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Chapter 8. Reactive Intermediates in the Thermal and. Photochemical Reactions of Trinuclear Ruthenium. Carbonyl .... 1 0. 28. + 4. 0 0. —. < 0. 1. 1...
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Chapter 8

Reactive Intermediates in the Thermal and Photochemical Reactions of Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

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Peter C. Ford, Alan E. Friedman, and Douglas J. Taube Department of Chemistry, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Summarized are a series of investigations using both thermal and photochemical techniques to probe the reaction dynamics of intermediates formed in various reactions of triruthenium cluster complexes. The c h e m i s t r y o f m e t a l c a r b o n y l c l u s t e r s has been l a r g e l y dominated by s y n t h e t i c c h e m i s t s who have p r e p a r e d a r e m a r k a b l e a r r a y o f s t r u c t u r e s i n v o l v i n g wide v a r i e t i e s o f m e t a l cage s t r u c t u r e s and modes o f c o o r d i n a t i o n o f even s i m p l e l i g a n d s . I n t e r e s t i n such systems has r a n g e d from s i m p l e c u r i o s i t y i n what t y p e s o f systems c a n i n d e e d be c o n s t r u c t e d and whether t h e s e s p e c i e s w i l l d i s p l a y u n i q u e c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s t o attempts t o use c l u s t e r s as models f o r l i g a n d i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h m e t a l s u r f a c e s and m e t a l p a r t i c l e s . Perhaps w i t h t h e exception of ligand f l u x i o n a l i t y processes, q u a n t i t a t i v e mechanistic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f c l u s t e r r e a c t i o n s have l a g g e d b e h i n d t h e s y n t h e t i c advances. However, i n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e has been i n c r e a s i n g a t t e n t i o n t o mechanistic d e t a i l s , s t i m u l a t e d i n p a r t by i n t e r e s t i n the p o s s i b l e r o l e o f v a r i o u s c l u s t e r s i n t h e homogeneous c a t a l y t i c a c t i v a t i o n o f c a r b o n monoxide, d i h y d r o g e n and o t h e r s m a l l m o l e c u l e s . Our own i n t e r e s t i n t h e r e a c t i o n mechanisms o f t r i a n g u l a r and t e t r a h e d r a l c l u s t e r s a r o s e i n i t i a l l y from t h e d i s c o v e r y t h a t such s p e c i e s may be a c t i v e components o f homogeneous c a t a l y s t s f o r t h e water gas s h i f t r e a c t i o n ( 1 , 2 ) , b u t t h i s has expanded t o o t h e r c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s i n c l u d i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s s t i m u l a t e d b y p h o t o e x c i t a t i o n . The g o a l o f t h e p r e s e n t m a n u s c r i p t i s t o r e v i e w our i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l t h e r m a l and p h o t o c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s o f t r i a n g u l a r t r i r u t h e nium c a r b o n y l complexes w i t h an emphasis on a t t e m p t s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e the q u a n t i t a t i v e r e a c t i v i t i e s o f h i g h energy, r e a c t i v e i n t e r m e d i a t e s a l o n g the t r a j e c t o r i e s o f these chemical t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s . Photoreactions

o f RU3(00)^2 a

s

The p h o t o c h e m i s t r y o f Ru3(CO)^2 ^ been i n v e s t i g a t e d i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y (3-5) and o t h e r s (6-11) and has been shown t o i n v o l v e b o t h p h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f t h e c l u s t e r ( E q u a t i o n s 1 and 2) and p h o t o l a b i l i z a t i o n of carbonyls to give s u b s t i t u t e d t r i n u c l e a r c l u s t e r s R u 3 ( C 0 ) L (Equation 3). 1 1

0097-6156/87/0333-0123$06.00/0 © 1987 American Chemical Society

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

124

H I G H - E N E R G Y P R O C E S S E S IN O R G A N O M E T A L L I C C H E M I S T R Y

hi/ Ru (CO)

1 2

Ru (CO)

1 2

Ru (CO)

1 2

3

+ 3 CO

• 3 Ru(CO)

(1)

5

hi/ 3

+

3

L

3

·"

Ru(C0) L

(2)

4

hi/ 3

+

L

> Ru (CO) 3

1 1

L + CO

(3)

The e l e c t r o n i c spectrum o f R u ( C O ) ^ ( F i g u r e 1) i s dominated by an i n t e n s e a b s o r p t i o n band c e n t e r e d a t 392 nm ( e - 7.7 x 1 0 H'^cm"^i n cyclohexane s o l u t i o n ) . P h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d ' by a d e c r e a s e i n t h i s band's i n t e n s i t y w i t h o u t a s h i f t i n t h e A , while p h o t o s u b s t i t u t i o n by L i s i n d i c a t e d by s h i f t s i n t h i s band t o l o n g e r wavelengths. P h o t o l y s i s a t 405 nm i n the p r e s e n c e o f P ( O C H ) l e d t o p h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n o n l y , w h i l e p h o t o l y s i s a t s h o r t e r wavelengths gave s p e c t r a l s h i f t s i n d i c a t i v e o f the f o r m a t i o n o f s u b s t i t u t e d c l u s t e r s . Quantum y i e l d s f o r photofragmentâtion Φf and p h o t o s u b s t i t u t i o n Φ i n o c t a n e s o l u t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g 0.012 M P ( O C H ) a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 1. 3

2

3

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m a x

m a x

3

3

3

3

3

Photofragmentâtion Mechanisms. Photolysis ( A ^ 405 nm) o f R u ( C O ) ^ i n h y d r o c a r b o n s o l v e n t s under CO gave Ru(C0)5 as t h e s o l e p r o d u c t ( E q u a t i o n 1 ) . The quantum y i e l d Φ£ p r o v e d markedly dependent on P and on the s o l v e n t ( T a b l e I ) , w i t h donor s o l v e n t s s u c h as THF g i v i n g much s m a l l e r v a l u e s . P h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n i n o c t a n e ( A ^ 405 nm, Pco - 1 atm) w i t h v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c o s o l v e n t s added l e d t o s i g n i f i c a n t q u e n c h i n g o f φ£ by donor s o l v e n t s and gave l i n e a r S t e r n - V o l m e r t y p e p l o t s ( e . g . , φ £ ° / φ £ v e r s u s [THF]) w i t h s l o p e s ( K ) o f 34 ± 1, 26 ± 1 and 16 ± 1 M" f o r THF, diglyme and c y c l o h e x e n e , respectively. In contrast, p h o t o l y s i s i n 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran l e d t o quantum y i e l d s comparable t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n h y d r o c a r b o n s o l u t i o n s , an o b s e r v a t i o n w h i c h r e i n f o r c e s t h e v i e w t h a t the a b i l i t y to c o o r d i n a t e may be i m p o r t a n t t o the q u e n c h i n g p r o c e s s . G i v e n the w e l l documented r o l e o f h o m o l y t i c c l e a v a g e o f m e t a l m e t a l bonds i n the p h o t o r e a c t i o n s o f d i m e r i c complexes (2), a logical h y p o t h e s i s would be f o r the p h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n s o f t r i n u c l e a r com­ p l e x e s t o f o l l o w a s i m i l a r p a t h , e.g., r r

3

2

c o

r r

s v

1

M

M

M

Μ

Μ·

·Μ

One d i a g n o s t i c t e s t f o r such h o m o l y t i c p h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n has been the t r a p p i n g o f the m e t a l r a d i c a l s M' by c h l o r o c a r b o n s t o g i v e the r e s p e c t i v e c h l o r i d e s M-Cl. P h o t o l y s i s (405 nm) o f R u ( C O ) ^ i n a 1 . 0 M C C I 4 s o l u t i o n i n o c t a n e under CO ( 1 . 0 atm) d i d i n d e e d g i v e a d i f ­ f e r e n t p r o d u c t t h a n i n the absence o f C C I 4 , and t h i s was i d e n t i ­ f i e d as a m i x t u r e o f two i s o m e r i c c h l o r o complexes R u ( 0 0 ) 5 0 1 4 ( 3 ) . However, the a d d i t i o n o f C C I 4 t o o c t a n e s o l u t i o n s o f R u ( C O ) ^ had l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e on φ£ v a l u e s measured under CO ( 1 . 0 atm) ( T a b l e I ) , and Φ£ measured under a r g o n i n C C ^ / o c t a n e was f o u n d t o be s e v e r a l o r d e r s o f magnitude s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t measured under CO i n the same mixed s o l v e n t , even though CO i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n the s t o i c h i o m e t r y f o r the f o r m a t i o n o f c h l o r o c a r b o n y l ruthenium p r o d u c t s . 3

2

2

3

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

2

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8.

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

FORD ET AL.

125

Figure 1. Spectrum of Ru3(CO)^ *- octane. Quantum y i e l d s for photosubstitution and p h o t o f r a g m e n t â t i o n i n 25°C argon flushed octane i n the presence i n 0.012 M Ρ(0013)3 represented as a function of i r r a d i a t i o n wavelength (from reference 5). n

2

Table I .

Photofragmentation Quantum Yields for the 405 nm Photolysis of R u ( C O ) Different Solutions ( 2 5 ° C ) i

3

P

Octane

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 25 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 .0 1 .0 0 .0 1 .0

Cyclohexane

THF Diglyme CCI4

2,5-Me THF 2

a

c

d

Product Total Ρ Product Product

is is is is

a

b

solvent

b

n

12

ό

other additives

C Q

10

— 0.5 M THF 1.0

M CCI4

1.0

M CCI4

— — — 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.10

M M M M

P(OCH P(OCH P(OCH P(OCH

— — — — —

3

3 3

3

) ) ) )

3

3 3

3

28 < 0. 1 1 7 24 0 2 18 4 4 2 2 3 2 11 0 18 3 42 0 3 5 0 7 13 0 .7 20

Ru(C0)5 except where noted. 1.0 atm, balance being N or A r . Ru (C0) Cl . Ru(CO)4(P(OCH ) ). 2

z

x

y

3

x Φf

3

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

+ 4 ± 0.0 ± 4 c ± 1 ± 1.3 + 0.1 ± 0.6 ± 1.4 ± 0.6 + 1.7 ± 0.7 ± 0.1 + 3 ± 0.1 + 2 e

d

d

d

d

e

e

126

HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY

These results were explained by the discovery that the chlororuthenium complexes are not the primary photoproducts under CO i n 1.0 M CCl^/octane s o l u t i o n . Instead Ru(C0>5 proved to be the i n i t i a l product even after nearly complete photofragmentation of the s t a r t i n g material, and the chlorocarbonyl ruthenium products to be the r e s u l t of a secondary, dark reaction between the R u ( C 0 > 5 and C C I 4 ( 3 ) :

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Ru(C0)

5

+ CCI4

• Ru (C0) Cl Z

x

y

(4)

+ ?

It i s therefore clear that a d i r a d i c a l s u f f i c i e n t l y l o n g - l i v e d to be trappable i n the manner seen i n metal dimer systems i s not formed with RU3(CO)^2- Thus, the dominant feature of the photofragmentation pathways i s the role of two electron donors. Ligands which are π - a c i d s such as CO, ethylene or phosphorous donors P R 3 , each gave p h o t o f r a g m e n t â t i o n while l i t t l e photoactivity occurs for longer λ ^ ^ . when L i s a harder donor such as cyclohexene, THF, diglyme or 2-me thy1te t r a h y d r ο furan. Such c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s led to the proposal ( 3 , 8 ) that the mechanism for the fragmentation pathway must involve the formation of a reac­ tive intermediate, an isomer of RU3(CO)^2 capable of f i r s t order return to the i n i t i a l cluster or of capture by a two electron donor. Scheme 1 i l l u s t r a t e s the proposed mechanism for photofragmentation.

hi/ Ru (CO) 3

I

12

1

» [Ru (CO) *] 3

• Ru (CO) 3

k

• I

(5)

6

()

12

2

I + L -j

> Ru (CO) L 3

(7)

12

*3

k

12

1'

+2L,fast

4

I '

> R u ( C 0 ) L + Ru (CO)

I'

• Ru (CO)

4

3

2

12

8

• 3 Ru(C0) L 4

+ L

(8)

(9)

SCHEME 1

A possible formulation for I i s i l l u s t r a t e d below. This could be formed by the h e t e r o l y t i c cleavage of a Ru-Ru bond an corresponding movement of a carbonyl from a terminal s i t e to a bridging one to maintain the charge n e u t r a l i t y of both Ru atoms. The r e s u l t would be to leave one ruthenium atom electron deficient (a 16 electron species) and capable of coordinating a two electron donor to give another intermediate I ' .

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

8.

127

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

FORD ET AL.

(CO) Ru 4

§ I Flash photolysis studies were therefore conducted with the goal of probing for the presence of such intermediates i n the photofrag­ mentation (4,5). Flash photolysis ( A > 395 nm) of Ru3(CO)^2 cyclohexane solution under CO (1.0 atm) showed some net photoreact i o n , but no transients were detectable with lifetimes > 30 /is. Neither observable transients nor net photochemistry resulted from a s i m i l a r flash experiment under argon. In contrast, a CO e q u i l i b r a t e d cyclohexane solution of Ru3(CO)^2 containing THF (1.0 M) displayed transient bleaching i n the spectral region 380-460 nm which decayed exponentially ( k - 20 ± 5 s" ) to give a f i n a l absorbance consistent with a small amount of net photoreaction. The same transient behav­ ior with an i d e n t i c a l value was noted for an analogous THF/cyclohexane solution under argon with the exceptions that consid­ erably more bleaching was apparent immediately after the f l a s h and that no net photochemistry was seen. These results are consistent with formation of a species such as I' which decays l a r g e l y back to Ru3(CO) Similar transient bleaching at 390 nm followed by exponential decay to a f i n a l absorbance was seen i n argon e q u i l i b r a t e d cyclohex­ ane solutions containing cyclohexene, PPI13, or P ( O C H 3 ) 3 . Flash photolysis with added cyclohexene led to j u s t small net photoreac­ t i o n , but photolysis with added PPI13 or Ρ ( 0 ^ 3 ) 3 gave net c l u s t e r fragmentation. For these ligands, the flash photolysis k i n e t i c s were more conveniently investigated at 480 nm, where transient absorbance increases were seen (Figure 2). For P(OCH3)3» v a r i a t i o n of t h i s ligand's concentration (0.005 to 0.05 M) d i d not affect k but d i d affect the amount of transient formed and the extent of net photoreaction. The k^ values determined for the various donor ligands follow the order THF < cyclohexene < PPh < P(OCH )3 (Table I I ) . If k 3 « k + k 5 , the φ£ i s determined by three pairs of competitive processes. The f i r s t i s the formation of I from R u 3 ( C O ) ^ 2 * i n competition with decay to Ru3(CO)^2 occurs with an e f f i c i e n c y Φ^. The second i s the competition between decay of I back to Ru3(CO)^2 (rate constant k^) and capture of I by L to give I ' ( K 2 ) . The t h i r d i s the competition between Equation 9 to reform Ru3(CO)I2 fragmentation v i a Equation 8 to give products. Analysis of the various quantum y i e l d (5,8) and f l a s h photolysis (5) experiments i n terms of Scheme I have l e d to the following conclu­ sions: 1) The l i m i t i n g quantum y i e l d for photofragmentation ( A ^ 405 nm) i n hydrocarbon solutions would be Φ^, which was determined to be about 0.05 moles/einstein. 2) Trapping of I to give I' i s r e l a t i v e l y insensitive to the nature of L , r e l a t i v e values of K 2 being 1.6, 1.1 and 1.0 for CO, Ρ(ΟΟΗ )3 and PPh , respectively. These values are consistent with the nature proposed for X, i . e . , a coordinatively unsaturated species which i s e s s e n t i a l l y unselective i n reacting with available ligands. 3) The apparent values of k (fragmentation of I' to products of lower nuclearity) f a l l into the sequence: CO, C H 2 - C H 2 » Ρ ( 0 ^ 3 ) 3 > ΡΡΙΊ3 » cyclohexene > THF, an I

N

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i r r

1

d

1 2

d

3

3

4

a

a

n

n

d

d

r r

3

3

4

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

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128

HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY

Figure 2. Absorbance ( A - 480 nm) vs time trace for the longer wavelength flash photolysis ( A ^ > 395 nm) of a cyclohexane solution of R u ( C O ) plus P(OCH ) (0.010 M) (from reference 5). m o n

r r

3

Table I I .

12

3

3

F i r s t Order Rate Constants for Decay of Transients Seen by Longer Wavelength ( A ^ > 390 nm) Flash Photolysis of Ru (C0)]o i - Cyclohexane Solutions with Various Added Ligands r r

n

3

a

Ligand

Concentration(M)

none CO H C=CH P(OCH ) PPh cyclohexene THF/CO THF

0.0084 M d 0.005-0 05 M 0.005-0 01 M 0.01 M [THF] - 1.0 M 1.0 M

2

2

3

3

3

c

Comments > 5 > 5 > 5 900 200 59 20 20

X X X

+ + ± ± ±

10* b 10 b 10 b 30 30 10 5 5 4

4

e

no net photoreaction net p h o t o f r a g m e n t â t i o n net photofragmentation net photofragmentation net photofragmentation no net photoreaction small net photofrag. no net photoreaction

Τ « 25°C, Table from reference 5. No transient seen, estimated rate i s lower l i m i t . P - 1.0 atm. 1.0 atm. c o

C

H

" 2 4 e

Identical behavior noted i n neat THF solution.

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

8.

129

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

FORD ET AL.

order which q u a l i t a t i v e l y p a r a l l e l s the π - a c i d i t y of L . A possible explanation i s that the a c t i v a t i o n b a r r i e r for i n i t i a l fragmentation (to give Ru(C0) L plus Ru2(C0)g?), which would involve the bridging CO —• terminal CO transformation, may be lower for a π - a c i d L owing to the more electron withdrawing nature of the bridging CO. 4

Photosubstitution mechanisms. Continuous photolysis of t h i s cluster i n the presence of PPh or P(0CH ) and at wavelengths shorter than 405 nm led to spectral changes i n d i c a t i n g formation of substituted clusters (4). The marked wavelength dependence of the photosubsti­ tution quantum y i e l d s i s consistent with the d i r e c t reaction from an upper l e v e l excited state p r i o r to i n t e r n a l conversion to the state(s) responsible for fragmentation. Unlike the fragmentation pathway, the photosubstitution quantum y i e l d s were l i t t l e affected by solvent; therefore, Φ /Φ£ r a t i o s were much higher i n THF solutions than i n hydrocarbon solutions. Flash photolyses of Ru (CO)^2 shorter wavelengths ( A ^ > 315 nm) were c a r r i e d out both i n THF and cyclohexane solutions. No transients were noted i n the l a t t e r solvent, but i n THF under excess CO, transient absorbance i n the wavelength range 480 to 550 nm, which decayed exponentially back to the s t a r t i n g spectrum with a [CO] dependent k ^ , was observed. Similar f l a s h photolysis of Ru (CO)^2 i n argon flushed THF solution with excess PPh or P(OCH ) also gave i n i t i a l transient absorptions at these monitoring wavelengths s i m i l a r to those noted under CO. However, i n these cases, the system was shown to undergo further absorbance increases exponentially to a f i n a l product spectrum consistent with net reaction to give, p r i n c i ­ p a l l y , the substituted clusters R U ( C 0 ) ; Q Plots of k ^ vs [L] or [CO] were curved, but the double r e c i p r o c a l plots ( k ^ vs were l i n e a r i n each case (Figure 3). These data are i n t e r p r é t a b l e i n terms of a reaction scheme where the primary photoreaction is the d i s s o c i a t i o n of CO to give, f i r s t a R u ( C 0 ) n intermediate (II), then the solvated species Ru (C0)^^S (IT).

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3

3

3

8

a

t

t

n

e

3

0

r r

s

3

3

3

3

l

3

0

Q

3

s

s

3

hi/

Ru (CO) 3

• Ru (C0)

12

3

1:L

+ CO

(10)

II k

s

II + S !

» Ru (C0) S 3

u

(11)

II' k

co

II + CO

> Ru (CO) 3

k

II + L

12

(12)

L >Ru (C0) L 3

n

SCHEME 2

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

(13)

130

HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY

The r e l a t i v e solvent independence of Φ supports the view that the f i r s t step i s CO d i s s o c i a t i o n rather than an associative displacement by solvent or another ligand. The transient seen by flash photolysis i n THF i s proposed to be I I ' (S - THF), since no transient precursor to substitution with a l i f e t i m e > 30 /is was seen i n cyclohexane despite the comparable Φ i n both solvents. According to Scheme 2, when L - CO or [L] » [CO] the following relationship would hold true: 8

5

k k. [L] obs - k + k l L j L

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k

s

s

(14)

L

A p l o t of k b " l vs [ L ] ~ l i s thus predicted to be l i n e a r with slope = k / k _ k and a nonzero intercept k . " ^ as seen i n Figure 3. From the average intercept of (0.9 ± 0.4) x 10" s, a k _ value of about 1.1 χ 10 s" can be estimated for the d i s s o c i a t i o n of THF from I I ' . The r e l a t i v e values of k^ can be determined from r a t i o s of the slopes given that k / k _ should be ligand independent. These r e l a t i v e values are 8, 1.5 and 1.0 for CO, Ρ ( 0 ^ 3 ) 3 and PPI13, respectively. It i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the photosubstitution intermedi­ ate XX appears to be s i g n i f i c a n t l y more s e l e c t i v e toward reaction with various two electron donor substrates than i s the photofragmen­ t a t i o n intermediate χ . One speculative r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n of this i s that the R u 3 ( C 0 ) ^ ^ intermediate has the opportunity to "delocalize" i t s unsaturation by having one CO bridge an edge of the metal t r i a n g l e with concomitant formation of a multiple metal-metal bond. A s i m i l a r rearrangement is not accessible to χ . 0

s

s

s

L

s

3

s

3

1

s

s

Summary. Figure 4 i l l u s t r a t e s the proposed p h o t o f r a g m e n t â t i o n and photosubstitution mechanisms Ru3(CO)^2 ( £ ) · Quantum y i e l d s for the l a t t e r process are markedly wavelength dependent, very small or undetectable at A ^ > 400 nm but dominant for UV e x c i t a t i o n . The photofragmentation pathway, which i s dominant for longer A ^ , i s quenched by donor ligands such as THF, but φ£ values are l i t t l e affected by the presence of C C I 4 . Thus, i t i s proposed that frag­ mentation occurs v i a a nonradical isomer of the s t a r t i n g cluster having an unsaturated ruthenium center which reacts rather nonselect i v e l y with two electron donors L to give Ru3(CO)^2^» precursor to the photofragmentation. The photosubstitution pathway i s proposed to proceed by CO d i s s o c i a t i o n to give the intermediate R u 3 ( C 0 ) ^ ^ , which i s trapped by THF to give another transient, R u 3 ( C 0 ) ^ ^ S . Analyses of both CW quantum y i e l d and k i n e t i c flash photolysis data lead to the conclusion that XX i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y more s e l e c t i v e than is X toward reactions with ligands, the greater s e l e c t i v i t y of II suggested to be a consequence of a greater a b i l i t y to delocalize the unsaturation. Recent low temperature photochemical studies by Bentsen and Wrighton (12), who used FTIR to characterize intermediates and prod­ ucts, appear to confirm key q u a l i t a t i v e features of the models pro­ posed for the photofragmentation and photosubstitution mechanisms i n Schemes I and II and i n Figure 4 (5). Short wavelength e x c i t a t i o n (313 nm) of Ru3(CO)^2 *- 90 Κ alkane glass was shown to give f i r s t a R U 3 ( C 0 ) I ; L species with only terminal CO's which then rearranged to an isomeric form of R u 3 ( C 0 ) ^ ^ having a bridging CO. In the presence of r r

r r

t

n

e

n

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

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8.

FORD ET AL.

131

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

F i g u r e 3. Double r e c i p r o c a l p l o t s o f the k i n e t i c s d a t a o b t a i n e d f o r the decay o f the t r a n s i e n t s s e e n f o r the s h o r t w a v e l e n g t h flash photolysis ( A > 315 nm) o f THF s o l u t i o n s o f ^ 3 ( 0 0 ) ^ 2 i n the p r e s e n c e o f v a r i o u s l i g a n d s L (from r e f e r e n c e 5 ) . i r r

F i g u r e 4. Q u a l i t a t i v e model f o r the p h o t o r e a c t i o n s in solution.

o f Ru3(CO)^2

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

132

HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY

various L , these intermediates reacted to form the Ru3(C0)^^L photosubstitution product. Longer wavelength e x c i t a t i o n ( A ^ > 420 nm) of Ru3(CO)i2 i n 195 Κ alkane solution containing excess CO was shown to give Ru(C0) and Ru2(C0)o as the i n i t i a l products. Similar reaction i n the presence of PPI13 gave an intermediate formulated as Ru3(CO)i2( h3), which displayed an IR band (1791 cm" ) characteris­ t i c of a bridging CO as proposed above for I ' . However, under these conditions (195 Κ ) , this intermediate did not fragment but underwent CO or PPh loss to give RU3(CO)^(ΡΡηβ) or Ru3(CO)^2L a s t l y , i t i s appropriate to comment on the relationships between the intermediates seen i n photochemical studies and possible reactive intermediates along the reaction coordinates of related thermal transformations. E a r l i e r k i n e t i c s studies (13) of the reactions of Ru3(CO)^2 i t h various phosphorous ligands PR3 have found evidence for both f i r s t order and second order pathways leading to substitu­ t i o n plus some c l u s t e r fragmentation. The f i r s t order path was pro­ posed to proceed v i a reversible CO d i s s o c i a t i o n to give an intermedi­ ate analogous to I I . r r

5

pp

1

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3

w

Ru (CO) 3

R u 3 ( C 0 ) + CO

12

-6 k

Ru (C0) 3

1 1

(15)

n

k

+ L

7 • Ru (C0) L 3

(16)

11

5

1

The kg value was determined to be about 6.9 χ 10" s" independent of the nature of L i n 50°C decalin (ΔΗ* - 31.8 kcal mol" ; AS* - +20.2 cal mol" Κ " ) . Competition r a t i o s k.g/ky equal to 3 and 5 were determined for L - P(0Pti3)3 and PPI13, respectively under the same conditions. The second order pathway was proposed to occur v i a nucleophilic attack of L on the c l u s t e r , and an intermediate with a formulation the same as 11' was suggested, without supporting e v i ­ dence of i t s existence, as a possible i n i t i a l product of this nucleophilic attack. However, since fragmentation was only a minor side reaction of the substitution reactions with L - PPh3, i t i s quite u n l i k e l y that the photofragmentation and second order thermal substitution reactions occur v i a a common intermediate. 1

1

1

Photoisomerization of

HR^fCO^Qfu-^-COC^) i

,

1

C O C H

Photolysis of the methylidyne cluster H R u ( C O ) ( / " ' ' 3) i n cyclohexane solution leads to an unprecedented oxygen-to-carbon a l k y l migration to form the bridging acyl complex HRu3(CO) (M-r7 -C(O)CH3) (B) : 3

1 0

2

10

(17)

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

8.

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

FORD ET AL.

133

T h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n was demonstrated (14) by e v a l u a t i n g changes i n the UV, IR and NMR s p e c t r a and comparing t h e s e t o the s p e c t r a o f a u t h e n t i c samples o f each c l u s t e r (15,16). Quantum y i e l d s f o r the p h o t o i s o m e r i z a t i o n d e p i c t e d i n E q u a t i o n 17 were f o u n d t o be n o t a b l y dependent b o t h on the CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n and on the A ^ . A l t h o u g h the r e s u l t i n g o p t i c a l changes were the same f o r d i f f e r e n t A ^ , the quantum y i e l d s i n CO s a t u r a t e d c y c l o h e x a n e ranged from < 10"^ a t 405 nm t o 4.9 x 1 0 " a t 313 nm. Furthermore, Φ v a r i e d l i n e a r l y from 1.2 x 1 0 ' a t P - 0.0 t o 4.9 x 1 0 ' a t P - 1 . 0 atm f o r 313 nm p h o t o l y s i s i n cyclohexane. r r

r r

2

2

4

2

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c o

c o

No c l u s t e r f r a g m e n t a t i o n was o b s e r v e d i n i t i a l l y , a l t h o u g h l o n g term p h o t o l y s i s (313 nm) o f Β i n CO s a t u r a t e d c y c l o h e x a n e e v e n t u a l l y d i d l e a d t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n t o Ru(C0)5 p l u s a c e t a l d e h y d e : CH

3

1

(C0) Ru^y— RuCCO)4 3

?

+

hv

0

ϋ

- —

H

5

(

l

g

)

H^RuIcO), T h i s p h o t o r e a c t i o n was s t u d i e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y u s i n g a u t h e n t i c samples o f HRu3(CO) (/i-r7 -C(O)CH ) , and a quantum y i e l d o f 1.1 x 1 0 ' m o l e s / e i n s t e i n was d e t e r m i n e d . Any p r o p o s e d mechanism f o r the u n p r e c e d e n t e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n d e s c r i b e d by E q u a t i o n 18 must a c c o u n t f o r the p r o m o t i o n o f t h i s pho­ t o i s o m e r i z a t i o n by CO, a l t h o u g h CO i s n o t r e q u i r e d by the s t o i c h i o m etry. A p o s s i b l e i n i t i a l s t e p would be s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r the Ru3(CO)^2 f r a g m e n t a t i o n (Scheme 1 ) . I n t h i s a Ru-Ru bond i s b r o k e n c o n c o m i t a n t w i t h the movement o f a CO from a t e r m i n a l t o a b r i d g i n g s i t e t o form an u n s a t u r a t e d i n t e r m e d i a t e analogous t o χ. A specula­ t i v e p r o p o s a l a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 5. The key f e a t u r e o f t h i s p r o p o s a l would be the f o r m a t i o n o f I I I w i t h one u n s a t u r a t e d ruthenium, which c o u l d be c a p t u r e d by CO t o promote the subsequent s t e p s l e a d i n g from the /i-rç^-methylidyne t o the ^ - r / - a c y l complex. 2

10

3

3

2

I f such a scheme i n d e e d were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the above i s o m e r i z a t i o n t h e n E q u a t i o n 17 s h o u l d a l s o be f a c i l i t a t e d by o t h e r twoe l e c t r o n donors c a p a b l e o f c a p t u r i n g I I I . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , i t i s n o t a b l e t h a t use o f THF r a t h e r t h a n c y c l o h e x a n e as the s o l v e n t (under argon) g i v e s a much l a r g e r quantum y i e l d 1.4 x 1 0 " . Thus, u n l i k e the p h o t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f Ru3(CO)^2, which i s quenched by the donor s o l v e n t , the l i g a n d i s o m e r i z a t i o n i s promoted by THF, p r o b a b l y because CO i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n the o v e r a l l s t o i c h i o m e t r y o f the l a t t e r transformation. P r e l i m i n a r y f l a s h p h o t o l y s i s experiments are a l s o c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s view. Flash photolysis ( A ^ > 313 nm) o f A i n a r g o n d e a e r a t e d THF gave a l o n g l i v e d ( r > 1 s) t r a n s i e n t w h i l e r e p r o d u c i b l e t r a n s i e n t s w i t h l i f e t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n 30 /*s c o u l d n o t be o b s e r v e d when analogous experiments were c a r r i e d o u t i n c y c l o h e x ane. Thus we c o n c l u d e t h a t a key i n t e r m e d i a t e i n the p h o t o i s o m e r i z a t i o n o f A i s an u n s a t u r a t e d c l u s t e r such as I I I w h i c h c a n be t r a p p e d by the two e l e c t r o n donor THF. Although p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s suggest t h a t subsequent rearrangement t o Β by the THF a d d u c t may be l e s s e f f i c i e n t t h a n from the p r o p o s e d CO adduct, the former a p p a r e n t l y can f u n c t i o n i n t h i s manner. 3

r r

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

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H I G H - E N E R G Y PROCESSES IN O R G A N O M E T A L L I C CHEMISTRY

F i g u r e 5. P r o p o s e d scheme f o r t h e p h o t o i s o m e r i z a t i o n o f HRu3(CO) (^-r - -COCH ) t o H R u 3 ( C O ) ( / i - r - C ( O ) C H ) . L

10

7

2

3

10

7

3

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

8.

135

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

FORD ET AL.

Substitution Reactions of the Hydride Cluster H R U ( C O ) ; Q 3

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The t r i n u c l e a r ruthenium hydride ion HRu3(C0)^^~ has drawn considerable recent attention as a prominent species i n homogeneous catalysts for the water gas s h i f t reaction (1) and for the h y d r o g é n a t i o n , hydroformylation, and h y d r o s i l a t i o n of alkenes (17,18). In the course of investigating the r e a c t i v i t y of HRu3(C0)^^"" and i t s p o t e n t i a l roles i n such c a t a l y t i c cycles, this ion was found (19) to be remarkably more l a b i l e toward ligand substitution (Equation 19) than the parent neutral carbonyl Ru3(CO)^2 which was described above as being rather slow to undergo substitutions. H R u ( C O ) " + PPh ! 3

11

> HRu (CO) (PPh )~' + CO

3

3

10

(19)

3

A systematic investigation (19) of this reaction i n THF has shown the k i n e t i c s to be consistent with the following scheme:

HRu (CO) 3

-

τ

1 1

• HRu (CO) ~ + CO 3

(20)

10

IV k

9

IV + PPh -,

• HRu (CO) (PPh )

3

3

k.

10

_

(21)

3

9

This mechanism predicts that (at low [CO]) a p l o t of k vs [PPI13] w i l l approach the condition where k^PPt^] » k.g[C0] and k reaches a l i m i t i n g value equal to kg, the rate of CO d i s s o c i a t i o n from H R u 3 ( C 0 ) i i ~ . This has been shown to be the case for several d i f f e r e n t [CO] (Figure 6), and k ( l i m i t i n g ) - 2.1 s" ± 0.1 has been determined at 25°C and ambient pressure (19). Thus, the rate data are consistent with this model and argue against reaction of PPI13 with H R u 3 ( C 0 ) i i ~ i n an associative or interchange pathway to displace CO. However, an alternative mechanism by which CO i s displaced by the nucleophilic attack of solvent was not excluded by these k i n e t i c s r e s u l t s , e s p e c i a l l y given that the a c t i v a t i o n parameters ΔΗ* - 16.0 ± 1.7 kcal/mol and AS* - -1.9 ± 3.0 c a l m o l Κ" for k ( l i m i t i n g ) (19) would indeed appear to be more consistent with an associative type mechanism than with the d i s s o c i a t i v e path described above. This problem was addressed by measuring the stopped-flow k i n e t i c s of Equa­ t i o n 19 under l i m i t i n g conditions ( k - kg) at various pressures (20) . A p l o t of l n ( k ) vs Ρ (Figure 7) gave the a c t i v a t i o n volume AVt - +21.2 ± 1.4 cm* mol" ). Quantitative p r e d i c t i o n of the expected AV^'s for these models i s r e s t r i c t e d by the absence of p a r t i a l molar volume data i n THF for the various reactants and i n t e r ­ mediates. However, one may assume that H R u 3 ( C 0 ) j j ~ and the dissoc­ iated intermediate IV have s i m i l a r V's and that V(C0) i n t h i s solvent i s close to that of l i q u i d CO (about 23 cm /mol). Thus, the measured AV$ value strongly supports the concept of a l i m i t i n g d i s s o c i a t i v e mechanism. Further consistent with t h i s view i s the observation (19) that k i s e s s e n t i a l l y independent of whether the solvent i s THF or the more s t e r i c a l l y demanding 2,5-dimethyl-THF. o b s

o b s

1

o b s

- 1

1

o b s

O D S

o b s

1

a v e

3

O D S

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

136

HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY

2.51

> HRu (C0) (PPh ) 3

i0

3

+ CO

1 atm N->

2. 0·

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ν·

1. 5

1. 0

0. 5

0. 02 CPPh 3 Q

F i g u r e 6. P l o t s o f k vs [PPh ] f o r the r e a c t i o n o f H R u ( C 0 ) ~ p l u s P P h i n THF under v a r i e d P a t 25°C ( c u r v e s drawn f o r i l l u s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s o n l y ) (from r e f e r e n c e 1 9 ) . o

3

1 1

F i g u r e 7.

b

s

3

3

Plots of ( k

c o

o b s

)

H R u ( C 0 ) ~ + PPh 3

n

vs pressure f o r the r e a c t i o n 3

• H R u ( C O ) ( P P h ) " + CO 3

1 0

3

R e a c t i o n r u n i n 2 5 ° , N f l u s h e d THF w i t h l i m i t i n g of PPh ( O - 0.053 M P P h ; Δ - 0.086 M P P h ) . 2

3

3

concentrations

3

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

8.

FORD E T A L .

137

Trinuclear Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

The above k i n e t i c s studies of the thermal reactions provide powe r f u l i n d i r e c t evidence for the operation of a l i m i t i n g d i s s o c i a t i v e mechanism i n this solvent and for the formation of a reactive intermediate such as IV. Such studies also allow one to evaluate the r e l a t i v e r e a c t i v i t i e s of that intermediate with d i f f e r e n t substrates. For example, k . g / k ç , the r a t i o of the rate constants for reaction of IV with CO or PPh i n 25° THF, was determined to have the value 15 ± 4 by analysis of the rate data presented i n Figure 7. However, under favorable conditions, i t should be possible to use flash photolysis to observe the reactive intermediate d i r e c t l y and to measure absolute rate constants for i t s various reactions. In this context the photochemistry of the HRu (CO)n~" cluster anion has been b r i e f l y explored i n these laboratories. Continuous photolysis ( λ ^ ) of a solution of [Bu N][HRu (CO) ] ( À 387 nm, c - 6,900 L mol" cm" ) i n CO saturated or argon flushed THF led to no observable photochemistry; i . e . no fragmentation was seen. (Photosubstitution with CO would be undetectable and thermal reactions with other ligands are too rapid for convenient investigation of the photochemical analogs.) However, f l a s h photolysis ( A > 315 nm) of this s a l t (1 x 10" mol L " ) i n argon flushed THF led to observable transient bleaching i n the 370-440 nm wavelength region and transient absorption i n the 450-540 nm region i n d i c a t i n g the formation of new species. The absorbance changes at a l l wavelengths detectable decayed to the s t a r t i n g spectrum v i a second order k i n e t i c s and with the same l i f e t i m e . When a small but known concentration of CO (1.3 x 10" mol L " ) was introduced to the reaction solution, the same transient was observed, but the decay k i n e t i c s became f i r s t order. This observation c l e a r l y suggests that the transient formed i n this experiment i s the r e s u l t of CO photodissociation.

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3

3

Γ Γ 1

4

3

11

1

m a x

5

1

i r r

4

1

hi/ HRu (C0) " 3

11



HRu (CO) "" + CO 3

(22)

10

The rate constant for the exponential relaxation of the l a t t e r system to the s t a r t i n g system was calculated to be 1.4 χ 10 s" . From this value, an approximate second order rate constant of 1.0 x 10 L m o l ' s" was calculated for the reaction between IV and CO. Given the above determination of the l i m i t i n g rate constant for CO d i s s o c i a t i o n of 2 s" , the equilibrium constant for thermal CO d i s s o c i a t i o n from H R u ( C 0 ) ~ i n THF to give IV can be calculated from the r a t i o of the forward and back rate constants (kg/k.g) to be 2 x 10" mol L " . 3

1

7

1

1

1

3

11

7

1

Concluding remarks In this a r t i c l e we have summarized the use of both photochemical and more c l a s s i c a l thermal k i n e t i c s techniques to deduce the nature of intermediates i n the ambient temperature, f l u i d solution chemistry of several triruthenium c l u s t e r s . In some cases the photochemically generated intermediates appear to be the same as those proposed to be formed along thermal reaction coordinates, while i n other cases unique pathways are the results of electronic e x c i t a t i o n . The use of pulse photolysis methodology allows d i r e c t observation, and the meas­ urement of the reaction dynamics of such transients and provides quantitative evaluation of the absolute r e a c t i v i t i e s of these species. In some cases, detailed complementary information regarding

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

138

HIGH-ENERGY PROCESSES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY

p h o t o r e a c t i o n i n t e r m e d i a t e s c a n be deduced a l s o b y t r a p p i n g t h e s e s p e c i e s a t low temperatures and c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e i r s p e c t r o s c o p i c p r o p e r t i e s ( 1 2 ) . The examples d e s c r i b e d h e r e i l l u s t r a t e t h e power o f a comprehensive a p p r o a c h u s i n g a l l o f t h e above t e c h n i q u e s t o i n v e s ­ t i g a t e t h e c h e m i s t r i e s o f t h e s e h i g h energy s p e c i e s .

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Acknowledgments T h i s work was s u p p o r t e d by g r a n t s from t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Founda­ t i o n (INT83-04030; CHE-8419283) and t h e US Department o f Energy, O f f i c e o f B a s i c Energy S c i e n c e s (DE-FG03-85ER13317). Key a s p e c t s o f the e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d h e r e were c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s b y Marc D e s r o s i e r s and D a v i d Wink, whose i n t e l l e c t u a l contributions are greatly appreciated.

Literature Cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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RECEIVED November 12, 1986

In High-Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry; Suslick, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.