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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 36, No. 2
A stack cooker 85 inches in diameter was used t o manufacture this meal. The extra moisture was added by spray a t several points in order t o obtain the best mixing possible; some was added before the rolls, some into the conveyor after leaving the rolls, and some directly into the top cooker. The moisture content was determined on samples taken as the meats were dumped from the first to the second cooker. Some variations occurred in these values, but none of the tests showed a moisture content less than 14.5%. With the aid of draft fans in the lower cookers, sufficient moisture was removed so that no difficulty WAS encountered in the pressing operation. The cooking time was 90 minutes, and the final temperature of the meats before pressing varied between 237 and 240 F. Some of this meal was fed to hogs in a mixed ration containing 20% cottonseed meal during a test period of 90 days. The average initial weight of the animals was 52 pounds. No indication of gossypol poisoning could be detected. The test is being repeated with a ration containing 25y0 of this cottonseed meal.
cottonseed by the hydraulic method, and t o P. 3. Lemm and C. W. Rankin of the Brenham Cotton Oil and Manufacturing Company for cooperation in the preparation of several tons of experimental meal. Since 1942 the program of research on cottonseed products a t the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station has been supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the Texas Cotton Research Committee,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Smith, F. H., IND. ENG.CHEX.,ANAL.ED.,9, 517 (1937). Smith, F.H., and Halverson, J. O., Ibid., 5 , 319 (1933). Withers, W.A., and Brewster, J. F., J . Biol. Chem., 15,
O
LITERATURE CITED
Gallup, W. D., J . Biol. Chem., 77, 437 (1928). Gallup, W. D., J . Dairy SOL,10,519 (1927). Hale, F., Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 410 (1930). Halverson, J. O., and Smith, I?. H., IKD.ENQ.CHEM., ANAL.ED., 5, 29 (1933).
Hassel, B., Seifensieder-Ztg., 57, 52 (1930). Lyman, C. M., Holland, B. R., and Hale, F., IND. EPTG. CHEM., ANAL.ED.,15, 489 (1943).
Macy, I. G., and Mendel, L. B., J . Pharmacol., 16, 345 (1920). Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B., J . Bid. Chem., 29,289 (1917). Robison, W. L., Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 534 (1934). Sewell, W. E., Ala. Polytech. Inst. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 259 (1943).
The authors wish to express their appreciation to T. J. Harrell, manager of Traders Oil Mill, for generous supplies of rolled cottonseed meats, t o C. W'. McMath for valuable information in connection with practices in general use in the processing of
VITAM N A I N S STEWART SPRINGER AND PRICE M. FRENCH Shark Industries, Inc., Hialeah, Fla.
C
ONSIDERABLE interest in methods for exploiting the relatively abundant supply of sharks and rays in Florida waters has developed because of the increased demand for vitamin A. The spectacular growth of the Pacific Coast shark fishery has been given wide publicity, particularly with respect t o the high prices paid for livers of the soup-fin shark. The fact t h a t these premium prices were paid for livers consistently containing oil of exceptionally high vitamin A potency has not been emphasized by the press. The result is a widespread impression that all shark livers are of extraordinary value or that all livers of some species of sharks bring fabulous returns. Table I shows that the potencies of liver oil samples from sharks and rays of the Florida region vary f r o p 35 to 340,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin A per gram, and that individual sharks of the same species may provide oil in a wide range of potency. Although a relatively large mass of data has been collected on oil produced in South Florida over the past two years, we are unable to obtain from it any figures showing definite seasonal or locality correlations with vitamin A potency. We know of no haphazard shark fishing operation in the shore waters of Florida in which the total production of oil averages more than 8000 U.S.P. units of vitamin A per gram. However, there is an apparent increase in the ratio of the quantity of vitamin A to the amount of oil produced a t fishing stations where the attention of fishermen is directed to the importance of the vitamin rather than the oil, and where conditions permit flexibility in fishing methods. The size and species of fish forming the bulk of a catch are under the control of the fisherman, a t least to the extent t h a t these factors are influenced by the methods of handling gear and by the choice of a particular time and place for fishing. The more skillful fishermen not
161
(1913).
Withers, W. A., and Carruth, F. E., J . Agr. Research, 14,
425
(1918).
LS
LIV
Shallow-Water Sharks and Rays of the Florida Region TABLE I.
VITAMIN
A POTENCIES OF LIVERO I L FROM
RAYSOF
THE
FLORIDA REGION
SHARKS AND POTENCY
No. OF SEX LIVERS h?ATURITY Adult Male 1 Adult Female Ginglymos1 Adult Male toma cirratum 1 Female 2 ... Female 4 ... Both Many Many Both ... Both Many ... Both Many Adult Female Tiger & leopard 1 Immature Female sharks, 1 Not detd. Galeocerdo 1 h-ot detd. UrCtiCus 1 ... Both Many Both Many Both Many Male Bull, mullet, & 1 Adult Male Salerno maok1 Adult ere1 sharks, 1 Immature X a l e 1 ddult Male Carcharinus Male platuodon 1 Adult Male 1 Adult 1 adult Male Female 1 Adult Many .. Both Many Both Black-nosed 1 Adult Female shark, CnrSPECIES Nurse shark,
... ...
...
I
.
.
. . ..
charinus acronolus Sand-bar shark, Carcharinus milberti
SOURCn
Salerno, Fla. Florida Florida Florida Florida W. Coast Fla. Florida Keys E. Coast Fla. E . Coast Fla. Florida Florida Bahamas Bahamas W. Coast Fla. W. Coast Fla. W. Coast Fla. Salerno Salerno Englewood Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno E. Coast Fla. Florida Keys Florida Keys
Male Salerno Female Salerno Female with Salerno Pups 1 Adult Female with- Salerno out pups" Salerno Many Late embryos E. Coast Many ,. Both i\lany ,.. Both E. Coast E. Coast Many ... Both &
