Subscriber access provided by UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE LIBRARIES
Article
Kinetic Analysis of Copper(I)/Feringa-Phosphoramidite Catalysed AlEt 1,4-Addition to Cyclohex-2-en-1-one 3
Darren Willcox, Ryan Nouch, Alexander Kingsbury, David Robinson, Joe Carey, Steve Brough, and Simon Woodward ACS Catal., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02198 • Publication Date (Web): 21 Aug 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 21, 2017
Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.
ACS Catalysis is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.
Page 1 of 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
ACS Catalysis
Kinetic Analysis of Copper(I)/Feringa-Phosphoramidite Catalysed AlEt3 1,4-Addition to Cyclohex-2-en-1-one Darren Willcox,† Ryan Nouch,† Alexander Kingsbury,† David Robinson,‡ Joe V. Carey,§ Steve Brough,§ Simon Woodward,†* †GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom ‡Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom §Key Organics Ltd, Highfield Road Industrial Estate, Camelford, Cornwall PL32 9RA, United Kingdom
ABSTRACT: ReactIR studies of mixtures of AlEt3 (A) and cyclohex-2-en-1-one (CX) in Et2O indicate immediate formation of the Lewis acid-base complex (CX.A) at -40 oC (K = 12.0 M-1, ∆Goreact -1.1 kcal mol-1). Copper(I) catalysts, derived from pre-catalytic Cu(OAc)2 (up to 5 mol%) and (R,S,S)-P(binaphtholate){N(CHMePh)2} [Feringa’s ligand (L), up to 5 mol-%] convert CX.A (0.04-0.3 M) into its 1,4-addition product enolate (E) within 2000 sec at -40 oC. Kinetic studies (ReactIR and chiral GC) of CX.A, CX and (R)-3-ethylcyclohexanone (P, the H+ quench product of enolate E) show that the true catalyst is formed in the first 300 sec and this subsequently provides P in 82% ee. This true catalyst converts CX.A to E with a rate law [Cu]1.5[L]0.66[CX.A]1 when [L]/[Cu] ≤ 3.5. Above this ligand ratio inhibition by added ligand with order [L]-2.5 is observed. A rate determining step (rds) of Cu3L2(CX.A)2 stoichiometry is shown to be most consistent with the rate law. The presence of the enolate in the active catalyst (Graphical Abstract) best accounts for the reaction’s induction period and molecularity as [E] ≡ [CX.A]. Catalysis proceeds through a ‘shuttling mechanism’ between two C2 symmetry related ground state intermediates. Each turnover consumes one equivalent of CX.A, expels one molecule of E and forms the new Cu-Et bond needed for the next cycle (Graphic Abstract). The observed ligand (L) inhibition and a non-linear ligand Lee effect on the ee of P are all well simulated by the kinetic model. DFT studies [ωB97X-D/SRSC] support coordination of CX.A to the groundstate Cu-trimer and its rapid conversion to E. KEYWORDS: conjugate addition, mechanism, asymmetric, aluminum, copper, density functional theory
INTRODUCTION Copper-catalysed conjugate (1,4-)additions of alkyl organometallic reagents to Michael acceptors have become ‘go to’ methods for enantioselective C–C bond construction, due to their reliability and often exceptional (frequently 90-95% ee) selectivities.1 Typically, organozinc and Grignard reagents are employed as the terminal alkyl (R-) source with a wide range of in situ formed copper(I) catalysts using diverse chiral ligands (L) including: phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and, especially, phosphoramidites.2 The consensus mechanistic view of these 1,4-additions to enones (and related Michael acceptors), catalysed by ‘RCuLn’, is given in Scheme 1.3 Rapid reduction by MR (e.g. RMgX, ZnR2) of copper(II) pre-catalysts means that only catalytic cycles starting from CuI operate. Initial πcomplexes 14 are thought to undergo oxidative addition to σ-alkyl CuIII complexes 2.5 The reductive elimination step is thought to be the stereo-determining turnover limiting step and this has been proposed to be strongly accelerated by coordination of π-acceptor ligands to the σ-CuIII intermediate providing enolates 3.1-3 The organocopper byproduct is then re-cycled to 1 to restart the catalytic cycle. The role of the bridging ligand (X) is to arrange the hard (M) and soft (CuI) Lewis acidic sites to provide dual activation for the Michael acceptor, both halides Page 1 of 13
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
ACS Catalysis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Page 2 of 13
and pseudohalides have been used in this role. Hard evidence (as opposed to mechanistic conjecture) supporting the intimate details of the transition states providing such cycles is limited but has been described for Grignard additions (e.g. the structure of 4 has been deduced through kinetic and NMR studies of isolable model complexes of the reaction intermediates).6 On the basis of kinetic studies transition state 5 was proposed for ACA reactions of ZnEt2;7 it is essentially a transposition of Noyori’s proposal for 1,4-ZnEt2 addition (from an earlier kinetic study of achiral sulphonamide catalysts8) but with an added chiral ligand. Through intensive NMR studies of CuX/L model systems (mostly in CD2Cl2) Gschwind9 and co-workers proposed the hypothesis that the dominant transition state in ‘real’ catalytic systems adding ZnEt2 to cyclohex-2-en-1-one must be 6.
Scheme 1. Contemporary understanding of the mechanism of catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition (ACA) and a summary of evidences cited to support such proposals. Throughout this present paper (R,S,S)-Feringa’s ligand (L) above is used for all studies. In the last decade the use of organoalanes (AlR3) has become a popular modern variant for ACA reactions.10 Very reactive catalytic systems are realised allowing even for the formation of chiral quaternary centres by addition to β,β-disubstituted Michael acceptors.1,11 Surprisingly, very little is known12 about the critical transition state responsible for catalyst turnover in Page 2 of 13
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 3 of 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
ACS Catalysis
copper-promoted 1,4-additions of AlR3 to enones, despite their common usage in the synthetic community.10 Gschwind’s proposal that speciation in ACA reactions is dominated by a single entity9 suggests that classical reaction kinetics might be an effective way of estimating the composition of the AlR3/CuI/L active specie (e.g. CuxLy etc.) through reaction component order analysis. This prompted us to undertake a kinetic study of the model transformation of Scheme 2, based on a mixture of cyclohex-2-en-1-one (cyclohexenone, CX) and AlEt3 (A) catalysed by pre-catalytic Cu(OAc)2 (Cu) in the presence of the optimal (R,S,S)-Feringa’s ligand (L, structure in Scheme 1). On workup the initially formed enolate (E) is converted to the enantioenriched ketone product (P). O
(CX)
