692
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
Vol.
IO,
No. g
Many of the college professors, after the first exhilaration Chemists in industrial occupations, where the vicinity of educational institutions permitted, should be selected by the of appearing in khaki uniform has worn off, have found themfaculties of such institutions for part time educational work, selves, I am sure, mentally circumscribed; and they have had this being voluntary or paid for as seemed necessary or advisable. assigned to them problems which are not congenial to them and Technical laboratories are not a t present used by the Govern- have found conditions of work which are exceedingly unsatisment to such extent as is possible for solving problems of a factory; and if a general order was issued by the War Departtechnical nature, research or inspection. Inspection and other ment, suggesting that professors could be assigned back to their technical work of the various war departments might be coordi- universities if they so desired, many of these would certainty nated to a greater extent, thus economizing ability and personnel. avail themselves, I believe, of this opportunity. It would not Many chemists, equipped with experience, ability and train- take them out of the immediate field of research, which should ing, discretion and loyalty, are anxious to be employed part continue. They only transfer their activities from the present time, a t least, on Government problems, or to aid the cause in location to their universities. A suitable number of assistants some way, if they but knew what the problem or other work from the Army could be assigned to them and the professors was. If this force could be put to work, economy of ability would turn out better and quicker work, due to the fact and personnel would also result. To give time to build up our that they were in home and congenial surroundings. The equipment necessary for the work has to be assembled reserves, we must relieve the pressure as much as possible by fully utilizing our present capacity. in the new laboratories created, while in the university laboraPerhaps our colleges and universities have been too heavily tories, the equipment may already be in and standing idle. drawn upon, I sometimes think so at least, and the practicing Consequently the using of same would be the saving of both technologist has not been utilized to the extent of his possibilities. time and money. It will certainly be a pity if the country finds itself oyerstocked A professor would be able to guide his students and give by and by with mediocre chemists. It would be better to them the instruction necessary, without materially interfering have trained fewer men thoroughly. with the work he is doing for the Government. There are, no doubt, many women available at least as laboraAgain, the industries hold in their personnel a very strong tory assistants and there is no good reason why girls should factor in the development of the new generations of chemists not be educated as chemists as well as boys, though it may not which have to be reared. In these days of cooperation and in be fashionable to recqgnize the fact and to make allowances these days when we are planning for the time after the war, until the novelty of their employment wears off.-W~. HOSKINS, there is no doubt in my mind but that men in practical chemical Chicago, Ill. work would be pleased to cooperate with the universities in such a way that they would be willing to give a series of lectures In my estimation it is much harder for a chemist to stay out covering the special field of activity they may be interested in. of a uniform than to get into a uniform. The man who gets As an example, men in the sugar industry would be pleased to into a uniform is right away considered a hero who is doing his give a series of lectures on sugar manufacture, accompanied by part for his country, while the man who does not enter the uni- a visit, in some cases, to a sugar refinery. In other cases, an form is easily looked upon as a slacker, whereas in reality he is expert along sulfuric acid lines would be glad to do the same in many cases doing much more vital work and accomplishes thing, and so on. The result would be that the students would much more important work, due to the fact that he is not tied obtain a vastly superior industrial chemical instruction than they down by military red tape. could possibly get through their college professors, who in most My impression is that many college professors, shortly after cases never have had any practical experience in the operation we entered the war and when Washington began to realize the of any of these plants. importance of chemistry, were carried away by their patriotic We might not develop in this way the best theoretical chemists enthusiasm and with one of the human weaknesses that is so (and they are badly needed, too) but we would a t least develop apparent in everybody-the desire to do something he is not a chemical embryo which has good, common-sense chemical doing and feeling that he could do more if he were just doing knowledge; and from what I learn, the industries are to-day something else from what he is doing at present. These pro- clamoring for men who have good, common-sense chemical fessors, and there are many of them all over the country, dropped knowledge that makes it safe to place them out in the operating their work suddenly and disappeared in the maelstrom of khaki departments of the industries. clad men. The result is that the chemical faculties have disIt was, I believe, a short-sighted policy on the part of the integrated. In some cases, I have been told, record registration Government to permit the large number of college professors to the chemical department has taken place, and no teachers to enter the uniform early in the war; and I think the reassignto teach the students-a condition which is hurtful if not fatal ment of men with their chemical problems to work out to their to our future chemical developments; and in many cases there universities will help us to train a chemical field army which is is immediate need of chemical skill in large chemical industries. absolutely essential if we want to hold our place in the chemical As I can see it, there are two principal ways by which this industries after the war.-JoHN W O O D S BECKMAN, Berkeley, lack of teachers a t the universities can be overcome. California.
EFFECT OF THE. WAR ON AMERICAN CHEMICAL TRADE
I
B y 0.P. HOPKINS, Washington, D. C.
Four years of war have wrought tremendous changes line. T h e Allies would have been much harder i n American foreign trade. Shipments of foodstuffs pressed much earlier i n t h e war h a d i t not been for a n d munitions t o Europe a n d increased sales of manu- t h e American chemist. Explosives a n d explosive factured articles t o countries cut off from accustomed materials have gone over i n enormous quantities. European supplies have raised export totals from To other markets, lying outside t h e fighting zone for 2,330 million dollars in t h e fiscal year 1914 t o 5,928 t h e most part, have gone t h e finer chemical products million dollars in 1918. A most thorough scouring t h a t formerly were more frequently imported from of t h e whole world for raw materials, on t h e dther Europe t h a n from America. T o other markets also hand, has increased t h e value of imports from 1,894 have gone increasingly great quantities of such allied products a s paper a n d glass, foreign t r a d e in which millions in 1914t o 2,946 millions i n 1918. T h e increase in exports is I 54 per cent; i n imports, was not well developed b y American manufacturers before t h e war started. Some increases i n sales of 5 5 per cent. For imports, 1918 was t h e peak year, b u t for ex- heavy chemicals a r e t o be noted i n districts outside ports t h e t o t a l for last year was 362 millions below of Europe, b u t this trade is limited b y the fact that t h a t of 1917,t h e loss of Russia’s markets a n d t h e ration- such districts a r e not largely industrial. T o give a n approximate idea of how t h e war has ing of European neutrals accounting for t h e drop. T h e changes wrought in America’s chemical t r a d e affected t r a d e i n t h e various chemical branches a b y the war are quite as astounding as in any other summary table has been especially compiled, revealing
T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Sept., 1918
a jump in imports from about half a billion dollars in t h e last normal year t o somewhat more t h a n a billion dollars in 1918,and a leap in exports from half a billion t o a billion and a half. The increase in imports is attributable mainly t o heavy purchases of rubber, copper, and mineral and vegetable oils, as will be shown in later tables. The most spectacular gain in exports is, naturally, in explosives, t h e increase being from a mere 6 million t o no less t h a n 379 million dollars. This class is followed b y metals, principally copper, b y oils, principally mineral, and b y heavy chemicals, principally explosive materials. These are t h e showy headliners. From t h e point of view of future foreign trade, however, some of t h e less showy results are quite as interesting, such as t h e gains in exports of drugs and medicines, paints, and paper, which have been achieved in markets formerly dominated by European competitors. T h e summary table follows: SUMM.4RY OF
FOREIGN TRADEI N CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS
IMPORTS 1914 1918 Million Million CLASSES Dollars Dollars Chemicals. ......................... 61 97 Drugs, medicines, e t c . . 9 11 Dyes, dyestuffs, dyewoods. 10 9 Explosives.. .. ............ 1 8 5 Gums, resins, etc.. 88 227 Metals. ores. earths.. 132 286 Oils, fats, waxes 79 200 Paints, pigments, e t c . . 2 1 5 7 Tanning materials.. Paper and pulp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 66 Miscellaneous products 120 253 Miscellaneous materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6
.............. ...........
..... ...
..... ..... ..................... .............. ................. ...............
TOTAL .........................
-
-
573
1176
EXPORTS
1914 1918 Million Million Dollars Dollars 15 129 11 21 (a) 17 6 379 12 6 20 11 175 327 194 378 7 17 1 4 6 30 44 132 2 3
-
493
source of which is Chile. Purchases of this material tripled in quantity in 1918 as compared with 1914, while t h e value was quadrupled. It is Chile’s most vital contribution t o Allied success. The practical cessation of imports of chloride of lime is a n interesting feature. England formerly supplied about three-fourths of t h e total, Germany being t h e other important source Creosote oil also shows a heavy falling off. It was imported from t h e same sources as was t h e chloride of lime, in about t h e same proportions. The drop in the receipts of magnesite is explained b y t h e fact t h a t it came principally from Austria-Hungary. The falling off of 14 million pounds in receipts of nonfertilizer potash needs no comment. A study of t h e following table will disclose further details as t o t h e import trade in chemicals : CHEMICALS 1914 Quantity Value
IMPORTS OF
ARTICLES Acids: Carbolic lbs.. . . . . . . . . 8.392.995 $ 532,211 Carbolic’(phenol), lbs.. Oxalic, lbs. ........... 8.507.850 420,409 261,106 All other.. 465,429 Ammonia, muriate, lbs. 9,176,729 29,793,911 3,228,674 Argols Ibs.. Coal tkr and pitch, bbls.. Coal-tar d i s t i 11 a t e s , 1,126,400 3,839,062 910,759 705,264 416,740 . . . . . 47,423,651 493,738
...... ................. ..
......
......
......
............
-
1454
6 93
1918 Quantity Value 127,574 $ 498,264 792,383
......
11,198 58,314 327,785 1,847,691 103,534
1,120,074 30,267,388 5,443,628 47,645 25,540
......
3,857,869 1,606,528 12,133,855 4,285 4,253,686
510,941 329,846 546,589 1.765.653 ,184 879,199
1,473,207 23,499,789
549,727
614,926 14,468,211 113,199 144,225
3,166,043 48,323
H i d r a t e of (containing not more than 15% of caustic soda), lbs 8,450,402 326,668 11,732 115,344 8,820,367 Nitrate of, lbs. 3,546,580 All other salts of. ..... 5,775,588 537.592 1,662,153 Soda: Cyanide, lbs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 84,652 39,405 Nitrate, tons.. 564,049 17,950,786 1,607,020 70,129,026 487,038 389,384 All other salts o f . . Sulfur, or brimstone, tons. 19,389 355,450 282 8,677 All other (L) 8,000,000 9,000,000 (a) Not elsewhere specified. ( b ) Includes all other chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines than those mentioned in this article.
.
( a ) $400,000.
.......
These are rough groupings, as such groupings are bound t o be, b u t will serve t h e present purpose. A definite idea of t h e articles included in each group can be obtained b y a study of t h e detailed tables occurring later in t h e article. No perfectly satisfactory grouping can be devised. As an illustration, The official. statistics include under fertilizers only such materials as are used exclusively for fertilizing. Sodium nitrate. therefore, goes under chemicals, although t h e total for fertilizers is misleading without it. It is also puzzling t o decide what manufactures should be included as allied chemical products. The foregoing table includes in t h e total some lines t h a t might for one reason or another have been omitted, and excludes others t h a t might have been considered. T h e importance of t h e item “Miscellaneous products’’ is due t o t h e inclusion of sugar. A clear enough idea of t h e changes wrought in our chemical trade b y t h e war can be obtained from t h e detailed analyses of each class t h a t follows. The statistics are compiled from official bulletins issued b y t h e Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, and cover t h e fiscal years ended June 30, 1914 and 1918;t h a t is, t h e last normal year before t h e war and t h e fiscal year just closed. CHEMICALS
Of all t h e imports under t h e heading “Chemicals” t h e most valuable is nitrate of soda, t h e only important
........ .......... ..................
...... ......
Less t h a n half a million dollars’ worth of acids was exported from this country before t h e war; in 1918 more t h a n 3 5 million dollars’ worth of picric acid alone was sent abroad. This, of course is a war business. The big increase in t h e sales of soda preparations, as shown in t h e next table, may, on t h e contrary, be attributed t o a wide distribution in markets t h a t formerly were supplied from Europe. Fine beginnings of a trade in coal-tar products are indicated in t h e exports of “Coal-tar products, N . E . S.;” which includes such products as are “not elsewhere specified.” (Coal-tar dyes will be found under t h e section of this article headed “Dyes, dyestuffs, and dyewoods.”) The destination of t h e copper sulfate in 1918 is not yet available. I n 1917 France was t h e principal purchaser, while in 1916 Greece and Spain took t h e bulk of t h e shipments. The comparatively heavy shipments of acetate of lime in 1914 went chiefly t o Germany, Belgium, and t h e Netherlands. The export trade in chloride of lime is new, b u t t h e destination will not be known until more detailed figures are available. Table of exports follows:
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L AND ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
6 94
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS 1914 1918 ARTICLES Quantity Value Quantity Value Acids: 8,688,554 $4,236,288 Carbolic, Ibs.. (a) 961,494 101,040 Nitric, lbs. 56,193,952 35 357 010 Picric. lbs.. Sulfuric, lbs. 12,131,750 $ i i 5 ; i g z 67,654.722 1 119 :907 All other.. ........... 357,035 5,673,707 1,598,776 652,486 2,538,001 2,070,026 Alcohol, wood, gals.. 962,040 28,869.686 1,328,437 32,845,649 Calcium carbide, lbs.. 147,765 53,955 43,145 Coal tar, bbls 22,150 Coal-tar distillates, N. E. S.: 25,400,852 2,152,315 Benzol. lbs.. 5,620,851 All other.. ........... 7,375,775 330,007 15,164,078 1,431,262 Copper, sulfate, Ibs.. 797,996 Lime, acetate, lbs. 68,160,224 1,560,933 15,490,032 Lime, chloride, lbs ....... ..... 13,060,401 558,066 Potash: 1,564,662 681,128 Chlorate, lbs.. 961.989 All other salts of. Soda: 134,729,691 8,629,086 Caustic, lbs.. Sal soda lbs. 14,076,264 205,489 Silicate ‘Ibs 26,127,870 375,110 Soda adh, l b s . . 198,902,457 6,074,879 7,421,521 All other salts of.. Sulfur, or brimstone, tons 110,022 2,0i8;?24 140,525 3,842,904 9,000,000 40,000,000 All other@). (a) Some items in this table were not given separately in the official statistics for 1914, as the trade was not then important enough for particularization. (6) Includes all other chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines than those mentioned in this article.
........ .......... ......... .... ... ........... ......... ....
............
...... ......
......
......
...... ...... ........ ..... ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ................
. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ............... .......... ..................
.......
.....
:
.......
.......
..... ..... ..... .....
....... .......
DRUGS, MEDICINES, P E R F U M E R I E S , ETC.
The most interesting developments in t h e foreign trade in lines included under this broad head are t h e decreased receipts of licorice root as t h e result of Turkey’s stand in t h e war, t h e increased sale abroad of American medicinal preparations, t h e exportation of more perfumery and cosmetics t h a n was imported, t h e development of a foreign business in infants’ food, and t h e increase in prices. The persistence of t h e Chinese demand for ginseng and t h e willingness of Americans t o meet i t in spite of t h e questionable exploitation methods a few years back, are interesting points. The grouping in the following table is arbitrary b u t convenient: IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF DRUGS,MEDICINES,PERFUMERIES, BTC. 1914 Quantity Value
ARTICLES
1918 Quantity
Value
Imports
Arsenic and sulfide of. lbs. Cinchona bark and products:. Barks cinchona or othir. from which &nine may be ex-
................
4,432,793 $ 178,388
9,260,768
$ 804,889
.......
......... ........
.....
.......
...... ..............
Ex orts
........ ........
......
580,538 1 853,927 519,338 ~
157,834 2,443,228
......
3,497,695
......
866,038 FormaldeEyde ( a) (a) ...... 1,908,141 Infants’ food.. (a) (a) Medicinal and pharma10,190,188 ceutical preparations 6,721,978(b) . . . . . . 1,278,658 Petroleum jelly. ...... 661,889 Roots, herbs, barks: 259,892 1,717,548 Ginseng 224,605 1,832,686 784,s 14 All other.. 513,071 Perfumeries, cosmetics, 3,965,465 etc. 1,620,872 ( a ) Not stated separately in 1914. (b) Stated as “medicines, patent or proprietary” in 1914.
........... ......... ...............
FOREIGN TRADE I N DYES, DYESTUPBS,
....... .......
......
....... .......
...... ......
DYES, DYESTUFFS,
AND DYEWOODS
The establishment of a n American dye industry as t h e result of shutting off German supplies has received more attention in t h e public prints t h a n any other development in t h e chemical industry, and, making due allowance for t h e exaggerations of sen-
No. 9
ARTICLES Imports Alizarin- and alizarin dyes, 2,633,414 lbs 3,184,467 Aniline salts, lbs. 8,125,211 Indigo, lbs.. Natural lbs.. Synthedc, lbs.. Colors and dyes, N. E. S.. From-German y.. Switzerland.. ..... United Kingdom.. Other countries.. Dyewoods, crude state: 30,062 Logwood, tons. All other, tons.. 7,663 Exports Aniline dyes.. Logwood extract.. All other.. .....................
..................... .......... ...............
........... .......... .. .......
..... ..... ..... ..... .....
.....
.................. .............. TOTAL ....................... To-France . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia.. ............ Spain.. ............. United Kingdom. ... Canada.. ...........
DYEWOODS 1918 Quantity Value
AND
1914 Quantity Value
.........
268,281 26,982,932
IO,
sational writers, t h e general impression gained b y t h e man in t h e street is not far wrong; namely, t h a t whereas formerly we depended almost entirely upon Germany for dyes, now we are supplying our own needs and exporting more t h a n we formerly imported. The following table shows t h a t in 1914 we imported about I O million dollars’ worth of dyes, dyestuffs, and dyewoods, b u t also reveals t h e surprising information t h a t in 1918 imports still amounted t o 9 million dollars. A second glance, however) will show t h a t increased prices account for this puzzling fact. For instance, nearly three times as much indigo was imported in 1914 as in 1918,yet t h e total value was only about a fourth of what it was last year. The small consignment of dyes recorded as coming from Germany in 1918 was probably a batch ordered before we entered t h e war and held up through some technicality or other in some neutral country. T h a t exports have increased from less t h a n half a million dollars’ worth in 1914t o nearly 1 7 million dollars’ worth in 1918 is t h e outstanding fact t h a t has given so much satisfaction t o t h e American public in general and t h e chemist in particular. It is t h e fact t h a t shows t h a t t h e industry has delivered. Thanks t o a new feature in t h e official statistics, t h e destination of t h e dye exports is now ascertainable. Japan led in imports of our dyes in 1918 with a total of more t h a n 3 millions, followed by the United Kingdom, India, France, Canada, Brazil, and Italy, in t h e order named. The following table shows details of both imports and exports, so far as they are available:
..... .. ..........
salts of cii bark, 02. 2.879,4< Iodine, crude or resub195,087 433,498 limed l b s . . 115,636,131 2,047,182 Licoricdroot, lbs. 1,031,054 Medicinal preparations Opium, 9% or more 455,200 1,810,429 morphia, Ibs.. Perfumeries, cosmetics, ....... 2,309,027 etc..
Vol.
29,323 $ 130,722 $ 845,459 3,250 222,728 21,273 1,093,226 3 ,126,497 3,895,114 ..... 2 ,113,912 3,276,557 618,557 1 ,012,585 2,507,296 7 ,iCi :io6 3,048 5,965,537 1,675,609 767,783 559.758 239,480 268,881 ..... 268,606
..... ..... .....
.....
378,064 108,928
..... 356,919
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina. Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . British India.. ...... Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other countries.. . . . .
..........
52,027 35,449
1,066,455 951,667 7,298,298 2,339,480 7,284,110 16,921.8a8 1,630,131 1,181,951 142,156 785,618 2,569,298 1,419,162 381,488 503,092 1,281,758 1,947,668 3,233,333 1,846,233
EXPLOSIVES
Increased exports of explosives are perhaps t h e most spectacular feature of our war trade. Sales t o our associates in t h e war amounted t o almost 379 millions in 1918,as contrasted with total foreign sales of about 6 millions in 1914. The total for 1918 is t h e highest since t h e war started, showing our ability t o provide for our own needs without interfering with supplies t o t h e Allies. It should be borne in mind
Sept., 1918
T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
t h a t shipments t o our expeditionary force are not entered in our official export returns. Imports of explosives also show a big percentage of increase, b u t t h e total involved is n o t large. These imports originate in Canada. Such details as are available are shown in t h e following table: FOREIGN TRADE IN EXPLOSIVES ARTICLES
1914 Quantity Value
1918 Quantity
Value
.......
$ 7,860,139 437,010 8,297,149
Import 8
Fulminaies, gunpowder, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL ................. Exports
Cartridges, loaded..
$ 256,379(a) 600,958 857,337
.......
..... .......
13,672,371 4,991,508 19,346,554 340,516,883 262,201,813
3,521,533 14,464,601 1,587,184 (a)
18,911,668
(a)
989,385
......... (a) ............... TOTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
loaded. All other.
....... .......
247,200
.......
(a)
40,130,298 38,559,249 378,901,793
.. ,.
916,280 6,272,197
( a ) Not stated separately in 1914.
FERTILIZERS
I
Imports and exports of fertilizers both show a big falling off according t o official figures, b u t it will be noticed t h a t t h e group as given in t h e following table does not include sodium nitrate, which, because it is not used exclusively as a fertilizer, is included under /“Chemicals.” The falling off of potash imports is the serious fact made plain in t h e table, for while good work has been done in developing a domestic industry, it is nevertheless true t h a t the foreign potash is missed Exports of phosphate rock t o Europe fell off immediately after the war started and have not been resumed on the old scale, although Spain has continued t o make purchases on something like t h e scale of pre-war times. Of t h e total exports for 1918,four-fifths are included under t h e heading “All other fertilizers,” and there is no way of throwing any further light upon the subject a t present. Both imports and exports of fertilizers are shown in the following table: FOREIGN TRADE IN FERTILIZERS 1914 Quantity Value
ARTICLES
Imports
Ammonia, sulfate, tons.. ...... Bone dust, ash, a n d meal, tons Guano, tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kainit, t o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manure salts, tons Potash, N. E. S.: Muriaf e of, tons.. Sulfate of, tons.. All other substances used only as fertilizers.
83,377 $4,888,563 41.450 1,034,636 755,833 21 887 5411846 2,554,567 261,342 2,767,241
............ . . . . . . . . . . 237 886 . . . . . . . . . . . 451139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .... TOTAL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 915 523 1:897;740
1918 Quantity Value
695
materials directly from t h e original source instead of through European middlemen will probably be an import a n t factor in after-the-war trade. It is a n interesting fact t h a t although t h e quantity of rubber imported from Brazil has increased slightly t h e total value has decreased. T h e importation of varnish gums a n d of camphor has apparently not been affected materially by t h e war. Imports are shown in the following table: IMPORTS OF GUMS AND RESINS 1914 1918 Quantity Value Quantity Value ARTICLES Camphor: Crude natural, lbs.. 3,476,908 $ 929,715 3,638,384 $ 1,451,050 Refined and synthetic, lbs ....... 566,106 182,790 1,189,932 819,431 8,040,891 3,012,458 6,408,093 3,454,193 Chicle. lbs.. . . . . . . . . . Copal,’ kauri, damar, 2,868,863 8,964,832 32,693,412 3,354,679 30,003,549 lbs, 955,352 571,067 %ambier, lbs ......... 14,936,129 India rubber, gutta-pel -cha etc.: 1,278,610 793,126 2,449,881 1’533 1:475:804 024 Balata, Ibs. 1.,341,095 607,076 4,307,539 Guayule gum, l b s . . 975,816 Gutta ioolatona. lhs. 24,926,571 1,155,402 17,475,863 147,323 323,567 1,151,312 Gutta-percha, ibs.. 1,846,109 India rubber, Ibs.. 131,995,742 71,219,851 389,599,015 202,800,392 11.,005,246 6,481,901 From Belgium. 225,803 508,017 2,629,287 1,124,629 France. ....... 7,052,767 3 595,369 Germany. . . . . . . . 2,016,440 1,134,060 Netherlands.. iz6,’iii 176 687 538 076 556,560 Portugal. United Kingdom 48,279,674 31,152,’336 21,926L94.5 12,793,606 287,247 297,849 736,014 565,487 Central America. 451,915 333 327 1 033,087 640,448 Mexico.. 14,307,158 16,3191048 41:277,914 40,641,305 Brazil.. 1,471,823 427,002 3,565,094 1,016,566 Peru. Other South America. ...... 828,856 379,886 3,182,605 1,299,351 B r i t i s h East 16,597,105 9,675,709 258,245,724 138,324,996 Indies. Dutch East 53,663,857 30,504,525 Indies. Other countries.. 166,001 121,048 4,921,682 2,913,835 India rubber scrap, lbs 25 958 261 2 063 198 13 980,303 1,019,222 Shellac, lbs 16:719:756 2:6891269 221913.256 9,514,651
..............
.......
. . .. ......... ... .......
....... ....... .......
~
.......
........
......... ...........
....... .......
.......
......
............... ..........
America’s export trade in t h e class of gums a n d resins is confined t o t h e items included under t h e heading “Naval stores,” a n d foreign sales in this line have been cut nearly in half as a result of t h e war. This is t o be accounted for b y t h e fact t h a t some of t h e best customers under ordinary circumstances have been entirely cut off and by t h e fact t h a t t h e EXPORTS ofl NAVALSTORES 1914 Quantity Value
ARTICLES
1918 Quantity Value
3,983 $ 467,999 8,511 286,764 10,096 287,446
...
190
723 135
.....
8,872
195,154 19,837
...
6,199,554 4,089,989 28,013,657 . . . 5,356,061 Exnorts Phosih& rock, High-grade hard rock, t o n s , . 475 335 4 753 350 25 652 217,650 456,383 Land pebble, t o n s , , , , , , , , , , 1,000:630 518573969 110:909 1,906 6,516 25,798 336,880 All other, t o n s . . Superphosphates, tons ...... 6 155 202,268 61 601 1 360 903 84’410 4 626 958 All other fertilizers, t o n s , , TOTAL Toris.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,539:472 11:978:738 2521924 5:840:139
...........
............ ....
GUMS, RESINS,
ETC.
Increased imports of India rubber are t h e most noteworthy feature of t h e trade in this class of materials since t h e war started, the total receipts jumping from 1 3 2 million pounds in 1914 t o 390 million pounds in 1918. T h e increase in direct imports from t h e East Indies is remarkable and is an encouraging circumstance. The tendency t o import raw
Tar turpentine, and d t c h . bbls T;rpentine, spirits O f , gals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TO Austria-Hungary.. Belgium France.. . . . . . . . . . . . Germany.. . . . . . . . . Netherlands. United Kingdom. ... Canada, Argentina. Brazil.. Australia Other countries.. TOTAL NAVAL STORES..
............
351,352
.
18,900,704 7,650 1,027,355 390 3,275,929 4,393,902 7 109 851 1 114:863 301,912 3 12,544
..........
....... ........ ............ .......... ... ....... ...........
1
499,248 657,060
......
82,030
598,211
8,095,958 5,100,124 3,300 ..... 420,595 215 1,368,616 1 870 304 ..... 2:930:570 1,413,732 488,138 978,125 271,000 321,797 154,288 222,339 249 935 851,328 338:997 1,312,803
568,891
2,697,305
..... ..... .....
19,882,165
.....
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 659,989
424,520 186 661 139,851 528,428 757.856 I
11,172,234
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
6 96
belligerents t h a t still have access t o supplies do not need t h e quantities formerly purchased. Sales t o neutrals outside of Europe and t o non-participating associates of t h e Allies have increased t o some extent, as will be seen by examining t h e preceding table. ORES, EARTHS, ETC.
METALS,
IMPORTS OF
1914
1918
Imports
..................... 696,000 ................ $54,506,000 737,000 ....................... ........................... 11,879,000 ......................... 2,05 7,000 ................... 1,841,000 ........................ 6,110,000 ..................... 3,976,000 ............................ 39,422,000 ........... 114,000 ........................... 6 16,000 Exports Aluminum. ..................... 1,102,000 616,000 Bauxite concentrates, ............ 149,480,000 Copper.. ....................... 503,000 Ferrovanadium ................. 6,261,000 Iron ........................... 2,610,000 Lead. .......................... 9,404,000 Nickel. ........................ Tungsten and ferrotungsten.. .... ....... 995,000 Zinc ...........................
Antimony. Chromate of iron Copper.. Iron Lead.. Manganese.. Nickel. Platinum.. Tin Tungsten-bearing ore. Zinc
1914
.............. .......................................... ....................................... .............................. ................................ ..................................... grosstons .......................................... copper,Ibs ......................................... Concentrates gross tons.. ......................... >. ...... {copper, Ibs.. .. I.. .......................... Matte, regulus, etc. gross tons. ........................... { copper, lbs.. ......................... Pigs, bars, etc., lbs.. ...................................... All other .................................................. Iron: Ore,tons ................................................ Pig, tons................................................. Iridium osmium palladium, etc. and native combinations trdy.. ....................... thereAf with plakinum, etc., Lead: ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... Allother ............................................ Manganese oxide and ore, tons.. ........................ Monazite sand and thorite, Ibs.. .............................
$4,435,000 122,450,000 1,543,000 9,652,000 11,970,000 11,945,000 9,120,000 4,575,000 84,834,000 5,794,000 2,560,000
EARTHS,ETC. 1918
Quantity
{
No. g
SUMMARY OF TRADEIN PRINCIPAI,METALS ARTICLES
METALS,ORES,
METALSAND ORES: Antimony: Ore, regulus, or metal (antimony content), Ibs.. gross tons Ore antimony Ibs Matte, regulus, br metal, lbs. Cobalt and ore and zaffer, Ibs Chromate of irbn, tons.
IO,
Aside from copper, the only important increases in metal exports are recorded for iron and lead. A summary of t h e foreign trade in the important metals is contained in t h e following table, which relates only t o metals in t h e form of ore, concentrates, pigs, bars, etc. :
Copper is the principal item in both imports and exports of metals, and purchases and sales of t h a t essential have increased wonderfully since the war started Imports have jumped in value from about 55 millions t o more t h a n 1 2 2 millions, the augmented supplies coming largely from Latin-American sources. Exports have increased in t h e meantime from 149 t o 2 4 4 millions as t h e result of war demands in Eurbpe. Tin imports have more t h a n doubled, totaling 85 millions in value in 1918. The importation of I O million dollars' worth of Bolivian ore for smelting in the United States indicates the importance of one of our newest industries. There have been increased importations of all t h e important metals except iron. ARTICLES
Vol.
2,664,425(a)
izz)
865 9,633 1639 b) 197,009 78,842 444,907 87,588,730
Value
$
Quantity
Value
.......
145,917(a)
{
24n121(b) 526,324(b) 115,038 737,127
5,280 6,526,292) 33,934,515 161,705 77,781
{ 104,%::$:1 39,093,081 160,998
...... $ 495,953 3,939,174 306,310 1,542,761
)
10,137,244
)
.......
3,559,740 40,624,598 184,672
21,658 { 362,494,391 22,869,596
2,167,662 136,444
6,984.577 4,894,201
837,546 54,776
6,535,525 3,116,109
2,960
207,832
4,759
488,596
740,058
39,054,690 158,509,646 149,575.356 19,082,922
2,098,045
(9 \C)
33,772 24,682,744 281,536,836
(4 (4
18,318,781 9,492,501
.......
5,279,976 89,221,607 136,927
~
02.
Sulfur ore as pyrites, over 25% From-Spain Canada. Other countries Tin:
...............
............... .............. ....................................
23,1271210) 55 807 37 795 279 37:059:518) 236,691
.......
288,706 1,002,300 36,420 43,549,303) 40,634 54,189
.......
832,134 638.71 1 79,141 114,282
.......
100,177,962 187
Pigs and old, lbs.
.......
..........................
All otber CLAYS,EARTHS,ETC.: Cement: Portland, Roman, etc., 100 Ibs All other Chalk:
.............................. ................................................. ..................................... ..................................... .................................... 5.................................... .................................... ....................................... Gypsum,crude, tons ........................................ Mica: Unmanufactured, lbs. ..................................... Cut, split, manufactured. .................................. Plumbago tons ............................................. Talc, groind or prepared, lbs.. ............................... S
Minerals, crude, n. e. s..
....................................
a) Covers period from July 1 t o October 3 inclusive.
l b ) Covers period from October 4 t o June 20, inclusive. (6) N o t stated separately in 1914.
18,280 14,484,802) 2,145,089 4,807,664
1,247,567 9,002 60,849 1,841,451 52,329 6,109,547
,
....... 558,018
{
1,489,208 2,404,364 82,000 3,695,335 2,966 682 312,575 416,078
4,975,975 58,776 73,095,770)
......
251,479 90,481 223,010 50,981
364,141
.......
160,737 82,819
128,842
{
......
48,745 3,117
4,308,518 264,096 2,547 4,522,335 3,709,368 765,429 47,538
14,816 136,519,310 5,646
10,291,261 74,543,006 5,793,698
~
39,422,479 113,534
8,719,554 1,138,757 13.841 11,944.515 329,711 9,120,269
102,234 78,770,011 303,505 407,546
]
2,499,468 15.289 44.625 564 6,020 30,682
102,907 53,618
8,426 ....... 107,391 .......
122,592 42,822
238,802 33,041 73,576 13,655 416,599
1,577,747 228,207 440,853 50.851 482,529
194,225 2,292 37,553 10,935 151,415
1,322,603 11.649 3 16,407 117,279 256,294
1,611,207
524,454 312,361 1,846.126 148,523 271,882
706,706
543,289 998,460 6,127.887 265,979 1,232,613
....... 24,868 29,537,111 .......
....... 25,825 27,425.987 .......
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Sept., 1918
Further details as t o t h e imports will be found in t h e foregoing table, which also includes, as a matter of convenience, such items as cement, chalk, clays, plumbago, and talc. Imports of these latter articles arc not comparatively important. Exports of metals, ores, cement: clays, etc., are shown in detail in the table t h a t follows:
697
and imports of flaxseed mounted from 1 1 t o 34 millions. This will give some idea of the search American manufacturers have made for food and industrial oils. As is well known, coconut f a t has entered largely into the manufacture of butter substitutes t h a t have recently appeared in such large quantities in the market.
EXPORTS OF METALS,ORES, EARTHS, ETC. Quantity
ARTICLES
METALS AND ORES:
.......................... ......................... ..................... ............ ....... ................ ............... ............... ....... ............. .............
Aluminum, ingots, etc., lbs. Copper: Ore, matte, regulus, tons.. Ore, tons. Concentrates matte regulus, tons Unrefined bla’ck, etc.’, Ibs.. Pigs, Al1,ot Babbitt Bauxite ,tons.. Ferrova German Iron: Ore, tons.. Pig, tons Lead: Pigs, bars, etc From domestic ore, Ibs.. From foreign ore lbs.. Nickel, oxide and matte‘, lbs.. Platinum: Unmanufactured, oz. troy.. F.yayfacture uicksilver, lbs in pigs, bars, etc., lbs Tungsten and ferrotungsten, Ibs. Zinc: Ore, t o n s . . Dross, lbs.. Spelter etc
$ 1,101,920
21,256,641
3,257,080
....... 51.545
13,792 626,641
.......
503 389 38 691
1,004,547 201,995
3,401,156 2,859,830
....... .......
2,610,207
........... ............ ................................
...................
................ ......................
14,294 572,477
......................
..................... .................... ............. ....................
.......
2,290,878 21,339 2,089,347
984,709 216,941 6,920,687 235,717,071 488,837 610,979 1,464,933 2,577,670 270,703
1,185,769 377,012
4,877,380 15,701,846
4;376 26,550,026 839,904,470
.......
....... .......
130,303,394 84,260,273 18,818,212 468
17,377,031 10,411,539 6,965,492 7,680,502
.... .......
559,785 29,084 406,208
1,203 31,104,163 172,333,718
64,873 2,283.843 16,844,449
2,391,453
3 382,282
2,575,205
5,898,081
57,581 249,335 200,437 65,102
50,529 22,267 142,525
310,527 188,055 150,197 71,285
387,075 269.499
4,912,730
....... .......
5,376,880
1918 3 678
$ 8,746,451
50,697 33,557 679,414 127,219 4,056,437
non
-zi ;926: 000
3,492,000
87,986,000 4,338.000
1,139,000 2,395,000 10,571,000 1,899,000
2,641,000 26,946,000 33,850,000 4,771,000
822,000 152,174,000 15.624.000 628,000
1,155,000 289,037,000 23.930.000 1 ;091; 000
Exports
n;ie. ---I. Animal.. Mineral.. Fixed veeetable.. Essential.
9,403,709
Value
.......
O I L S , FATS, A N D W A X E S
Essential. Oil-bearing materials: Castor beans.. Copra.. Flaxseed ..................... Peanuts..
....... 1,295
1918
502,088 209,391 2.184,769
Exports of mineral oils in 1918 exceeded the total for t h e last normal year by 137 million dollars. T h a t and the increase in t h e imports of vegetable oil and oilbearing materials are t h e most interesting changes wrought by t h e war in t h e foreign trade in oils. The following summary table will show a t a glance the salient features of t h e trade in this class of materials :
B
~
12,977 71,172 32,241
....... ....... 285 749
Plumbago : Unmanufactured, Ibs. Manufactures of..
ooo
~
.......
~
SUMMARY OB TRADEIN OILS 1914
1,327.037 616,327 181,958
64,190
...................................
ARTICLES Imports
....... ....... ....... 144,895,519
273
.... ...................................... ....................................... CLAPS,EALTHS,ETC.:
Quantity
77,410
22,237 28,895,242
........................ ..... ..... .............................. ..................... .......................
Value
....... ....... ....... ....... 974,791,676 ....... 1,010,651
.............-. ...................... ....................................... ................................... ...................... ........................ ...........
1914
Details of theimport trade are set forth in the table on page 698. I t will be seen t h a t t h e increased imports of mineral oil came almost entirely from Mexico. The most impressive increases in vegetable oils are recorded for coconut oil, 7 t o 31 millions in value, and soya bean oil, I t o 31 millions, while purchases of copra rose from 2 t o 2 7 millions,
I
....... .......
Mineral oil has long been one of America’s most valuable contributions t o the world’s trade. The American oil can is recognized affectionately b y our tourists i n the most remote corners of the world. But the war has given a new significance t o the exports, for enormous quantities are now going forward for war service in Europe. A study of t h e table of exports on page 698 will show t h a t the increases have been restricted t o fuel and lubricating oils and t o t h e light distillates. Illuminating oil has fallen off by half in quantity. Exports of cottonseed oil have fallen nearly half in quantity, but the total value has increased, as is also the case with oleo oil. Our exports of oil-bearing seeds and nuts are not of particular importance. PAINTS, P I G M E N T S , VARNISHES, ETC.
American imports of this class of chemical products have fallen off more t h a n half since the war started, but never were of much importance. About a million dollars’ worth came from Germany in 1914. Exports have increased from about 7 millions in value t o 17 millions, a result of pushing such goods in markets abandoned by European manufacturers. I t is an interesting departure and one t h a t should be watched carefully with a view t o retention of the present gains and still further expansion in the
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y IMPORTS ARTICLES Oils, animal: Cod and cod liver, gals.. All other Oils. mineral: Crude, gals From-Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Peru. Other countries. Refined: Benzine, gasoline, naphtha, gals. All other, gals.. Oils, fixed vegetable: Chinese nut, gals.. Cocoa butter or butterine, l b s . , Coconut lbs. Cottonsded, lbs. Linseed,gals
.... ...................
OP
1914 Value
1,393.706(b) 1,488,973
................................... ............................. ................. .............................. ............ ............. ............................
$
563,6OO(b) 470,251
16,139',912 1,945,007
1,400,740 488,463 1,962,389 793,451 6,703,942 1,044,834 91.555 477,210 7,916,980 1,512,324 5,552,098 370,053 482,505 3,858,001 3,087,343 918,614 704,655 830,790 363 288,320 313,795 228,3 12 439,009
............
.385,959
2,021,656 2,906,473
$2,111,489 1,566,366
1,347,543,144 1,346,666.866
17,916,737 17,901,639
...... 77
15,021
11,069,899 45,114,581
1,473,033 2,536,600 4,038,072 Id 30,919,785 1,629,111 32,203 94,629 3,873,211 576,602 467,692 2,783,691 45,226 2,527,301 2,583 7.31 1,824 2,702,920 32,827,460 1,456,172 23,104,484 8,255,001 11,803 2,027,137
..... 6:575 :379 8,997,023
........................... ...........................
1,412,200 8,086,422 4,255,686 22,322,492
476,364 543,103 1,049,126 1,251,997
1,030,543 45,437,155 1,85 1 ,741
1.139.311 2;133;416 2,395,013 86,473
27,542,443 16,042,971 8,653,235 8,647,168
1,497,358 81 1,202 10,571,410 10,561,662
.......
.......
...............
17,472,631 27,077,158
1,222,934
9,748
660,010 1,239,227
3,150,747 73,362,215
......
.......
1,826,618 1,708,514 28,000,428 8,707,396
48k:9&,112 96,397,324 46,206,768 219,555,171 124,836,849 13,187,609 5,501,391 7,253,501 432,717
......
6,067
. .................................
Value
..... 628.057 ....... 1 875 531
.......
Not shelled, l b s . . , Shelled, lbs
No. 9
1918
907 875.371
................ .............. .................................
Oil seeds and nuts: Castor beans, b u . . . Coconuts in shell..
Quantity
.....
...........................
.................. ..................
IO,
OILS,FATS, AND WAXES
Quantity
.......... ..........
Vol.
153,054 4,617,560
EXPORTS OF OILS, FATS, A N D WAXES ARTICLBS Oils, animal: Allother, gals ils, mineral:
Quantity
..... ............. ........................... .............................
.................. Oils, volatile or essential: Pe permint, lbs Alfot h er Glycerin, lbs Grease: Lubricating.
............................. ..................................
................................ ............................... .................
.................
Paraffin: Unrefined, lbs. Refined,lbs Stearin: Animal, lbs. Vegetable, lbs. Wax: Beeswax. lbs. Manufactures of
.............................. ................................ ................................ ................ .............................. ........................... ......................... .................. ...................
( a ) N o t stated separately i n 1914.
448,366 110,199 891,035
1 914
Value $
186,672.778
9,107,519
1,831,114 100,005,074 1,187,850
306,Z 19 18,142,938 1,532,307 3,948,483
76,247
233,899 857,044 10,587,531
6,812,672 13,747,863 74,500,162 27,852,959 21,699,475 5,653,210 1,907,715
18,281,576 192,963,079 239,198
1,307,204 13,843,179 134,540 338,956
117,809
.....
397,050 230,557
......
2,394,918 5,046,959 10,156,665 263,453
97,017,065 2,532,821
Value
464,936 91,585 442,496
146,477,342
..... ......
1918
125,575 87,364 609,294
475,143,205 [ , 157,283,310 196,884,696 151,611,537 40,840,730 113,370,245
......
Quantity
......
;
2 i 045,991
.....
$
448,710 126,672 579,63 1
2,612,488 2,986,815
56,648; io2 6,404,896
12,166,482 1,63 1,267
186,357,728(a)
6,516,338(a)
84,657,140 162,003,480
4,857.931 13,683,597
2,724,182
234,121 (b)
10,252,522 1,293,327
2,180,485 293,591
96,215
27,292 112,193
189,871
68,117 717,181
16,342,384 305,546 8,054,817
436,874 215,115
1,565,052 21,481 12,488,209
57,693 101,165 1.5 17,831
......
(4
.....
421,367
.....
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Sept., 1918 future. table:
FOREIGN TRADEIN TANNINQMATERIALS
Available details are shown in t h e following
ARTICLES Imports
Quantity
1914
Value
........
1914
ARTICLES Imports
FOREIGN TRADEIN PAINTS,PIGXENTS, ETC.
699
Quantity
1918 Value
Quantity
Value
* . & . . . A . 4XLILICCJ.
1918 Quantity Value
......
Paints, pigments, etc.. $2,325,222 $ 961,047 E x orts Dry c&s : Carbon bone, and lampblack., 421,548 1,111,265 All other.. 690,836 1,907,667 Lead: ( a) 4,792,330 567,854 Red, lbs (a) White lbs 16,845 154 1 013 506 18 235 783 2 072 352 Ready-&ed paints, gals, 851:910 1,’096:335 1:521:588 2:399:638 1,069,501 1,038,864 736,949 1,209,762 29,197,790 1,215,360 25 1,779,863 7,256,312 . . . . 16,894,154 (a) N o t stated separately in 1914.
.............. .................
.............. ............ ... ... ......... .........
Quebracho,lbs ...... 93,329,087 $2,543,302 101,523,282 $4,917,212 All other, lbs. ....... 8,710,040 306,934 4,573,925 219,993 Materials : 3,529 72,956 Mangrove bark, tons. 7,689 196,891 Quebracho wood, tons 73,956 900.880 45,440 718,567 Sumac,lbs 10,770,340 258,738 14,046,662 467,663 All 468,230 496,070
..........
E
......
Bark, tons. . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Extracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................
(a)
Japan Other countries (a) Not stated separirtely in 1914.
...........
639,941 11,776 1,474 1,874 909 214,151 353,833 19,561 36 363
.
.. ....... .......
5,857 3,804,563
....... ....... ....... ....... .......
2; 1,094,330 750 334,401
...... ......
17,810
TANNING MATERIALS
Quebracho is t h e only important tanning material imported into t h e United States, and t h e war seems t o have stimulated this trade t o a slight extent. Argentina and Paraguay are getting an important share of t h e business. Exports of tanning extract have increased from less t h a n I million t o nearly 4 millions since t h e war started, practically all of t h e consignments going t o England and Canada, as will be seen in t h e table entitled
