sulfide of arsenic... Arsenious (white arsenir) : chlorides of barium, calcium. and maneanese: magnesium carbonate and sulfate France Italy.. Boric and phosphoric.. Citric and tartaric Hydrochloric.. Nitric.. Germany.. Italy.. Oxalic, oxalate of potassium:. Sulfuric sulfurous acid in aqu'eous solution.. Germany.. Sulfuric, fuming; chlorosulfuric acid Tannic, gallic, gallaminic. France. Germany. United Kingdom.. Acids, liquid n. e. s..
.......
.......................
..... ............... ..................... .
1,067,040 574,080 186,510
137,350
91,270
94,800
76,060
.....
.....
..............
1,320
................ ................... ................... ...... ........... ............. .................... ...............
40,560 5,070 31,300 217 600 6 : 170 1 568 590 1' 1?8' 150 1: l i 3 740
423,950 416,450
:
81 .670 '440 45,860 24,250 24,250
1eo;iio
ei:3+0
...................
...... ............... ......................... .................. ................ ........ ........
2,604,980 2,099,680 440 520 950 35 720 294,320 46 740 22 930
:
.....
.....
18,300
..... .....
344,360 185,190
.....
67,460 6,610
.....
440
274,470 34,610 239,200 29 320 13: 670 201,500 837,100 11,020 697,760 8,600 185,410 31,750
.....
281,750 156,090 7 500 52:030 9,260
.....
~
T H E E X P O R T TRADE
The following table shows in detail t h e exports of chemicals and allied products according t o official figures for 1913, 1916, and 1919. I n the absence of any recent census of manufactures these figures will be a guide in estimating production, as a very large proportion of most manufactured chemicals are exported.
Vol. 13, No. 4
Lactarine (casein), extract of rennet. . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany, Lead oxide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium chloride. .......... Milk sugar, whey powder. . . . . . Peroxides of barium, lead, sodium Potash, crude. .......... Potassium : Hydroxides of potassium and sodium: Solid, Liquid (lye). . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrate, and nitrate of sodium (pure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prussiate, bichromate, permanganate, thiocyanate, cyanide, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silicate and silicate of sodium Pyrolignite and phenate; barium nitrate: lead sulfide: iron sulfides; zinc powder.. France., Germany.
............
....................
.....
................... .................. Italy. ......................
s,odium:
Acetate, hyposulfite, fluosilicate... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenate, bicarbonate, sulfite, and bisulfite.. Borate (borax). Carbonate: Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda ash.. Germany.. I t a l y . , ................. Netherlands. Chromate (bichromate), cyanide, sulfate, sulfide.. Germany.. Italy..
............ ............. ............... ............. ........... .. ............... ...................
.....
14,110
.....
431,890 24 910 5:730
40,790 3,530
440 3,300
220 6,610
2,650 9,260 671,300
220 56,220 1,160,950 76,280 366,190 521,390 16,760 81,570
.....
160,500 1,980 139,990 92.150
403,670 51,590 60,190
356,040 75,400
1,584,240 10,140 19,840 1,458,580 440 5,070 675,940
2,459,480 466,280 1,112,230 627,210 5,070 5,510 500,400
201,940 132,940 26,450 4,630 3,530 1,540 9,700
7,940 3.750 16,980 232,590 1,100 8,160 1,540
303,360 303,140 2,200 84,220 21,160 6,510 52,470
41,670 33.070 440 49,160
10, 580 15,430
24,260 30,200
14,110
.....
5,290 ..... 92,370
1,540 22,490
19,400 506,840
148,810 194.230
1,169,770 494,710 599 430 12:120
770,960 149,470 212,300 366,410
502,210 49,600 48,720 351,200
.....
..... .....
440
.....
30.200
22,930
.....
249 340 2: 200
27,560
37,480
526,020
69,000
28,000 1,881,420 244,050 1,412,500 223,990
..... ..... ...... ....
2,732,850 1,030,000 1,510,390
.....
...... ....
..... ..... 5,061,590 176,150 4,850,610
440
.....
3,865.580 3,6bb):&O
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
Apr., 1921 E X P O R T S Ofl
CHEMICALS
AND
CHEMICALS (Concluded) : Sodium (Concluded):
.......... ..... ....................
Nitrite. Germany.. Italy. Phosphate. Germany. ................
.................
COAL-TAR PRODUCTS: Coal-tar dyes : Aniline, anthracene,
ALLIEDP R O D U C T S (COntinuCd) 1919 1913 1916 Pounds Pounds Pounds 583,780 467,820 50,930 1,124,360 728,410 395,730 1,026,910 54,450 317,240 144,840 20,500 54,450 122 360 9 1700
316,800 316,800
..... 22,930 22,930
.....
908,960 122,580 11,020 13,450 G O , 850 284,400 11,020 281,310
162,700 10,800 136,690 961,220 193,120 746,260 595,470 80,250 111,550
457,460 422,180 13,000
104,940 104,720
660 51,810
1,100
65,920
22,490
235.670
4.630
Netherlands. Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................... ..................
Spain, Sweden United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . British I n d i a . , China. Japan. Brazil. ...................
............
................... ...................
Indigo, natural or synthetic... Belgium, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................
China. ................... Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. , Other products: Aniline aniline oil. Ani1ine)compounds for the manufacture of dyes.. . . . France. Germany. United S t a t e s . . Benzyl chloride, nitrobenzene, naphthol and its deriva-
. . .................. ............
15,508,860 711,650 764,340 309,970 3,586, 260 1,386,040 169,980 38,800 313,720 175,050 188,050 1,879,220 1,090,180 589,070 767,870 91,930 144,400 2,815,300 3,950,240 235,890 1,100 80,250 55,560 2 , 8 4 i : 730 143,960 476,860 11,680
.....
............ ............
tives for the
zene, toluene, etc.) . . . . . . France. Germany. ............
..................
............. .
14,137,230 18,520 ..... 838,420 2,516,580 632,290 2,650 3,750 1,162,720 l., 73 1,070 55,780 111,110 21,380 18,300 85,320 68,120 272,490 348,330 38,580 201,940 4,621,990 5,150,000 51,810 492,730 84,440 182,540 132,380 264,990 211,420 177,470 45,190 65,040 1,507,520 1,468,720 1,633,850 3,632,340 ..... 100,090 323,860 30,420 51,370 242,070 15,430 ..... 607,820 248,680 1,893,990 245,810 145,500 605: 170 448,420
.....
220
.....
128,310 105,160 8,820
178,570 43,650
250,450 162,480
151,460 135.360
232,150 2,870 218,480 1,100 174,160 1,980 47,620 42,330 31,970
606, 050 579,600
63,490 3,530 8 , GOO 3,750 168,650 115,740 220
...........
3,090
Netherlands. United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . British I n d i a . . , .... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Salicylic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320 Tar-oil derivatives (carbolineum, cr etc.). , 23,810 DYEINGA N D TANNING MATERIALS: Extracts for dyeing., 987,230 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370,160 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 45,420 United States.. 56, 440 Extracts for tanning. 2 , 9 0 2 , GOO Frauce. 612,440 Germany, 838,860 Italy. ...................... 26,240 Rumania, ..... United States.. 924,400
.
.............
.......... ........ ......
.....
34,830 440 1,100 19,620 5,510 1,3?0 220
..
.....
9,260
.....
7,280
12,570
9,700
345,020 1,760 100,970 18,740 445,990 186,070
271,610 16,750 55 120 5 ; 290 1,696,010 181,440 437,180 352 ;520 485,020 1,100
..... 6,170 .....
172,400
EXPLOSIVES : Dynamite and other explosives, n . e . s .................... Germany. , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ,
.. . arations ......... Russia. ...........
FERTILIZERS:
Chile saltpeter, fate.. Phosphates, cr etc., ..................... France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
522,490 522,270
.....
.....
5,730
1,760 1,760
222,000 1,100 210,760 Metric Tons Metric Tons 2YIetric Tons
.....
.....
29
20
1
1,500 966 280
1,484
20 20
.....
1,473
1913 1916 1919 Metric Tons Met:ric Tons Metric Tons
..................
.......... . ...............
.....
10.994 -1;238 8,623 807 Pounds
20 619 8 702 11,520 396 Pounds
:
7,116 5,282 1,758 10 Pounds
44,310 660 37,040
19,620 880 12,350 880 1,760
51,370 12,350 14,990 1,100 1,100
.....
1,100 46,080
.....
9,120,520 1,100
76,720 69,220
Superphosphates and other preDared fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . Frince ..................... Germany. Italy ....................... MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS AND DRUGS: Alkaloids, vegetable. France.. .:.
.....
naph-
Austria-Hungary . . . . . . . . . .
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued) FERTILIZERS (Concluded):
185,630 55,340 1,100 6,610
290,570 50,490
29 1
Japan ..................... United S t a t e s , , . , , , , . . , , , , , , Foods, artificial (somatosr, etc.) Germ Pharma (pi1 tinctures etc. Austria-Hdngary , . , , Germany. Italy Netherlands United Kine Argentina, .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. Sera; vaccines.. Spring salts and marsh salts.. . . OILS, VEGETABLE: Fixed or expressed: Castor crude.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cocon;t, palm, and other., . . . Austria-Hungary.. Linseed, Olive, denatured. . . . . . . . . . . . Peanut, rape, hemp, sesame, cottonseed and other, for industrial purposes. . . . . . . . Tnrkey-red oil and other sulforicinoleates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oils, edible n . e. s Volatile or es5ential: For pharmaceutical use and perfumery (rose, violet, etc.)... Other (cloves, lavender, aspic, juniper; ethers with fruit odor, PAINTS,PIGMENTS, COLORS,VAR-
.......... .......................
............. ...............
.. .............
.....................
11,680
19.180,
702,170 90,390 161,820 40,340 106,700 9,040 39,680 53,350 16,760 2,713,890 2,698,900
493,620 145,280 17,200 29,980 37,480 15,870 84,660 7,500 88,850 1.980
514,780 108,690 4,630 53,130 23,810 43,210 62,170 19,400 25,130 2.870 220
539,470 51,590 209,660 16,540 25,790 52,910 18,740 5,510 9,700 660
652,790 98,550 232,150 29,540 35,270 48,060 16,310 24,470 14,770
703,050 5,510 34,830 66,360 68,120 135,140 46,080 25,130 14,330 3,310
..... 5,730 .....
13,890 20,940
.....
..... .. ,..,. ...
1,100 ..,..
440 1,821,240 1,490,320 703,930 16.870
.....
3,970
660
36,380
18,520 24,470
.5,730 ....
2,420 316,810
27,780
11,900
7,280
10,362
41,890
25,350
880
45,860
1,760
1,760 1,540
30,640 307,100
34,390 45,640
4,190 2,200 1,540 2,650
440 178,790
440 94, 8no 880 1,320
1,760
4,190
44,970
NISIIES:
Chemical colors, dry, in lumps or powder, not prepared: Black, lampblack, bone black Cinnabar, Prussian blue, ultramarine, Schweinfurt green, bronze colors Color varnishes Lead: Red ..................... White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithopone, pearl white., Zinc white, zincolithe. , . , , , , Other (chrome yellow and green; mineral It: zinc green, etc.) Colors of all kinds. Dreoared: Chrome oxide andbth’er colors, n. e. s., in water paste.. Oil varnishes (linseed oil and poppyseed oil, boiled, fluid) White casein or glue colors (alabastine, amphiboline, indurine, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc white, pearl white ...... Other prepared colors . , , , , . Varnishes, lacs and siccatives. , . Austria-Hungary . . . . . . . . . France. Germany. ,,,, , , , , , , , .,
.. . . . .
...
.
. . ..
...............
PERFUMERY A N D COSMETICS: I n containers weighing more than 1 ki!o.. France. .................... Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In containers weighing 1 kilo or less. ..................... France. .................... Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia, .................... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . Japan. ..................... Brazil, ..................... IJnited States.. I~ T H E R PRODUCTS: Albumin United States..
..............
............. .....................
.............
..... ..,..
9.920
8,820
220
27,340
18,520
30,640
1,760 7,050 4,410 5,290 20,500 153,880 1,760 71,430 48,080
1,760 488,320 488,320 116,180 162,040 959,450 64,150 21, GOO 843,710
1,540 939,390 938,730 2,870 69,450 358,690 49,820 36,600 259,040
203,050 20,060 15,210 55,120 48,940
315,700 67,900 44,310 51,150 26,240
204,150 70,990 440 30,420 18,520
340,610 20,940 660 5,070 6,830 7,720 242,070 7,940
151,020 4,400 32,850 880 2,650 12,570 5,070 4,190
216,710 3,970 25,790 8,600 5,730 3,310 77,160 11,680
13,010 5,510
2,420 .....
1,100 880
292
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS
AND
OTHERPRODUCTS (Continued) : Blacking and polishes: I n containers weiEhine 5 kilos ._ or more.. ................ I n containers weighing less than 5 kilos.. Candles: Ball tapers, Christmas tree candles colored or ornamental 'candles. All other.. Dextrin.. I
.............
.......... .................
CI.__. .l,,P.
....................
For joiners, house painters, plasterers. .............. France. Germany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. .................... United Kingdom United States.. Gelatin, fish glue France United Kingdom.. United States.. Liquid or in powder.. - .Liquid, for office u s e . . . . . . . . Ink: Printing. ................... Writing and other., . . . . . . . . . Paper and pulp: Paper: Newsprint, Belgium. France. Italy.. Other printing, writing, and drawing paper.. France..
..................
......... ........... ........... ................... ........ ........... .......
............... ............... ................ ................. ...... ...............
ALLIEDPRODUCTS (COnlinUCd) 1913 1916 1919 Pounds Pounds Pounds 67,460
429,020
89,730
166,010
100,310
116,850
660 58,860 352,080
20,500 209,220 1,100
1,420 33,950 11,680
2,914,950 263,450 1.658,540 921,310 19,620 16,310 432,330 18,300 93,480 160,720 12,350 10,140
2,631,000 891,770 580,920 144,620 697,320 139,770 413,140 88,180 108,910 39,020 105,600 1,760
3,953,770 1,084,670 2,442,280 178,130 38,360 33,070 300,270 5 7 , 980 91,270 29,320 23,590 9,480
7,060 31,970
126,100 100,090
15,650 86,200
23,810
2,474,250
23,590
.....
2,474;030 220
3,771,890 446,000 2,817,510 472,450
514,780 64,600
1,973,140 1,347,900
2,735,050 1,599,680
.....
Vol. 13, No. 4
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded) OTHERPRODUCTS (Concluded) : Paper and Pulp (Concluded): Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1913 Pounds
1916 Pounds
2919 Paunds
123,460 50,040 17,640 130,730 218 420 731,490 31,750 174:380 495,600 2,875,930 2.27k1700 199,740 2,720,060 1,427,270 95,680 20,720 665,580 Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons 4,831 4,890 7,092 3,193 3,715 2,948 1,532 1 175 4,075 1,818 1 765 2,248 1,702 1,700 2,192 26 534 $4 Pounds Pounds Pounds Soap and; shoemakers' pitch, etc.) 23,590 436,730 1.6,530
.
:
Common, in bolk; in lumps, Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (toilet, medicinal, special soaps) Soap powder and pr for laundries.. ............ Soap waste Starch gum, preparations for sizing and finishing,, , , ,
..........
................
Sugav, raw and refined; solid. ...............
1,298,300 1,235,690
60,410
49,160
24Z,730
265,220 2,186,540
12.5,220 315,480
447 540 4881550
i s ;iio
1,601,650 1,045,210 300.490 10,360
. . . . . Metric97,000 !17,730 109,130 Tons Metric Tons Metric Toas
.................. ............. ........... . .........
Tar. France. Germany. Turpentine, spirits of.
253,310 34,610 440 112,440
Pounds 27,925,730
101 Pounds 1,039,480 51,370 982,600
.....
.....
Pounds 2BA,@20 31,970 220 220
ORIGINAL PAPERS NOTICE TO AUTHORS: All drawings should be made with India ink, preferably on tracing cloth. If co6rdinate paper is used, blue must be chosen, as all other colors blur on reduction. The larger squares, curves, etc., which will show in the finished cut, are to be inked in. Blue prints and photostats are not suitable for reproduction.
Lettering should be even, and large enough to reproduce well when the drawing is reduced to the width of a single column of TRIS JOURNAL, or less frequently to double column width. Authors are requested to follow the SOCIETY'S spellings on drawings, e. g., sulfur, per cent, gage, etc.
An Application of the Vapor Pressures of Potassium Compounds to the Study of the Recovery of Potash by Volatilizationlpz By Daniel D. Jackson and Jerome J. Morgan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEWYORK,N . Y .
The immense amount of work which has been done upon the extraction of potash from complex mineral silicates is clearly shown by a bibliography on t h e subject published a t t h e beginning of 1918 by E. C. Buck.3 This bibliography refers t o no less t h a n one hundred and thirty patents and fifty general articles published in the six years, 1912 t o 1917. Of t h e proposed processes for t h e recovery of potassium in t h e form of soluble salts from the natural potassium-bearing silicates fully one-third are based upon t h e separation of t h e potassium compounds by volatilization. In spite of this great amount of work and with the stimulus of the inflated prices of potassium compounds, only a very few of the numerous processes proposed have been put into actual operation on a commercial scale. I t was decided, therefore, t o apply the knowledge obtained from the vapor pressure experiments recorded in a previous paper4 t o a n investigation of the volatilization of potassium compounds Received December 20, 1920. Part of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Pure Science, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. a Met. Chem. Eng., 18 (1918). 33, 90. 4 Jackson and Morgan, THISJOURNAL, 1s (1921), 110. 1
2
from mixtures of silicates with releasing and volatblizing agents. It was thought t h a t this investigation would show the reason for t h e apparent failure of so many of the proposed methods and might suggest the conditions for a method which would be commercially successful. I n the light of t h e vapor pressure determinations t h e methods involving t h e use of a chloride seemed t o be most practicable, and glauconite, or greensand, was thought t o be t h e most promising of the natural silicates containing potassium. Hence the first experiments were made with mixtures of greensand and calcium chloride. VOLATILIZATION OF POTASH FROM MIXTURES OF GREENSAND A N D CALCIUM CHLORIDE
In these experiments a carefully weighed amount of greensand, powdered t o pass a 200-mesh sieve, was well mixed i n a small platinum boat with approximately 10 per cent of its weight of powdered, anhydrous, C. P. calcium chloride. T h e boat and contents were heated in t h e vapor pressure apparatus in a current of nitrogen dried with calcium chloride, as has been described under the determination of t h e vapor pressure of potassium chloride. Irregular results obtained a t 1200' C. were thought
