Literature of the Chemical PeripheryEmbalming - ACS Publications

Literature of the Chemical Periphery— Embalming HAROLD

OATFIELD

Downloaded by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO on February 12, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 1, 1956 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1956-0016.ch015

Chemical Research Department, Chas. Pfizer and Co., Inc., Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

The literature of embalming has been virtually unknown to and hence ignored and unexplored by the scientific public. With the intent to make accessible and extend contiguously that frontier of knowledge, an introduction to the literature of e m balming is presented, together with a short historical sketch. Comprehensive monographs, specialty items, and books pub lished since 1930 are given particular attention. Tables show embalming schools currently operating, trade associations in the field, and some fluid companies maintaining research labora tories. A check list of embalming periodicals is provided, with a few indications of library holdings. A chronological bibliog raphy of embalming literature includes subsections on encyclo pedia articles and Egyptology.

T h e r e is a saying that even a shy man can be eloquent i n his own field. However, the author is not an embalmer—nor even one of Dostoievsky's "These L i v i n g D e a d " or Gogol's " D e a d Souls." One can scarcely mention embalming without eliciting a smile from one's hearers—whether this stems from embarrassment, true humor, or a g r i m determination to be Pollyanna i n the face of death. Because of this attitude, i t seems well to tell at the outset a few lighter incidents w i t h i n the history of em balming before plunging into the p a l l of its literature. A m o n g predecessor chemists interested i n this a r t may be mentioned Kolbe of the classical syntheses, Jerome Alexander, and H a r r y Deuell. " W h a t a d r y skeleton," says Peacock (U0), " i s the history of Rome, told by one who believes nothing that the Romans believed." The Egyptians, Assyrians, and Hindus at one stage i n their history preserved their dead w i t h beeswax and then w i t h honey, while the ancient Hebrews used aloes and spices for the same purpose. Alexander the Great, for instance, was embalmed w i t h honey (6). One school of thought has i t that this was just to keep things sweet until he could be brought home, as was the case w i t h Agesipolis, the Spartan leader. In any event, i t was a sticky proposition. E m b a l m i n g or mummification to preserve the body indefinitely has been applied to kings, religious leaders, and great public figures i n a l l ages. K i n g Canute, the pioneer i n wave mechanics, was embalmed (and lasted a good 740 years, too), as were successive B r i t i s h rulers, such as W i l l i a m the Conqueror, and his Queen M a t i l d a , E d w a r d I, H e n r y I, Charles I, to mention a few firsts. Members of other r u l i n g houses have been treated similarly. This included the Russian czars, who were interred i n the walls of the K r e m l i n . A former employee of the Soviet Central Secretariat said that when the Bolsheviks first came into control i n 1918, a group of them rushed into the K r e m l i n and opened several royal tombs, w i t h the idea of making a mocking show. The t h i r d sepulcher unsealed was that of Ivan Groznyï (Ivan the Terrible or Ivan I V ) . H e looked so fierce still, i n his excellent state of preservation, that he unnerved the group, and they silently closed the lids, restored the bodies to their resting places, and slunk away. Whether any change was made later is not known. One is bound to be curious about the wonderful job of embalming done on L e n i n . It was f a i r l y common knowledge at the time of Lenin's death that his body was so badly ravaged by disease that i t had to be disposed of quickly, and a dead double found to serve for the populace. Nevertheless, the em112

In A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.


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balming job done on the stand-in (or lie-in, i f you prefer) is reputedly a very fine one (2). Rumor has also asserted that a fresh stand-in was substituted about 1934. Whitehead has remarked " I f men cannot live on bread alone, still less can they do so on disinfectants (54)." Numerous popes, cardinals, and church prelates have been accorded lasting embalmment. C a r d i n a l Richelieu (17) is an instance. There is a whole order of Capuchin monks i n Sicily, the dead members of which have been preserved b y desiccation i n the grottoes of a cave near Palermo. A m o n g the U . S. Presidents, the case of A b r a h a m Lincoln is most interesting i n that eye-witness accounts (8) of the opening of h i s coffin i n 1901 at Springfield, 111., differ as to the quality of the state of preservation obtaining. Credence goes to the man who reported i t as greenish i n color and exhibiting skin slip. Everyone i s , no doubt, also f a m i l i a r w i t h Hunter's account (25) of how the E g y p t i a n railroad r a n the first 10 years of its existence, using mummies as fuel to generate its steam. M a r k T w a i n i n "Innocents A b r o a d " quotes the engineer as saying to the fireman, "These common folk don't burn worth a damn. Send me a K i n g ! " H u n t e r tells, too, of the importation of mummies into the United States purely to supply linen rags to make paper. This was before the advent of chemical wood pulp. Here M c C u r d y quotes Donnelly (16) \ "Quantities of these weird yet interesting corpses ( E g y p t i a n mummies) have been appropriated f o r fuel by the A r a b s , while whole shiploads have been converted into manure by the avaricious Englishmen f o r the growing of t u r n i p s . " I n medieval times, and carried well down through the 19th century, mummy dust was considered a potent drug f o r internal consumption for whatever ailed you. Whereas the E g y p t i a n and Abyssinians went i n f o r embalming of two different types, the people of Uganda, who are communicably adjacent to the south, preserve only the lower jaw bone of a k i n g , and his umbilical stump, wrapped i n decorated bark cloth, believing that the ghost of a dead man adheres to the lower j a w bone, and the ghost of his double to his navel string. E a c h k i n g , however, must have a separate tomb, because otherwise there would be quarrels of precedence and protocol among the ghosts (UU)* I n this connection passing reference may be made to a discussion by Cabanes (7), on the relation of the umbilicus to intelligence. Introduction to Literature on Embalming

This paper with its bibliography provides an introduction to the literature of embalming, and related funeral matters. It does not purport to be a complete record—i.e., exhaustive of a l l such literature—but rather to offer a convenient point of debarkation to anyone interested i n studying a p a r t i c u l a r phase of the a r t , or science, or its history (which parallels that of the human race). It does not describe the process or processes of embalming, or the nature of the chemicals so employed, except incidentally,. Reference to taxidermie a r t has been kept to a minimum. The first comprehensive bibliography of embalming was that of M c C u r d y (31) published i n 1896, which comprises the second 40-page p a r t of his doctoral disserta tion. John Townsend had published a p a r t i a l catalog of books and journal refer ences on this subject i n 1887, and there was a compilation i n the Surgeon General's first " C a t a l o g . " too. The second comprehensive bibliography on embalming is that of Ε. H . McClelland (SO), SL mimeographed report (edition of 100 copies only) issued to the N a t i o n a l Association of Colleges of M o r t u a r y Science, Inc., M a y 31, 1949, which, i n t u r n , distributed copies of the report to its member schools. It has become a scarce item. The McClelland bibliography includes classified lists of books i n certain related funerary fields not deemed pertinent to this paper, such as : A c c o u n t i n g a n d other business methods A p p a r e n t death a n d p r e m a t u r e b u r i a l Brasses, m e m o r i a l Burial Catacombs Cemeteries Consolation Cremation Death

(for funeral

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Death masks Epitaphs a n d inscriptions Exhumation and reinterment F u n e r a l rites, ceremonies, a n d customs F u n e r a l sermons a n d addresses F u n e r a l services a n d obsequies Identification of t h e dead M e g a l i t h s a n d cromlechs Monuments, sepulchral M o n u m e n t s a n d cemeteries, m i l i t a r y M o r t u a r y laws Mound burial Mummies Obituaries Sarcophagi Tombs U m burial Miscellaneous Casket m a n u f a c t u r e Flower arrangement Formaldehyde Incense, etc.

Historical Discussion

Embalming, as defined by C a r r u t h (9), is the art and science of disinfecting, preserving, and beautifying the dead human body for funeral purposes. A dis tinction i n meaning has been made between embalmment and embalming. E m balmment refers to old-style preservation of human remains involving physical removal of the internal organs of the body, soaking and packing the cavities w i t h chemicals, followed by natural or induced dehydration. E m b a l m i n g refers only to the modern method of preservation through arterial injection of chemicals. The custom of embalming is said to have originated on the legendary island of A t l a n t i s among its sun-worshipping people, and to have spread from there to the Guanches i n the Canary Islands, to Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other inhabited parts of the world. It has been practiced i n P e r u , Mexico, among N o r t h American Indians from F l o r i d a to Oregon, and elsewhere. Therefore, i t seems likely that embalming may have developed independently and spontaneously i n separate parts of the world, and usually where climatic conditions helped to abet the early practitioners. A l l peoples honor their dead. The idea of preservation of the body after death probably arose i n connection w i t h religious beliefs. Certainly, i t did among the Egyptians, who had strict religious rites and believed i n the immortality of the soul. The priestcraft officiated. Gradually, a separation of priestly and surgico-physician's function oc curred. The practice of embalming became the professional prerogative of physicians, particularly i n Egypt, and i t may have been the first medical specialty w i t h separate t r a i n i n g requirements and standards. Hambly (2U) has reported what may well be another possible first for the Egyptians. H e describes examples of humor i n animal drawings made about 1100 B . C . for relaxation by E g y p t i a n artists employed i n a cemetery at Thebes to decorate tombs. It is still the legal prerogative of physicians i n the various L a t i n American countries. A solitary exception exists at present i n Monterrey, Mexico, where a graduate of an American embalming school has been granted the right to practice embalming by the local medical society. Changes i n the laws w i l l undoubtedly occur as conditions warrant. Ancient embalming or mummification was essentially desiccation. Thus, the Egyptians didn't have to do too good a job, on account of their climate. Those E g y p t i a n mummies, which have been transported to the B r i t i s h Museum i n London, are deteriorating faster than those stored anywhere else i n the world, owing to the damp E n g l i s h climate. It was not until after Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood about 1600 that a r t e r i a l injection was tried. Frederick Ruysch is con jectured to have first practiced arterial preservation i n embalming specimens for the medical school i n Amsterdam between 1665 and 1717, but a precise date cannot be deduced. Ruysch was noted f o r his method of injecting blood vessels, and he also demonstrated the lymphatic valves. Ruysch's collection of mummies was suf ficiently famous i n his day to attract two visits from Czar Peter the Great, and eventually that monarch purchased the collection and transported i t to Russia. In A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.



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Baas (U) says, " R u y s c h advanced anatomy by the formation of anatomical col lections, one of which was brought into Russia by Peter the Great at an expense of about $75,000. The Russian transporters of the collection, however, drank the alcohol i n which the collections were preserved and a portion of i t was r u i n e d . " The collection also inspired the Italian philosopher and poet, Leopardi, to write the "Dialogue between Frederick Ruysch and H i s M u m m i e s " (29), which opens w i t h one of his finest lyrics, " T h e Chorus of the Dead i n the Laboratory." The Scotch surgeon W i l l i a m H u n t e r is usually recognized as the first to embalm arterially. H i s surgeon brother, John Hunter, also carried out extensive experi ments of this nature. Several specimens of their handiwork were on exhibition i n the H u n t e r i a n Museum of the R o y a l College of Surgeons i n London, until a N a z i bomb destroyed the w i n g i n 1941. One of the most famous of these specimens was that of M r s . V a n Butchell. M a r t i n V a n Butchell was a p u p i l and friend of John Hunter. H e is sometimes alluded to as a quack, b u t considering the medical educa tion of that time he had about as good a one as the next fellow, and probably his ethics matched, too. N o w , V a n Butchell was married to a beautiful lady who was his delight. Sad to relate, she died at the early age of 36 " o f empyema of the left l u n g . " V a n Butchell turned to his mentor, John Hunter, f o r assistance, and a thorough embalming job was performed upon her, using Venice turpentine, Vermil lion, etc. V a n Butchell himself participated i n the operation as well as the anato mist, W i l l i a m Cruikshank. V a n Butchell then brought home his embalmed wife, dressed her i n her finest frock, and sat her i n the parlor to keep h i m company of an evening. The news leaked out and the force of curiosity being what i t is, V a n Butchell had to arrange a v i s i t i n g hour schedule for the neighbors and members of the vulgar crowd interested i n this scientific curiosity. The notice he issued, still preserved, reads: Van convince stranger himself,

Butchell (not w i l l i n g to be unpleasantly circumstanced, and w i s h i n g to some good minds they have been misinformed) acquaints the Curious, no can see his embalmed wife, unless (by a friend personally) introduced to any day, between nine and one, Sundays excepted. Signed - M a r t i n V a n Butchell

This took place about the time of Washington's first inauguration. Time healed the loss, and V a n Butchell relegated M r s . V a n Butchell to a closet; then he took a second wife. This lady, like the one i n the immortal Thurber cartoon (51), did not object to having a constant reminder of her predecessor about. A f t e r V a n Butchell died, his son made arrangements w i t h the B o a r d of Curators, and so the embalmed body found its w a y to the Royal College of Surgeons. Cobbe's account of her appearance 82 years later, quoted by Dobson (15), reports there remained no trace of that once great inherent beauty except a remarkably fine set of teeth, and he regards the over-all state as less than that of innocuous desuetude. A mounted parrot had been placed between her feet i n the museum, and unfavorable comparison was made as to state of preservation and appearance of the two. Cobbe ends by saying that the mummy should be burned. A n d so i t was i n 1941, i n voluntarily. John Sheldon, a surgeon contemporary of the Hunters, also performed by a different process a historic embalming upon a female patient (some say his wife) who died of tuberculosis. H e kept his mummy i n h i s bed chamber for a decade or so, and frequently demonstrated the persisting flexibility of her arms and the elasticity of her bosom, to visitors. Time showed that the H u n t e r s ' process gave longer lasting esthetic results, though both specimens perished i n the same bomb ing. In addition to arterial injection, the body cavity is also treated i n embalming. Mendelsohn (38) from his historical researches reports that Gabriel Clauderius was the first to record an attempt at chemical cavity embalming. I n 1769 he used a solution of ammonium chloride and «alts of t a r t a r (potassium carbonate) f o r injection into thoracic and abdominal cavities. Anatomical experiments continued. M a n y embalming processes were developed, and the inventors jealously guarded their secrets. The nineteenth century saw a peak of interest i n this art. A m o n g the more famous practitioners i n that period were Falcony, Gannal, Marquez, Wickersheimer, and Vyvodtsev. This last named In A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.

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Russian was so enthusiastic about his method, which employed an aqueous solution containing thymol, glycerol, and alcohol, that he persuaded the Russian government to send h i m on a tour of Germany, E n g l a n d , America, and Scotland, lecturing on its advantages. He made quite an impression i n Philadelphia and again i n E d i n burgh. H e also introduced the use of a pump to force fluid into the arteries. Gannal's and Wickersheimer's celebrated preserving fluids contained arsenous acid among other ingredients. The U . S. Government purchased Wickersheimer's for mula for a fancy sum. Both M c C u r d y and Mendelsohn devoted a section i n their treatises to the nature of the embalming fluids of these earlier investigators. A l o n g w i t h this growth of interest and experimentation went an increase i n publication which reached a peak i n the 19th century. The effectiveness of the process of that day is indicated i n the case of Leopardi, Italy's greatest poet after Dante, who died i n Naples i n 1837. H i s devoted friend R a n i e r i went to extreme pains to have his body embalmed (39), including bribing the police and clergy i n order to retain the body i n the first place. F o r his troubles he was shortly thereafter accused of having murdered Leopardi, when the customs police stopped the carriage to inspect the coffin. They found two incisions i n the body, made by the doctor and the embalmer. The necessary certificates were pro duced to acquit R a n i e r i . Leopardi was buried first at the church of San V i t a l e i n the crypt. The coffin was opened seven years later by R a n i e r i for 2 hours, when the grave was moved up a level. Leopardi's tomb was declared a national monument by the Italian government i n 1897. In 1900 they moved the tomb to a t h i r d new site i n the same church, and opened the coffin again. " I t was then discovered that it had rotted, that the l i d had fallen i n , and that the bones which had mouldered were mingled w i t h the rotting wood. It was impossible even to find the skull. Of the mortal remains of Leopardi nothing distinguishable was left." In 1939 the cas ket containing the little that is left of the poet's bones was transferred to the cliff above Mergellina close to the tomb of V i r g i l . A s a note on the effectiveness of present day expert arterial embalming, the recycling of pauper burial grounds has i n some cases had to be extended beyond the former 25-year period. Modern Era

The modern era begins w i t h Thomas Holmes of Brooklyn, Ν. Y., who developed a successful technique i n connection w i t h shipping home the bodies of soldiers killed i n the C i v i l W a r battles. He obtained a patent i n 1861 for an embalming i n jection device which was operated by a self-contained hand pump. A celebrated embalming, the record of which is well detailed (11, 12, Jfl), is that of C a r d i n a l Donnet, done i n 1872. This eminent prelate was also a member of the F r e n c h Senate for many years, and a figure of national prominence. H e is one of the few churchmen who has held this civil office. He rallied the F r e n c h people d u r i n g the Franco-Prussian W a r , and was instrumental i n keeping up morale during the siege of P a r i s . On his death, his clerical associates realized that thousands of his countrymen would wish to pay their last respects, so they sent to the Académie de Médecin for advice and aid, and a n outstanding surgeon was dispatched to Bordeaux to perform the embalming. On completion of the process, the body was placed on exhibition upon a catafalque i n the cathedral. A t the end of the t h i r d day i t was discovered that a dark spot of necrosis about the size of a dime had de veloped on one temple. This was touched up w i t h magnesia before people were admitted the next morning to view the body. A t the end of the fifth day the black spot had put i n a reappearance and grown to the size of a silver dollar. More magnesia was applied. A t the end of the sixth day resort had to be made to house paint. F o r seven days the f a i t h f u l streamed by to pay homage, and then the last rites and interment were performed. Despite the officiating surgeon's qualifications and f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h substances capable of preserving a corpse, he was unacquainted w i t h either of the pump de vices mentioned which were developed i n Russia and A m e r i c a to aid dissemination of embalming fluid. The fluid i n this case was allowed to flow i n by force of gravity, following drainage removal of the blood, and then it was further dispersed through the a r t e r i a l tree and body by kneading and massage. T h i n k of the foot-pounds of pressure used! B y the time this squeezing or squeegee manipulative process had been applied from stem to stern, one i n t e r c r u r a l strategic part had become quite



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turgid and assumed a grossly erectile character. The organ proved so refrac tory on further manipulation that i t had to be slit altitudinally i n order to release the pent-up fluid under pressure. Sic transit. . . The date 1878 has been a r b i t r a r i l y selected for the beginning of the modern era of embalming literature because i t marked the publication of Renouard's book, " T h e Undertaker's M a n u a l " (42). The r a p i d spread i n this country of arterial embalming generally stemmed from his activity. Johnson (27) has given a brief biography of Renouard as follows : Auguste Renouard (1839-1912) was born i n N e w Orleans, L a . H e attended and graduated from St. Xavier's College and McDowell's Medical College (now St. Louis University) at St. Louis, M o . Following the outbreak of the C i v i l W a r he joined the Confederate forces as a surgeon, and f o r a time was attached to the staff of Gen. J . Ε. B . Stuart. A f t e r the war, D r . Renouard returned to St. Louis, where he practiced pharmacy. Subsequently he practiced medicine i n Chicago, later losing everything i n the great fire of 1871. H e then went to Denver, Colo., where he prac ticed medicine for a time. Later he associated himself w i t h an undertaking and furniture concern, which was commissioned to send the bodies of early settlers back to their homes i n various parts of the United States. H i s knowledge of chemistry and anatomy enabled h i m to compound fluids similar to those employed for the preservation of anatomical material he formerly used i n medical college. The condition of the bodies shipped from Denver to a l l parts of the United States was such as to excite the curiosity of the receiving undertakers. They communicated w i t h Renouard, and the more progressive made pilgrimages to Denver to^ receive their early instructions i n the first school of embalming i n America, established i n 1874. This school was situated i n the rear of the undertaking establishment. The early students were taken on private cases as assistants, where they were instructed i n practical embalming. Renouard's fame as an instructor spread over the country and his services as such were demanded i n the east, where he conducted clinics of embalming instruction in most of the larger cities. H e became interested i n improving embalming chemi cals and instruments, and formulated many embalming fluids and disinfectants. H e became author of the first textbook on embalming and funeral directing, i n 1876, entitled " T h e Undertaker's M a n u a l . " A second edition was published i n 1881. I n 1887 he opened the U n i t e d States College of E m b a l m i n g i n N e w Y o r k City, regarded as the first permanent school of instruction i n the field. I n 1900 he merged his school w i t h that established by his son, Charles A . Renouard, i n 1894. The merged interests were continued under the title of Renouard T r a i n i n g School for Embalmers, which flourishes today under the able directorship of Renouard. (Charles Renouard died i n J u l y 1953.) The profession owes much to Auguste Renouard for his many contributions to its progress, for his teachings, research, and w r i t i n g . Auguste Renouard received many honors from his students and graduates dur i n g his lifetime. The last tribute is i n the form of a monument i n Greenwood Ceme tery, Brooklyn, Ν. Y . , erected by funeral directors and embalmers of the U n i t e d States and Canada. Renouard established the first embalming school i n the U n i t e d States i n Denver in 1874. H i s prowess was widely heralded, and he was invited to give clinics to undertakers i n a l l the principal eastern cities. H e presently started a school of embalming i n N e w Y o r k C i t y ; this school continued to operate up to 1953 under his son, Charles Renouard, who died on J u l y 12, 1953. The literature of embalming is not clear-cut or well organized permitting of an orderly discussion of handbooks, monographs, serials, abstract journals, patents, theses, trade literature, pamphlets, and ephemera. There is no " H a n d b u c h " i n this field, although an embalming fluid house publishes the " E x p a n d i n g Encyclopedia of M o r t u a r y P r a c t i c e " (10) i n loose-leaf form. This house organ made its first appearance on June 1, 1923. A complete set is a great r a r i t y . " E S C O Reference M a n u a l of Supplies" (19) is a sine qua non f o r the practitioner. This manual was first published i n 1934 and has never been revised. The Undertakers Supply Co. has a highly useful catalog (52). Thus, the mortician of 1954 may employ a n electromagnetic vibrator for mechanical massage to induce dissemination of fluid, instead of relying upon hand manipulation. Survey of the Art

Some of the better books may be mentioned that give a survey of the whole art, including much history of embalming. M c C u r d y ' s " E m b a l m i n g and E m b a l m i n g In A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.

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F l u i d s " (31) is fine for historical material up to 1895, and i t has an invaluable bibliography. It is still used as a reference standard by the U . S. Patent Office. Johnson (27) published i n Casket and Sunny side an excellent history of the a r t and science of embalming, which was reprinted as a 24-page pamphlet. M a n y em balming schools have used this work to orient their students. It also contains an excellent bibliography. Mendelsohn's book, " E m b a l m i n g F l u i d s " (38), written by a chemist w i t h understanding, is factual and debunking when necessary. I n addition to treating the chemical aspects, i t provides a "digest of jurisdictional regulations governing the composition and potency of embalming fluids i n the preparation of bodies for burial and transportation," a "digest of American patents for embalming preparations and processes from 1856 to 1939," miscellaneous useful supplementary tables of data, and a bibliography. Mendelsohn published a series of splendid historical essays (20, 33-36) i n 1946 and another on cremation (37) i n 1951. Eckels (18), after tracing historical development, gives an introduction to modern embalming, including discussion of anatomical details, technique, instru ments, and equipment, a section on treatment of special nonpathogenic cases, a section tabulating pathogenic diseases w i t h their special characteristics, and a reference compend of classified questions and answers for students dealing w i t h anatomy, bacteriology, pathology, chemistry, embalming, funeral management and direction, mortuary law, accounting, psychology and sociology, and funeral service terminology. The reference compend has also been published separately. It con cludes w i t h a chapter on shipping rules, giving a l l state regulations covering trans portation of dead bodies, which has been reprinted from the " A m e r i c a n Blue Book" (American F u n e r a l Directors). Despite this wealth of information, i t is a bar barously written book. Table I.

Some Colleges, Schools, and Training Centers for Embalming

A m e r i c a n A c a d e m y of E m b a l m i n g a n d M o r t u a r y Research, Inc., 1974 B r o a d w a y , N e w Y o r k 23, Ν . Y . (owned by P i t t s b u r g h Institute of M o r t u a r y Science). A m e r i c a n School of Cemetery A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Inc., 3339 Forbes St., P i t t s b u r g h 13, P a . A t l a n t a College of M o r t u a r y Science, 3 Chestnut S t . , N . W . , A t l a n t a , G a . (colored only). B o s t o n School of A n a t o m y a n d E m b a l m i n g , 169 Massachusetts A v e . , B o s t o n , M a s s . C a l i f o r n i a College of M o r t u a r y Science, 1920 M a r e n g o S t . , L o s A n g e l e s 33, C a l i f . C a n a d i a n School of E m b a l m i n g , 100 College St., T o r o n t o 2, O n t . ( A p p l y f o r i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g courses, fees, etc., to A s s i s t a n t D e a n , B a n t i n g Institute.) C i n c i n n a t i College of E m b a l m i n g , 3202 R e a d i n g R o a d , C i n c i n n a t i 29, Ohio (founded 1882). College of M o r t u a r y Science. See S t . L o u i s College of M o r t u a r y Science. C o m m o n w e a l t h College of Science, 102 D r e w St., H o u s t o n , T e x . ( f o r m e r l y L a n d i g College of M o r t u a r y Science). D a l l a s Institute of M o r t u a r y Science, 3906 W o r t h S t . , D a l l a s , T e x . (sponsored by M o r t i c i a n S u p p l y C o . ) . E c k e l s College of M o r t u a r y Science, 231 N o r t h 16th S t . , P h i l a d e l p h i a 2, P a . (sponsored by H . S. E c k e l s & Co.) J o h n A . G u p t o n School of M o r t u a r y Science, 2507 W e s t E n d A v e . , N a s h v i l l e 5, T e n n . I n d i a n a School of M o r t u a r y Science, 1201 N o r t h C a p i t o l A v e . , I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d . I o w a State U n i v e r s i t y , Iowa C i t y , Iowa (new c u r r i c u l u m i n m o r t u a r y science). K a n s a s C i t y College of M o r t u a r y Science, Inc., 738-40 W a s h i n g t o n B l v d . , K a n s a s C i t y , K a n . K e n t u c k y School of E m b a l m i n g , 1102 S o u t h 2nd St., L o u i s v i l l e , K y . L a n d i g College of M o r t u a r y Science. See C o m m o n w e a l t h College of Science. L o u i s i a n a State College of M o r t u a r y Science, 2126 South C l a i b o r n A v e . , N e w Orleans 13, L a . M c A l l i s t e r School of E m b a l m i n g , 305 E a s t 47th S t . , N e w Y o r k 17, Ν . Y . N e w E n g l a n d Institute of A n a t o m y , S a n i t a r y Science, a n d E m b a l m i n g , 236 H u n t i n g t o n A v e . , B o s t o n , M a s s . (sponsored by Dodge C h e m i c a l C o . , also called N e w E n g l a n d Institute of M o r t u a r y Science) N e w Y o r k School of E m b a l m i n g a n d R e s t o r a t i v e A r t , I n c . , 1295 M a d i s o n A v e . , N e w Y o r k , Ν . Y . P i t t s b u r g h Institute of M o r t u a r y Science, 3337 Forbes S t . , P i t t s b u r g h 13, P a . P o s t g r a d u a t e Institute of Restorative A r t , Chicago, 111. S a n F r a n c i s c o College of M o r t u a r y Science, 1450 Post St., S a n F r a n c i s c o 9, C a l i f . School of M o r t u a r y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d School of E m b a l m i n g A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 1170 hours each. S i m m o n s School of E m b a l m i n g a n d M o r t u a r y Science, 2201 South S a l i n a S t . , Syracuse, Ν . Y . Southwest School of M o r t u a r y Science, 3001 Commerce S t . , D a l l a s 1, T e x . S t . L o u i s College of M o r t u a r y Science, 4937 F o r e s t P a r k B l v d . , S t . L o u i s 8, M o . T e m p l e U n i v e r s i t y C o m m u n i t y College, E c k e l s C u r r i c u l u m i n M o r t u a r y Science, P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . U n i v e r s i t y of M i n n e s o t a , School of M o r t u a r y Science, 4051 A l d r i c h A v e . , N . , M i n n e a p o l i s 14, M i n n . W a y n e U n i v e r s i t y School of M o r t u a r y Science, 2817 G r a n d B l v d . , E a s t , D e t r o i t , M i c h . W i s c o n s i n Institute of M o r t u a r y Science, 1205 N o r t h V a n B u r e n S t . , M i l w a u k e e 2, W i s . W o r s h a m College of M o r t u a r y Science, 620 South W o l c o t t A v e . , Chicago, 111.



LITERATURE

119

It was Samuel Butler, the author of "The W a y of A l l F l e s h , " who first pointed out that Wordsworth did not explain the nature of the difference to him, now that L u c y was planted. H e then championed the view that Wordsworth welcomed Lucy's death as a release from an irksome engagement, i f indeed he had not murdered her.


Training and Schooling

E m b a l m i n g is a craft trade learned by apprenticeship, rather than a science. Embalmers are i n large measure empiricists, t a k i n g the solutions devised by the chemists of the fluid houses, a n d applying them to their work, without knowledge of the constituents or of the chemistry involved. Today, there are about 25 schools of embalming and mortuary science operating in the United States (Table I ) . M c C u r d y (31) lists seven i n 1895. A t least four of these currently operating schools are affiliated w i t h universities—namely, Wayne U n i v e r s i t y College of M o r t u a r y Science, the School of M o r t u a r y Science of the U n i v e r s i t y of Minnesota at Minneapolis, which is a professional school like the School of Pharmacy and now offers a degree (associate i n mortuary science) on successful completion of its 2-year curriculum (it also offers refresher courses) ; Iowa State University's N e w C u r r i c u l u m i n M o r t u a r y Science, and Temple U n i versity Community College, the Eckels C u r r i c u l u m i n M o r t u a r y Science. Table II lists some firms maintaining research staffs. Table II.

Some Firms in Funeral Industry

Maintaining Research Staffs

Β a n d G C h e m i c a l Co., S t . P a u l , M i n n . C e n t u r y C h e m i c a l Co., C o l u m b u s , Ohio C h a m p i o n Co., 400 H a r r i s o n S t . , S p r i n g f i e l d , O h i o Dodge C h e m i c a l Co., 656 Beacon S t . , B o s t o n , M a s s . H . S. E c k e l s & C o . , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . E m b a l m e r s ' S u p p l y Co., W e s t p o r t , C o n n . Eureka Fluid Works, San Francisco, Calif. F r i g i d Co., Chicago, 111. Gold Crest C h e m i c a l C o r p . , P . O . B o x 1352, W i l m i n g t o n , D e l . H i z o n e P r o d u c t s , W i l m e t t e , 111. M a x H u n c k e a n d Co., B r o o k l y n , Ν . Y . H y d r o l C h e m i c a l Co., 4424-30 M a r k e t S t . , P h i l a d e l p h i a 4, P a . L . H . Kellogg Chemical Co., St. P a u l , M i n n . G . H . M i c h e l Co., C l e v e l a n d , O h i o M o r t i c i a n s ' S u p p l y Co., 409 N o r t h Zangs S t . , D a l l a s , T e x . R o y a l B o n d , Inc., 305 S o u t h Seventh St., S t . L o u i s , M o . U n d e r t a k e r s ' S u p p l y Co., 331-9 S o u t h P e o r i a S t . , C h i c a g o 7, 111.

New Y o r k is one of the few remaining states which licenses as embalmers men who have served apprenticeships but have had no formal t r a i n i n g . M a n y schools of mortuary science require 1 or more years of college before admission. A h i g h school diploma is a prerequisite i n a l l . The legal requirements set by the 48 states to be met for licensure v a r y considerably, ranging from 1 to 3 years of apprentice ship, and the preparation of from 20 to 50 bodies. The latest tabulation of these data appears annually i n the November 15 issue of the Southern Funeral Director. I n contrast, M c C u r d y states that i n 1895 only three states—Alabama, Missouri, and Pennsylvania—had enacted laws regulating the embalming business and prac titioners. To prevent an impression that embalming is entirely static and inert, a 1954 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry report by Sanders, " A f t e r You're Gone" (45), outlines briefly some research b y present-day mortuary chemists, p a r t i c u l a r l y those at the U n i v e r s i t y of Minnesota. Pervier is quoted: W e have been engaged i n embalming research because of the dearth of litera ture on the subject, lack of teaching material, plain curiosity, and economics. That is concise and frank. Current Literature

The books and monographs i n this field m a y be followed i n the usual w a y v i a the reviews (they are not reviewed i n the U . S. Quarterly Book L i s t ) , Books i n P r i n t , the Cumulative Book Index, the L i b r a r y of Congress and A r m e d Forces Medical L i b r a r y Catalogs, etc., but not necessarily w i t h success. N o r do the mortuary In A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.

120


jurisprudence books a l l t u r n up i n the collections of distinguished l a w libraries. It is a matter of persistent searching. The best source of information on new books on embalming and related matters is the trade journals.


Table III.

National Trade Associations and Research Institutes

A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n of Colleges of M o r t u a r y Science. A m e r i c a n Cemetery A s s o c i a t i o n . A m e r i c a n Institute of F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s . Associated F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s Service, 5708 M c P h e r s o n S t . , S t . L o u i s 12, M o . (One member to a c i t y . F o r s h i p p i n g service purposes, somewhat lik«e A m e r i c a n F l o r i s t s Assoc.) Casket M a n u f a c t u r e r s of A m e r i c a . Conference of F u n e r a l Service E x a m i n i n g Boards of the U . S. ( A n n u a l ) . P r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h N a t i o n a l B o a r d E x a m i n a t i o n f o r L i c e n s i n g . (Composed of 3 members each f r o m National A s s o c i a t i o n of Colleges of M o r t u a r y Science, A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n of Colleges of M o r t u a r y Science, a n d N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l on M o r t u a r y E d u c a t i o n . ) C r e m a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a . E m b a l m i n g C h e m i c a l M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc., 369 L e x i n g t o n A v e . , N e w Y o r k , Ν . Y . ( O r ganized 1952, a n d w o r k i n g on a code agreement of p r i n c i p l e s of business practice.) Federated F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s of A m e r i c a . F u n e r a l Directors and Embalmers Association. I n s t i t u t e f o r M o r t u a r y Research, 39 Massachusetts A v e . , D e t r o i t 3, M i c h , (formed i n 1930 by N a t i o n a l F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s Assoc. Became i n a c t i v e i n e a r l y 1949.) J e w i s h F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s of A m e r i c a , 2009 N o r t h B r o a d S t . , P h i l a d e l p h i a 22, P a . N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of Colleges of M o r t u a r y Science (propose to have a n a t i o n a l board e x a m i n a t i o n ) . N a t i o n a l Cemetery A s s o c i a t i o n . N a t i o n a l Concrete B u r i a l V a u l t A s s o c i a t i o n . N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l on M o r t u a r y E d u c a t i o n . N a t i o n a l F o u n d a t i o n of F u n e r a l Service, 1616 C e n t r a l A v e . , E v a n s t o n , 111. (sponsored by N a t i o n a l Se lected M o r t i c i a n s . Operates a school of management.) N a t i o n a l F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , 135 W e s t W e l l s S t . , M i l w a u k e e 3, W i s . (founded 1882.) N a t i o n a l N e g r o F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , 220 A u b u r n A v e . , P i t t s b u r g h 6, P a . (founded 1938 a n d f o r m e r l y called P r o g r e s s i v e N e g r o F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s Assoc.) N a t i o n a l Selected M o r t i c i a n s , Inc., 1616 C e n t r a l A v e . , E v a n s t o n , 111. (founded 1917.) O r d e r of the Golden R u l e ( M a i n t a i n s e t h i c a l standards i n advertising.) Wilbert Manufacturers Association.

The embalming periodicals on this list seldom publish original w o r k ; they are essentially trade association journals (Table V I ) . They do, however, have an occasional practical article, and such bits as the late Charles Renouard's question and answer column. F o r instance, the A u g u s t 1954 issue of Casket and Sunnyside has a timely article by F . C. Coleman on the newest problem of embalmers, the radioactive isotope, alongside material on " F u n e r a l Service i n South A m e r i c a , " and "Modernization of the Winnipeg M o r t u a r y . " Some other items from its table of contents may be i l l u m i n a t i n g : Psychology i n Action, E . A . M a r t i n Restoration Clinic, E . C. Johnson The Courts' V i e w of F u n e r a l Service and Its Problems M o r t u a r y News The funeral director today must have available a Geiger counter and a leadlined chamber i n which to store radioactive bodies i n the interest of self-preserva tion. N o sterile technique and rubber gloves w i l l suffice to protect h i m from radia tion. Groups of embalmers i n Texas and Chicago have complained that they were getting more than their share of radioactive bodies to treat. A suggested pro cedure for performing autopsies on radioactive cadavers has been described lately by Cowing and DeAmicis (13). The list of journals contains six house organs. M c C u r d y listed 10 specialty journals i n 1895, including the Furniture and Upholsterer s Journal of London, and three which were strictly medical science—e.g., Lancet. I n addition to these journals, 20 to 30 mimeographed monthly news bulletin services are issued by the various state funeral directors societies. Those of N e w Jersey and F l o r i d a are more substantial. Other reputable scientific journals, especially i n pathology, oc casionally contain articles pertaining to embalming. None is offered for comment here. They can be traced by consulting: 9

1. The Index Catalog of the Surgeon General's Office, l s t - 4 t h Series inclusive (1883-1940) 2. Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus 3. Chemical Abstracts 4. Current List of Medical Literature (the last a n indifferent source) In A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.


OATFI E L D — E M B A L M I N G

121

LITERATURE

There is talk of creating a really scientific j o u r n a l i n this field to be called the Journal of Mortuary Science. I n line w i t h the scientific practice which has given us journals called Blood, Condor, Isis, and Auk, the possibility of Corpus m a y be suggested. There has not been need f o r a specialized abstract j o u r n a l or index i n this field. Patent literature is included i n Chemical Abstracts; here i t is con venient to start w i t h Mendelsohn's patent survey. Another book of importance is that of Gebhart (22) on funeral costs. A new, accurate, up-to-date edition would be welcomed. A f t e r assimilating the historical a r t and gaining a clearer concept of practical embalming from the books cited, a chemist might read a study by Schleichter on the combining activity of formaldehyde w i t h tissues (46). Table I V provides a breakdown of books published since 1930. This should be followed by Slocum (47) and Spriggs (48), w i t h perusal of the books by Calloway, Garden, Renouard, or Johnson for further special pointers (see Table I V ) . Next, the books on restorative a r t should be examined. O f these, A d a i r ' s book (1) is the newest and is written i n a breezy, nontechnical style. The C u r r y book (14), which deals w i t h facial reconstruction and fingerprinting the dead, has some special merits. Table IV.

Classified List- of Monographs on Embalming and Related Funerary Phenomena (Published ANATOMY

since 1930)

A N D DISSECTION

A p f l b a c h , C . W . , " C r e a t i n g a Better R e l a t i o n s h i p between the M e d i c a l a n d M o r t u a r y P r o f e s s i o n s , " N a t i o n a l Selected M o r t i c i a n s , Chicago, 1935. R e p r i n t e d f r o m P r o c . 18th a n n u a l c o n v e n t i o n , N a t i o n a l Selected M o r t i c i a n s , Toronto, C a n a d a , 1935. D h o n a u , C . O., a n d N u n n a m a k e r , A . J . , " A n a t o m y a n d H i s t o l o g y f o r E m b a l m e r s , " D h o n a u - N u n n a m a k e r Ser., V o l . 1, Casket, N e w Y o r k , 1935 ; rev. ed. by D h o n a u , B r i t t , a n d N u n n a m a k e r , 1955. N u n n a m a k e r , A . J . , a n d D h o n a u , C . O., " D i s s e c t i n g Guide f o r E m b a l m e r s , O u t l i n e of Gross S t r u c t u r e s of the H u m a n B o d y , " E m b a l m e r s Book C o . , C i n c i n n a t i , 1931. S a p h i r , Otto, " A u t o p s y , D i a g n o s i s , a n d T e c h n i c , " 2nd ed., Hoeber, N e w Y o r k , 1946. S p r i g g s , A . O., " P l a s t i c S u r g e r y , " 4 t h ed., C h a m p i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d , Ohio, 1946. BACTERIOLOGY

Wickner and Trayna, "Bacteriology

a n d H y g i e n e f o r the E m b a l m e r , " 1935. 1

CHEMISTRY

Deuel, H . J . , " T e x t b o o k of C h e m i s t r y f o r Students of E m b a l m i n g , " 2 n d ed., M a s t e r Press, H o l l y w o o d , 1935. M c F a t e , R . P . , " O u t l i n e of C h e m i s t r y , I n c l u d i n g I n o r g a n i c , O r g a n i c , a n d P h y s i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y and S p e c i a l Notes o n D i s i n f e c t i o n , D i s i n f e c t a n t s , F u m i g a t i o n , a n d E m b a l m i n g F l u i d s , " 3 r d ed., E d w a r d s B r o t h e r s , A n n A r b o r , M i c h . , 1944. P e r v i e r , N . C , " T e x t b o o k of C h e m i s t r y f o r E m b a l m e r s , " Burgess, M i n n e a p o l i s , 1940. Schleichter, G . M . , " S t u d y of the C o m b i n i n g A c t i v i t y of Formaldehyde w i t h T i s s u e s , " thesis, U n i v e r s i t y of C i n c i n n a t i , 1939. EMBALMING

C a l l a w a y , C . F . , " T e x t b o o k of M o r t u a r y P r a c t i c e . P a t h o l o g i c a l C o n d i t i o n of a n d E m b a l m i n g T r e a t ments f o r over 150 Diseases, A r r a n g e d A l p h a b e t i c a l l y f o r E a s y R e f e r e n c e , " U n d e r t a k e r s S u p p l y Co., Chicago, 1943. C a r d e r , F . S., 2606 W e s t A v e . , N e w p o r t N e w s , V a . , " S t u d y Guide f o r A p p r e n t i c e E m b a l m e r s and F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s , " 1948. D h o n a u , C . O., " M a n u a l of Case A n a l y s i s , " E m b a l m i n g Book C o . , C i n c i n n a t i , 1935 (1st ed., 1928). J o h n s o n , E . C , W o r s h a m College, Chicago, " M a n u a l of E m b a l m i n g T r e a t m e n t , " 1947. L a n d i g , R . V . , a n d G a r t o n , W . M . , H o u s t o n , " Q u i z Compend on M o r t u a r y S c i e n c e , " 1947. R e n o u a r d , C. Α., a n d K n o x , " E m b a l m e r s ' A i d a n d G u i d e , " Casket, N e w Y o r k , 1947. S l o c u m , R a y , " P r e - e m b a l m i n g C o n s i d e r a t i o n s , " Dodge, B o s t o n , 1945. S p r i g g s , A . O., " A r t a n d Science of E m b a l m i n g , " 4 t h ed., C h a m p i o n Co., S p r i n g f i e l d , Ohio, 1946. FUNERAL

DIRECTION A N D M A N A G E M E N T

A p f l b a c h , C . W . See anatomy a n d dissection. D h o n a u , C . O., a n d N u n n a m a k e r , Α., " P e r s o n a l i t i e s i n F u n e r a l M a n a g e m e n t , " D h o n a u - N u n n a m a k e r Ser., V o l . 4, E m b a l m i n g Book C o . , C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio, 1929. F r a n z , A . H . , " F u n e r a l D i r e c t i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t , " F l o r i d a State B o a r d of F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s and E m b a l m e r s , J a c k s o n v i l l e , 1937. H o l l , S., " W h a t Becomes of U s ? " D o r r a n c e , N e w Y o r k , 1943. H o p t o n , F . H . , J r . , Glenshaw, P a . , " E t h i c a l F u n e r a l , " 1946. K r i e g e r , W . M . , " S u c c e s s f u l F u n e r a l Service M a n a g e m e n t , " P r e n t i c e - H a l l , N e w Y o r k , 1951. L a n d i g , R . V . , " Q u i z Compend f o r F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r s , " H o u s t o n , Tex., 1948. M a r t i n , Ε. Α., " P s y c h o l o g y o f F u n e r a l S e r v i c e , " 3 r d ed., G r a n d J u n c t i o n , Colo., 1952. P o i s o n , C . J . , B r i t t a i n , R . P . , a n d M a r s h a l l , T . K . , " D i s p o s a l of the D e a d , " E n g l i s h U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , L o n d o n , 1953. H i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w of E n g l i s h practices. W i l s o n , A . T . , a n d L e v y , H . , " B u r i a l R e f o r m a n d F u n e r a l C o s t s , " O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press, London, 1938.


A D V A N C E S IN

122

CHEMISTRY SERIES

LAW


Dews, R P . , N a s h v i l l e , Term., " M o r t u a r y L A W , " 1947. F e l l o w s , Α., " L a w of B u r i a l , " 2nd ed., H a d d e n , Best & Co., L o n d o n , 1952. Gonzales, V a n c e , a n d H e l p e r n , " L e g a l M e d i c i n e a n d T o x i c o l o g y , " 2nd ed., A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y , N e w Y o r k , 1954. Greenhood, " M o r t u a r y L a w and Settlement of E s t a t e s , " 1939. J a c k s o n , P . E . , " L a w of Cadavers a n d of B u r i a l a n d B u r i a l P l a c e s , " P r e n t i c e - H a l l , N e w Y o r k , 1936. Q u i n n , Seabury, " S y l l a b u s of M o r t u a r y J u r i s p r u d e n c e , " Clement W i l l i a m s , K a n s a s C i t y , K a n . , 1933. Street, A . L . H . , " S t r e e t ' s M o r t u a r y J u r i s p r u d e n c e , " K a t e s - B o y l s t o n P u b l i c a t i o n s , N e w Y o r k , 1948. T a y l o r , A . S., " P r i n c i p l e s a n d P r a c t i c e of M e d i c a l J u r i s p r u d e n c e , " ed. by Sydney S m i t h , revision of legal aspect by W . G. H . Cook a n d chemical aspect by C. P . S t e w a r t , 10th ed., V o l . 2, C h u r c h i l l , L o n d o n , 1948. W a t k i n s , E . S., " L a w of B u r i a l s a n d B u r i a l G r o u n d s , " W h i t e S w a n Press, B r i s t o l , 1948. W i l d e r , Η. H . , a n d W e n t w o r t h , B . , " P e r s o n a l Identification Methods f o r L i v i n g or D e a d , " Cook, Chicago, 1932. MORTUARY

DIRECTORIES

A m e r i c a n F u n e r a l D i r e c t o r , N e w Y o r k , " A m e r i c a n B l u e B o c k , " 1954-55. L i n e F u r n i t u r e M e r c a n t i l e A g e n c y , " C r e d i t Reference B o o k , " N e w Y o r k . P u b l i s h e d s e m i a n n u a l l y ; gives r a t i n g a n d value, etc., f o r firms, listed geographically by state a n d city. PASTORAL

AID

B l a c k w o o d , A . W . , " T h e F u n e r a l , a Source Book f o r M i n i s t e r s , " P r e s b y t e r i a n B o a r d , L o n d o n , 1942. I r i o n , P . E . , " T h e F u n e r a l a n d the M o u r n e r s , P a s t o r a l C a r e of the B e r e a v e d , " A b i n g d o n Press, N a s h ville, T e n n . , 1954. W a l l i s , C. L . , " T h e F u n e r a l E n c y c l o p e d i a , a Book of Suggested Sermons a n d S c r i p t u r a l C i t a t i o n s , " H a r p e r , N e w Y o r k , 1953. RESTORATIVE

ART

A d a i r , Μ. Α., " T e c h n i q u e of Restorative A r t , " 2nd éd., W . C. B r o w n , Dubuque, Iowa, 1951. C u r r y , G . P., 236 H u n t i n g t o n Ave., B o s t o n , Mass., " T e x t b o o k of F a c i a l R e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h a S t u d y of the C u r r y System of F i n g e r p r i n t i n g the D e a d , " 1947. D h o n a u , C , a n d Prager', G., " M a n u a l of Restorative A r t , " D h o n a u - N u n n a m a k e r Ser., V o l . 6, E m b a l m i n g Book Co., C i n c i n n a t i , 1932. J o h n s o n , D . S., C h i c a g o , " M a n u a l of R e s t o r a t i v e A r t , " 1948. M a y e r , J . S., " R e s t o r a t i v e A r t , " 2nd ed., Westbrook P u b l i s h i n g Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1946. E m b a l m i n g a r t , plastic surgery techniques. S p r i g g s , A . O., " R e s t o r a t i v e A r t , " i n " P l a s t i c S u r g e r y , " 3 r d ed., C h a m p i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d , O h i o , 1946. TOXICOLOGY

Robertson, W . G . Α., " A i d s to F o r e n s i c M e d i c i n e a n d T o x i c o l o g y , " 12th éd., J . Ruffel, B a i l l i e r e , L o n don, 1949. W i n t e r s , E . J . , " C h e m i s t r y a n d Toxicology f o r the E m b a l m e r , " P . L e w i s & Co., N e w Y o r k , 1939.

Proceeding into the funeral aspects, Apflbach (3) and K r i e g e r (28) are sug gested. The book by M a r t i n (32), now i n its t h i r d edition, is exceptional. W i t h respect to legal problems, any of the books i n that section of Table I V may be recommended. Perhaps those of Street (49), Fellows (for B r i t i s h regula tions), or Jackson (26) provide the widest range. Jackson has been a stand-by for many years. Street provides a valuable cross index. One comment on the legal side not given i n these books is a law among the E g y p t i a n s that bodies of male dead should be delivered at once into the hands of the embalmer, but those of females should wait 3 days i n order to avoid the pos sibility of unseemly experiments. Apparently, heat dissipates more slowly i n Egypt. When criminal considerations arise, attention must also be given to toxicology. Winters (55) and Gonzales, Vance, and H e l p e r n (23) are suggested, as well as W i t t h a u s (56). Some of the books on medical jurisprudence also have chapters which are applicable—e.g., Robertson (43) or Taylor (50). In this area occasional references appear i n the Medical Legal Journal ( Ν . Y . ) , which ceased publication i n 1933. A B r i t i s h counterpart by the same title is still current, and contains a n Abstract section. There is also a German journal, Sammlung von Vergiftungs-falien, which is concerned w i t h this phase of necropsy. It is sometimes said that the banning of the use of arsenic was a lethal blow f r o m which embalming has never really recovered. Chemists of the fluid houses do not agree. They consider the incorporation of wetting agents i n fluids a major ad vance, improving penetration of the fluid through the tissues. The use of wetting agents would be incompatible w i t h an arsenical fluid. F o r any who are worried about mental health, there is a study by F i s h (21). A m o n g the many useful manuals of the U n i t e d States W a r Department is one published i n 1919 i n Philadelphia entitled " L a b o r a t o r y Methods of the U . S. A r m y , " which devotes some attention to embalming.



LITERATURE

123


I n the pastoral a i d subgroup of books W a l l i s ' s " T h e F u n e r a l Encyclopedia" (53) is not a n encyclopedia i n the usual sense, but a collection of sermons appro priate to many final occasions. The Westminster Press of Philadelphia specializes i n this class of works. This is the same W a l l i s who has a recent best-seller on "Epitaphs." In a section entitled Modern V i e w of (Permanent) Embalming, M c C u r d y (31) says : Instead of pageants, characteristic of the dwellers of the Nile, the erection of pyramids, the carving of magnificent sarcophagi w i t h i n the Catacombs of Thebes, at Rome, at Naples, Syracuse, Palermo, or at Athens, or i n secret caverns i n the mountain's fastness, our modern sepulchral vanity manifests itself i n choice epi taphs and monuments, family vaults, or is more sensibly contented w i t h the i n cinerated remains of the departed as preserved i n the u r n , instead of i n desiccated forms and bitumenized disguises of death. Furthermore the aesthetic character of a l l Christian nations and people would protest against the continuance of so extraordinary, i f not barbarous, a practice, which made death more hideous to the vision, more repulsive to the sensibilities of a refined and devout soul, than i t could possibly be made by the supremest super stition. Stevenson Smith used to conclude his lectures on the 18th century philosophers— Bishop Berkeley, Hume, and others—by saying that i f you wished to meet one face to face, i t was still possible because Jeremy Bentham, who taught at the U n i versity College, London, left instructions that his body was to be embalmed and kept at the university. This was done, and the remarkable man kept i n view there as a reminder to his students and disciples for 50 years or so until one day his head fell off, whereupon he was summarily relegated to a closet. This body is still pre served and can be confronted at the university. It w i l l not be exhibited again, however, u n t i l the buildings are restored from wartime destruction. Table V.

Bibliography of

Embalming Literature

M a n y items recorded here w h i c h were first located v i a secondary sources r e m a i n w i t h o u t verifica t i o n of t h e usual b i b l i o g r a p h i c data. H a l f a loaf is undoubtedly better t h a n none. A n apologetic w o r d is consequently offered f o r lapses i n dates, places, publishers, etc., a n d a n i n v i t a t i o n issued to erstwhile bloodhounds. I t is necessary to go beyond the s t a n d a r d c o m p e n d i a a n d catalogs of t h e g r e a t l i b r a r i e s . I n t h e second edition of G a r r i s o n - M o r t o n the t e r m " e m b a l m i n g " does not a p p e a r . I t is likewise m i s s i n g f r o m S a r t o n ' s b i b l i o g r a p h y i n his " G u i d e to t h e H i s t o r y of S c i e n c e . " BOOKS I. A.

A n c i e n t a n d M e d i a e v a l Times

CLASSIC

(to 1500 A . D . )

(1) A u g u s t i n e ( S a i n t ) , " D e D i v e r s i s X I I , " S e r m o n 120. Inveighs a g a i n s t the custom of e m b a l m i n g as a p a g a n practice. (2) B i b l e ( T h e ) , Genesis, C h a p . 50, C o m m e n t a r y . V e r s e 2. " A n d Joseph commanded his servants the physicians t o embalm his father J a c o b : a n d the p h y s i c i a n s embalmed I s r a e l . " V e r s e 3. " A n d 40 days were fulfilled f o r h i m ; f o r so a r e fulfilled the days of those w h i c h a r e e m balmed ; a n d the E g y p t i a n s m o u r n e d f o r h i m threescore a n d t e n days . . . " V e r s e 26. " S o Joseph died, b e i n g a n h u n d r e d a n d t e n years old ; a n d they embalmed h i m a n d he w a s p u t i n a coffin i n E g y p t . " L u k e , C h a p . X I I , V e r s e 2, C h a p . X X I I , V e r s e 1. J o h n , C h a p . X I X , Verses 39-41. (3) Cicero, T u s c u l . D i s p . i . (4) Cornelius Nepos, " T h e L i v e s of G r e a t L e a d e r s , " X V I I , Agesilaus, C h a p . V I I I , p . 85 (notes p . 341), H a r p e r s , N e w Y o r k , 1852. Notes a n d e x p l a n a t i o n by C h a s . A n t h o n . Reports honey was employed to conserve the corpse of A g e s i p o l i s I d u r i n g i t s conveyance t o S p a r t a f o r burial. (5) Diodorus of S i c i l y (Diodorus S i c u l u s ) , " H i s o r y , " t Book I, p p . 81, 91, etc. C a r e y t r a n s l a t i o n . (6) Herodotus, " H i s t o r y (of the people of the O r i e n t ) , " D i a l a n d T u d o r Presses, N e w Y o r k , 1928. Book I, p . 54, Methods of the P e r s i a n s . Book I I , p p . 108-10, E u t e r p e ( E g y p t ) . Book I I I , p p . 154-5, 160-1, T h a l i a ( E t h i o p i a , I n d i a , G r e e k s ) . T r . b y George R a w l i n s o n a n d edited by M a n u e l Komroff. (7) Josephus, " A n t i q u i t a t e s J u d a i c u m , " 14, 7, N e w Y o r k , L e a v i t t a n d A l l e n , 1854. F l a v i u s Josephus, W o r k s , t r . b y W i l l i a m W h i s t i n . (8) L u c i a n , " D e L u c t u (of M o u r n i n g ) " i n " T h e W o r k s of L u c i a n of S a m o s a t a , " V o l . 3, p p . 212-18, C l a r e n d o n Press, O x f o r d , 1905. T r . by H . W . a n d F . G . F o w l e r . (9) P l a t o , Phaedo x x i x . (10) P l u t a r c h , " P a r a l l e l L i v e s , " D e c a r n i a n E s u . , p . 1219. V I I S a p . Conv., x v i i «éd., D i d o t , p . 188. Opera., T o m II, p p . 159, 996. (11) S t a t i u s , Silv., v o l . 3, p p . 2, 117. Affirms t h a t the body of A l e x a n d e r the G r e a t w a s embalmed w i t h honey.


A D V A N C E S IN CHEMISTRY

124

SERIES

Strabo, " G e o g r a p h y , " v o l . x v i , J u d a e a , chap. 2, p . 45. " I n the G a d a r i s also, there is a l a k e of noxious w a t e r . I f beasts d r i n k i t , they lose t h e i r h a i r , hoofs, a n d h o r n s . A t t h e place called Taricheae, the lake supplies the best fish f o r c u r i n g . O n i t s banks g r o w trees w h i c h bear a f r u i t l i k e t h e apple. T h e E g y p t i a n s use t h e asphalt f o r e m b a l m i n g t h e bodies of the dead." B o h n ' s Classical L i b r a r y , B o h n , L o n d o n , 1857. T r . b y H . C . H a m i l t o n . (13) T a c i t u s , " A n n a l s , " v o l . x v i , p . 6. N e r o ' s w i f e was embalmed " a c c o r d i n g to the m a n n e r of foreign k i n g s . " (14) T a l m u d , " B a b a - B a t h r a , " Soncino Press, L o n d o n , 1935. II. 25b, 28i. I I I . 50b. V I . 101a. Size, shape, a n d construction of graves ; a r r a n g e m e n t i n a g r o t t o o r cemetery. B a b y l o n i a n T a l m u d , t r . into E n g l i s h u n d e r editorship o f R . E p s t e i n . F u l l e r detail m a y be f o u n d i n D e r Babylonische T a l m u d ( N e u U e b e r t r a g e n d u r c h L a z a r u s G o l d s c h m i d t ) , J u e d i s c h e r V e r l a g , B e r l i n , 1933. 8er B a n d . N o doubt the H e b r a i c version is even m o r e e x p l i c i t . (14A) X e n o p h o n , " A n E p h e s i a n T a l e , " P t . 5. (12)


B.

16th Century

(15)

B e l o n , P i e r r e (Bellonius, C . P . ) , " D e a d m i r a b i l i operum a n t i q u o r u m et r e r u m s u s p i e i e n d a r u m p r a e s t a n t i a . L i b e r p r i m u s . D e medicato funere, seu cadavere condito, et l u g u b r i defunct o r u m ejulatione," L i b e r secundus. " D e medicamentis n o n n u l l i s , servandi cadaveris v i m o b t i n e n t i b u s , " L i b e r tertius. P a r i s , 1553. (16) G u i c h a r d , C l a u d , " D e s funérailles et diverses manières d'ensevelir . . . etc.," L y o n , 1582. (17) Paré, A m b r o i s e , " D i s c o u r s . A s'cavoir : de l a m u m i e , des venins, de l a licorne, et de l a peste . . , " P a r i s , chez G a b r i e l B u o n , 1582. (18) Paré, A m b r o i s e , "Traicté des r a p p o r t s , et d u moyen d'embaumer les corps m o r t s , " p p . 931-45, G a b r i e l B u o n , P a r i s , 1575. (19) Rhazes ( A b u B a k r M u h a m m a d i b n Z a k a r i y a a l - R a z i ) " A u b u b e t r i R h a z a e M a o m e t h i , " e x p e r i mentiamque m u l t i p l i c e m , et ob certissimas ex demonstrationibus logicis indicationes, a d omnes praeter n a t u r a m effectue, atque e t i a m p r o p t e r remediorum u b e r r i m a m m a t e r i a m , s u m m i medici opera e x q u i s i t i o r a . . .per G e r a r d u m T o l e t a n u m , A n d r e a m V e s a l i u m , A l b a n a m . T o r i n u m l a t i n i t a t e donata. . .Basileae: i n off. D i v i s i o M o r b o r u m . (20) S e r a p i o n , J o h a n n e s ( Y a h y a i b n S a r a f y u n ) , " H i s t o r i a s i m p l i c i u m m e d i c a m e n t o r u m , " Venice? 1552. 1

C.

Historical Studies on Classical Embalming

(21) (22) (23) (24)

(25) (26) (27)

(28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33)

(34) (35) (36) (37)

(38) (39)

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G r e n a d e , " i n Mém.

acad.

nat.

science

de

Toulouse,

Toulouse,

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8°.

(40) L u d o l f , H i o b , " H i s t o r i a A e t h i o p i a e , " F r a n k f u r t , 1681. (41) M c C u l l o h , J . H . , "Researches o n A m e r i c a , " B a l t i m o r e , 1817 a n d later.




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(42) M e a d , C h . W . , " P e r u v i a n M u m m i e s a n d W h a t T h e y T e a c h , " A m e r i c a n M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , N e w Y o r k , 1945. (43) Mendelsohn, S., " E m b a l m i n g F l u i d s ; T h e i r H i s t o r i c a l Development a n d F o r m a t i o n , f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of t h e chemical aspects of the scientific a r t of p r e s e r v i n g h u m a n r e m a i n s , " C h e m i c a l P u b l i s h i n g Co., N e w Y o r k , 190. (44) N a d a l l i a c (tr. b y N . D ' A n v e r s ) , " P r e h i s t o r i c A m e r i c a , " N e w Y o r k , 1895, 566 p p . , 219 i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Pages 69, 428-32, a n d 504 refer to m u m m i e s found i n C a l i f o r n i a , M e x i c o , a n d P e r u . See also i l l u s t r a t i o n s 177-179. (45) P i n k e r t o n , J . Α., " G e n e r a l Collection of V o y a g e s , " v o l . 13, p . 39, L o n d o n , 1808-14 (quoted by Y a r r o w ). A c c o u n t of method of p r e s e r v i n g bodies by Indians of V i r g i n i a a n d t a k e n from Smith's " V i r g i n i a . " (46) Prescott, W . Α., " H i s t o r y of the Conquest of M e x i c o , " rev. ed., p p . 32, 39, 93, 586-7, L i p p i n c o t t , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . , 1899. (47) Prescott, W . H „ " H i s t o r y of the Conquest of P e r u , " P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1882. 2 volumes. Book I, p. 92 ; Book II, p . 506. (48) R e u t t e r (de Rosemont), L . , " C o m m e n t nos pères se soignaient, se p a r f u m a i e n t , et conservaient leurs corps ; remèdes, p a r f u m s , embaumement, s u i v i d ' u n aperçu de l ' h i s t o i r e de l a médecine et de l a p h a r m a c i e dans l ' a n c i e n comté français de N e u c h a t e l ( S u i s s e ) " ; avec 38 i l l u s t r a t i o n s dans le texte ; préface de M . B . Haussoulier, O. D i o n F i l s ; P a r i s , Georg a n d cie, Genève-Lyon, 1917. 355 p p . B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l footnotes. (49) R e u t t e r (de Rosemont), " D e l'embaumement a v a n t et après J e s u s - C h r i s t , " V i g o t frères, P a r i s , 1912, 8° 24 c m . (50) R i g a l l i l , " D e funeribus R o m a n o r u m , " 1672. (51) R i v e r o , E . M a r i a n o de, " A n t i q u e d e d a s P e r u a n a s , " 1846. C i t e d b y T s c h u d i , " T r a v e l s i n P e r u , " p. 353. (52) Roques, F . , " U n m o t s u r l'histoire des embaumements," J . Costerousse, E v r e u x , 1847, 7 p p . 8°. ( 5 2 A ) R u s h , A . C , " D e a t h a n d B u r i a l i n C h r i s t i a n A n t i q u i t y , " Catholic U n i v e r s i t y Press, W a s h i n g t o n , 1941. (53) S t . V i n c e n t , B o r y de, " E s s a i s sur' les Iles Fortunées," p . 495, 1811. (54) Schoolcraft, H . R., " H i s t o r i c a l a n d S t a t i s t i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n R e s p e c t i n g the I n d i a n Tribes of t h e U n i t e d States, 1855," P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1851-57. P a r t 4, p p . 155 et seq. (quoted b y Y a r r o w ) . A c c o u n t of e m b a l m i n g bodies by Congaree o r Santee Indians of S o u t h C a r o l i n a . V o l . 5, p . 693. D e s c r i p t i o n of mummies of remarkable preservation f o u n d a m o n g Chinooks a n d F l a t h e a d Indians of Oregon. (55) S m i t h , G . E . , " M i g r a t i o n s of E a r l y C u l t u r e , " U n i v e r s i t y Press, Manchester , E n g l a n d , 1929. (56) S m y t h , W . H . , " D e s c r i p t i v e . . .Memoirs of S i c i l y a n d Its I s l a n d s , " L o n d o n , 1824. (57) T s c h u d i , J . J . v o n , " T r a v e l s i n P e r u d u r i n g the Y e a r s 1838-42, o n the Coast, i n t h e S i e r r a , V o l . 5, p . 693. D e s c r i p t i o n of m u m m i e s of r e m a r k a b l e preservation f o u n d a m o n g C h i n o o k s across t h e Cordilleras a n d the A n d e s , i n t o the P r i m a e v a l F o r e s t s , " N e w Y o r k , 1852. T r . f r o m G e r m a n by T h o m a s i n a Ross. 12 m o . 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" E m b a l m i n g by A u s t r a l i a n A b o r i g i n e s " (quoted b y Y a r r o w ) . Describes • methods of t r e a t i n g bodies of dead before b u r i a l o n p l a t f o r m s . (62) Y a r r o w , H . C , " F u r t h e r C o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e Study o f t h e M o r t u a r y Customs of t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , " E s t A n n . R e p t . B u r e a u of E t h n o l o g y , 1879/80, W a s h i n g t o n , 1881, 8°. M a n y i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Pages 130-7 discuss e m b a l m i n g o r m u m i f i c a t i o n a m o n g Indians, quot i n g f r o m various w r i t i n g s , accounts of mummies, a n d modes of e m b a l m i n g . (63) Y a t e s , J a m e s , " T e x t r i n u m A n t i q u o r u m , " p p . 161-249, L o n d o n , 1843. Describes custom i n I t a l y of w r a p p i n g dead bodies i n l i n e n . (64) Zeidler, S. 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(75) Budge, E . A . W . , " L i f e a n d E x p l o i t s of A l e x a n d e r the G r e a t , " L o n d o n , 1896. (76) Budge, E . A . W . , " M u m m y , " 1st ed., Cambridge, E n g l a n d , 1893. 88 i l l . , 405 p p . 8°. 2nd A m . ed. rev., M a c m i l l a n , N e w Y o r k , 1926. Handbook of E g y p t i a n f u n e r a r y a n d archeology. (77) Castillo y Quartiellers, R. del, " M o m i f i c a c i o n y embalsamamiento en tiempo de los f a r a o n e s , " M a d r i d , 1909. 20 p p . i l l . ( R e p r . Rev. Med. Cir. pract., M a y 1909). (78) C e n t u r y M a g a z i n e , p p . 327 et seq. ( M a y 1887). D e s c r i p t i o n of recovery of T h e b a n mummies. (79) C h a m p o l l i o n - F i g e a c , J . J . , " N o t e s u r une nouvelle espèce d'insecte d u genre corynetes de F a b r i c i u s , observée à G r e n o b l e , " P a r i s , 1814, 8°, p p . 8. " E x t r a i t du M a g a z i n encyclo pédique," M a i 1814. 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R., B i b l i o g r a p h y of W o r k R e l a t i n g to M u m m i f i c a t i o n i n E g y p t , w i t h E x c e r p t s a n d C r i t i c a l N o t e s , " S h a r i a C h e i k h Rihene, C a i r o , 1929 ( I n s t i t u t d ' E g y p t e ) . (84) Dérobert, L . , a n d Reichlen, H . , " M o m m i e s , " p p . 131-6. P a r i s , 1947. Includes " L a manière d'embaumer les c o r p s . " (85) D e Wolfe, " U n c o v e r i n g the M u m m y of Rameses I I , " U . S. C a t . Books i n P r i n t , 1902. (86) E d w a r d s , A . B . , Harper's Magazine, 65, N o . 386, 185-204 (1882). " L y i n g i n state i n C a i r o ( A Thousand Miles u p the N i l e ) . " (87) F e r r u s , M a u r i c e , " L e s momies de S a i n t - M i c h e l . " (88) Gautier, Théophile, " R o m a n c e of the M u m m y , " N e w Y o r k , 1863 ( T r . f r o m F r e n c h by A . T . Wood). (89) G r a n v i l l e , A . 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(113) Maspéro, G., " R i t u e l des embaumements, Mémoire s u r quelques p a p y r u s du L o u v r e " (cited i n Coliez). (114) Maspéro, G . , " T o m b of S i p h t a h , the M o n k e y T o m b a n d the Gold T o m b , " Constable, L o n d o n , 1908. (115) Maspéro, G . ( C . C . ) , " U n c o v e r i n g the M u m m y of Rameses II, K i n g of E g y p t , " Maspéro's official report, w i t h " L e t t e r of B r u g s c h - B e y " to Illustrierte Zeitung, a n d poem by H . D . Raunsley, Boston, 1886. 4 p p . Woodcuts. Folio. (116) M e m o r a n d a I l l u s t r a t i v e of E g y p t i a n T o m b s ; also R e m a r k s on M u m m i e s , 1822, n . p . S m a l l 8°. Plates. (117) Mendelsohn, S i m o n , Chemist, 22, 464-81 (1945). Chemist studies ancient e m b a l m i n g . Illus. b i b l i o g r a p h y , p p . 480-1. (118) Mendelsohn, S i m o n , " E m b a l m i n g F l u i d s , " p. 161, C h e m i c a l P u b l i s h i n g Co., N e w Y o r k , 1940. S u p p l e m e n t a r y b i b l i o g r a p h y . E g y p t i a n methods of preservation a n d m o r t u a r y customs. (119) Moodie, R . C , " R o e n t g e n o l o g i c a l Studies of E g y p t i a n a n d P e r u v i a n M u m m i e s , " V o l . I l l , A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l M e m o i r s , F i e l d M u s e u m , Chicago, 111., 1931. (120) M u r r y , " H a n d b o o k of E g y p t , " 1880. (121) Paré, A m b r o i s e , " D i s c o u r s de l a m u m i e , " G a b r i e l B u o n , P a r i s , 1582. (122) P a u l i n u s , A . S. B . , " M u m i o g r a p h i a M u s e i O b i c i a n i , " B a t a v i a , 1799. (123) P e r r o t , J . F . Α., " E s s a i s u r les m o m i e s , " N i m e s , 1884.




127

LITERATURE

(124) P e t t i g r e w , T . J . (1791-1865), " H i s t o r y of E g y p t i a n M u m m i e s a n d a n A c c o u n t o f t h e W o r s h i p a n d E m b a l m i n g of the Sacred A n i m a l s by the E g y p t i a n s ; w i t h R e m a r k s on the F u n e r a l Ceremonies of Different N a t i o n s , a n d Observations on the M u m m i e s of the C a n a r y Islands, of the A n c i e n t P e r u v i a n s , B u r m a n P r i e s t s , etc.," L o n g m a n , Rees, Orme, B r o w n , Green, a n d L o n g m a n , L o n d o n , 1834. F r o n t x x i . 264 p p . 1 1. 12 plates. 29.5 c m . (125) P i c k e r i n g , Charles, " G l i d d o n M u m m y Case i n the M u s e u m of S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n , " ff. (2) p p . 4, S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o Knowledge, 1870. x v i + 208 p p . (126) P i e r r e h , " L e L i v r e des morts des anciens égyptiens," P a r i s , 1882. (127) P r i c h a r d , J . 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N o t i c e s u r les embaumements des anciens égyptiens. (134) Rouyer, P . C , " R e c o r d of E g y p t i a n A n t i q u i t i e s , " B r i t i s h M u s e u m , L o n d o n , 1836. (135) Ruffer, Μ. Α., " S t u d i e s i n the Paleopathology of E g y p t , " U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o Press, C h i c a g o , 111., 1921. E d . by R . L . Moodie. 372 p p . (136) S c h i a p a r e l l i , "II l i b r o dei f u n e r a i l dei a n t i c h i E g i z i a n i . " (137) S e y f a r t h , G . , " E g y p t i a n Theology A c c o r d i n g to a P a r i s M u m m y C a s e , " W e s t e r m a n n , 1879. Photo a n d plate. N . P . (138) Sieber, " U e b e r A e g y p t i s c h e n M u m i e n , " W i e n , 1820. (139) S m i t h , ( S i r ) G . E . , " C o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e Study of M u m m i f i c a t i o n i n E g y p t , w i t h S p e c i a l R e f erence to Measures A d o p t e d d u r i n g t h e T i m e of t h e X X I D y n a s t y f o r M o u l d i n g t h e F o r m of the B o d y , " C a i r o , 1905. (140) S m i t h , G . E . , " M i g r a t i o n s of E a r l y C u l t u r e ; a Study of the Significance of the G e o g r a p h i c a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of the P r a c t i c e of M u m m i f i c a t i o n as E v i d e n c e of the M i g r a t i o n of Peoples a n d the S p r e a d of C e r t a i n Customs a n d B e l i e f s , " 2 n d ed., M a n c h e s t e r U n i v e r s i t y Press, M a n chester, E n g l a n d , 1929. 154 p p . (141) S m i t h , G . E . , " R o y a l m u m m i e s , " I m p r . de D ' I n s t i t u t Français d'Archéologie Orientale, C a r i o , 1912. 118 p p . (142) S m i t h , G . E . , a n d D a w s o n , W . R., " E g y p t i a n M u m m i e s , " D i a l , N e w Y o r k , 1924; E n g l i s h éd., A l l e n and U n w i n , London. (143) Speleers, L . S., " L e s figurines funéraires égyptiennes," O x f o r d , 1924. (144) S t u a r t , " T h e F u n e r a l T e n t of a n E g y p t i a n Q u e e n , " L o n d o n , 1882. (145) T o m l i n s o n , " O n a R o y a l E g y p t i a n Coffin i n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m . " (146) T s c h u d i , J . J . v o n , " U n c o v e r i n g the M u m m y of Rameses II, K i n g of E g y p t , the Oppressor of the Jews i n the T i m e of Moses. T h e M u m m y of t h e E g y p t i a n K i n g , Rameses II, of t h e N i n e t e e n t h D y n a s t y (about 1400 t o 1250 B . C . ) S t r i p p e d of Its C o v e r i n g , " B o s t o n , 1866. F r o m photographs. 2 leaves, folio. (147) Tseuflamm, v o n , " U e b e r M u m i e n . A n a t o m i s c h e r U n t e r s u c h u n g e n , " E r l a n g e n , 1822. (148) W a r r e n , J . C , " D e s c r i p t i o n of a n E g y p t i a n M u m m y Presented t o t h e Massachusetts G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l : w i t h a n A c c o u n t of the O p e r a t i o n of E m b a l m i n g i n A n c i e n t a n d M o d e r n T i m e s , " B o s t o n , Mass., 1838. 34 p p . , 31 p i . R e p r i n t e d f r o m Boston J. Philos. Arts. (149) W i l k i n s o n , J . G . , " M a n n e r s a n d Customs of t h e A n c i e n t E g y p t i a n s , " n e w ed., rev. b y S a m u e l B i r c h , p p . 740-89, L o n d o n , 1878, 111. Discusses e m b a l m i n g . 3 vols. (150) W i n l o c k , H . E . , " M a t e r i a l s U s e d a t t h e E m b a l m i n g o f K i n g T u t - a n k h - A m u n , " M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t P a p e r s , N o . 10, M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m , N e w Y o r k . References. (151) Z e r m a c k , " B e s c h r e i b u n g u n d mikroscopische U n t e r s u c h u n g zweier aegyptischer M u m i e n , " P r a g , 1852. (See also Czermak.) II. A.

EARLY MODERN

17th C e n t u r y

(152) A m a t o , C i n t i o d ' , " P r a t t i c a nuova et u t i l i s s i m a d i tutto quello, c h ' a l diligente b a r b i e r i s ' a p p a r t i e n e ; cioe d i c a n a r sangue, medicar f erite ; e b a l s a m a r c o r p i h u m a n i , " G i o B a t t i s t a B r i g n a , V e n e t i a , 1669. 88 p p . , 71 illus. (153) B i l s , L o u i s de, " R e s p o n s i o a d epistolam T o m a e A n d r e a e q u a ostenditur verus unus v a s o r , " M a r b u r g , 1678. (154) B l a n c a r d , S., " A n a t o m i a r e f o r m a t a , et de B a l s a m a t i o n e n o v a M e t h o d u s , " P a r i s , 1695. (155) B l a n c a r d , St., " N e u e u n d besondere M a n i e r aile verstorbene Kôrper, m i t w e n i g U n k o s t e n , dergestalt z u b a l s a m i r e n , dass solche i n etlichen h u n d e r t J a h r e n n i c h t verwesen, hoch F a r b e u n d Gestalt verlieren k o e n n e n , " H a n n o v e r u n d W o l f e n b u t t e l , 1679, 1705. (156) B r e b i s i u s , J . F . , " D p o l l i n c t u r a , " E r f o r t i , 1695. L i s t e d i n M c C u r d y ' s b i b l i o g r a p h y as V e s s i Brebesius. (157) B r o w n e , Thomas, " R e l i g i o medici, U r n B u r i a l , C h r i s t i a n M o r a l s a n d O t h e r E s s a y s , " L o n d o n , 1902. R e p r i n t , 200 p p . folio. Keynes N o . 46. (158) Clauderus, G . , " M e t h o d u s b a l s a m a n d i c o r p o r a h u m a n a , aliaque m a j o r a sine evisceratione et sectione hucusque s o l i t a , " A l t e n b u r g i , a p u d G . R i c h t e r u m , 1679. 216 p p . (159) Guybert, P h i l b e r t , " T h e C h a r i t a b l e P h y s i t i a n shewing the m a n n e r to embalm a dead c o r p s , " i n " T h e C h a r i t a b l e P h y s i t i a n , " p p . 141-73 ( t r . i n t o E n g l i s h b y I. W . ) , Thomas H a r p e r , L o n d o n , 1639. (160) Guybert, P h i l b e r t , "Médecin charitable. E n z e i g n a n t l a manière d'embaumer les corps m o r t s , " Chez M i c h e l B l a g e a r t , P a r i s , 1639. 22 p p . I n " L e Médecin charitable m a n i e r de f a i r e . . . les remèdes," p p . 337-58. e



128


(161) Guybert, P h i l b e r t , " T o u t e s les oeuvres c h a r i t a b l e s , " p p . 863-80, dernière éd., P a r i s , 1647. Manière de embaumer, P a r i s , 1660. A n o t h e r edition, S. M a r t i n , P a r i s , 1670. (162) H o r s t i u s , Georg, " D e n a t u r a l i conservatione c a d a v e r u m , " 1608. (163) L a n g o n i , J . , " T r a c t a t u s de balsamatione cadaverum i n quo n o n t a n t u m de p o l l i n c t u r a a p u d veteres, sed e t i a m de v a r i i s b a l s a m a n d i cadavera modis a p u d récentes m u l t a c u r i o s a b r e v i t e r e x p o n u n t u r , " Geneva, 1693. (164) L a z o n u s , J . , " T r a c t a t u s de balsamatione c a d a v e r u m , " Geneva, 1696. (165) L u d o l f , " H i s t o r i a A e t h i o p i a e , " 1681. (166) Paré, A m b r o i s e , " H o w to M a k e R e p o r t s a n d t o E m b a l m the D e a d , " i n " W o r k s , " p p . 1121-32, Cotes a n d Y o u n g , L o n d o n , 1634. (167) Paré, A m b r o i s e , " O p . C h i r u r g i e , F r a n c f , T r a c t a t u s de e m b a m m a t i b u s , " 1612. (168) P e n i c h e r , L o u i s , " T r a i t e des embaumements selon les anciens et les modernes, avec une de s c r i p t i o n de quelques compositions balsamiques et odorantes," B . G i r i n , P a r i s , 1699. 12 1. 315 p p . (169) P e r u c c i , Francesco, " P o m p e f u n e b r i de tutte le n a t i o n i del mondo (Raccolte dalle storie sagre et p r o f a n ) , " F r a n c e s c o Rossi, V e r o n a , 1639. Colored woodcuts. A n o t h e r ed. 1646. (170) Quenstedt, J . Α., " D e s e p u l t r a v e t e r u m , " W i t t e n b e r g , 1660. (171) R e i d , A l e x a n d e r (ca. 1586-1641), " C h i r u r g o r u m comes: o r t h e W h o l e P r a c t i c e of C h i r u r g y , " B e g u n b y the learned D r . R e a d , continued a n d completed by a member of the College o f P h y s i c i a n s i n L o n d o n , p r i n t e d by E d w . Jones f o r C h r i s t o p h e r W i l k i n s o n , L o n d o n , 1687. 12 1. 672, 683-714 p . 1 p i . C o n t a i n s materials collected by a n unidentified editor t a k e n f r o m R e i d a n d other w r i t e r s w i t h appendices o n venereal disease, e m b a l m i n g , a n d surgeons' reports before a m a g i s t r a t e after e x a m i n a t i o n s of wounds. (172) R e i d , A l e x a n d e r (ca. 1586-1641), " C h i r u r g o r u m comes." P a r t I V , Book V I I I , i s t r a n s l a t i o n of G . Tagliacozzi's " D e c u r t o r u m c h i r u r g i a , " Book II. (173) R i g a l l i l , " D e funeribus r o m a n o r u m , " 1672. (174) R u y s c h , F . R., " O b s e r v a t i o n e m A n a t o m i c o — C h i r u r g i c a r u m C e n t u r i a , A c c r e d i t Catalogue R a r i o r u m Quae i n Museo R u y s c h i a n o A s s e r v a n t u r , " A m s t e r d a m , 1691. 1st ed. illus. (175) Satorelli, A n t . , " P o s t p r a x i s m e d i c a , " N a p l e s , 1629. (176) Schrader, J u s t u s ( 1 6 4 6 - ? ) , " C o r p o r a a n i m a l i u m eorumque partes balsamo condiendi a c conservandi r a t i o , " i n H a r v e y , W m . , "Observationes et historiae omnes et s i n g u l a e , " pp. 236-40, A m s t e r d a m , 1674. (177) Sebisch, M e l c h i o r , " D i s p u t a t i o n e de c o n d i t u r a respondent," W i l l v i s h e i m A r g e n t o r ( S t r a s s b u r g ) . 1649. (178) Sebisch, M e l c h i o r , " D i s p u t a t i o n e de c o n d i t u r a seu de balsamatione cadaverum h u m a n o r , " S t r a s s b u r g , 1669. (179) S p e l m a n , " D e s e p u l t u r a , " 1641. (180) T a g l i a c o z z i . See R e i d , A l e x a n d e r . (181) Tentzelius, Α., " M e d i c i n a diastatica, hoc est singulae, i l i a et a d m i r a b i l i s a d distans, et beneficio m u m i a l i s t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n i s oper&tionem et efficaciam habens, quae i p s a loco commentarie i n t r a c t a t u m t e r t i u m de tempore seu p h i l o s o p h , " D . Theoph. Paracelsi (etc.). E r f u r t i , 1661. (182) V a t e r , C , " D e c o n d i t u r a c a d a v e r u m , " W i t t e n b e r g , 1693. (183) V e s s i - B r e b i s i u s . See Btfebisius. (184) Wedel, G . W . , ( P r . ) " D e balsamatione c o r p o r u m i n g e n e r e " ( C u m v i t a c a n d i d a t i E l i a e G e o r g i i B r e m e r . ) , Jenae, 1691. (185) Wedelius, B.

( P r . ) , " D e balsamatione corporis C h r i s t i , " J e n a e , 1691.

18th C e n t u r y

(186) A d a m i , J . G . , " C h a r l e s W h i t e of M a n c h e s t e r " (1728-1813), L i v e r p o o l , 1922. (187) A l b e t t i , G., " D e ' f u n e r a l i , ossia dissertazione i n c u i s i espongono levarie m a n i e r o d i seppelire ; defonti, usate d a diverse n a z i o n e , " R i m i n i , 1790. I n Miscellanea of med. a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l extracts f r o m different authors ( n o p u b l i s h e r ) , p p . 45-75, 75-8, 78-90, 1776. 48 p p . (188) Berge, O. G . , a n d Gerber, " D e c o n d i t u r a m o r t u o r u m " (von der T a l b u n g der T o d t e n ) , F r a n k fort, 1712. (189) B l a n c a r d u s , S t . , " B a l s a m i e r u n g der todten C o e r p e r , " uebersetzt v o n C . A . M . , H a n n o v e r , 1705. (190) B l u m e n b a c h , I. F . , " O b s e r v a t i o n s o n Some E g y p t i a n M u m m i e s Opened i n L o n d o n , " 1794. (191) B r u h i e r , J . J . , "Mémoire s u r l a nécessité d ' u n règlement g e n e r a l a u sujet des enterrements et embaumements," P a r i s , 1745/46. (192) E z w e i l e r , " D e c o n d i t u r a c a d a v e r u m h u m a n o r u m , " M a r b u r g , 1702. (193) F a u j a s S a i n t - F o n d , B . , " T r a v e l s i n E n g l a n d , S c o t l a n d a n d the Hebrides U n d e r t a k e n f o r t h e P u r p o s e of E x a m i n i n g the State of the A r t s , the Sciences, N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , a n d M a n n e r s , " E n g . t r a n s . , L o n d o n , 1799. (194) F o o t , Jesse, " T h e L i f e of J o h n H u n t e r , " p. 38, L o n d o n , 1794. (195) G l a d b a c h , J . Α., " D i s s e r t a t i o H i s t o r i c o - M e d i c a de M u m i i s i n P r a x i M e d i c a n o n F a c i t e A d h i b e n d i s , " 1st ed. H e l m s t a d t , 1785. 32 p p . 1 copper plate. (196) G r e e n h i l l , Thomas, L o n d o n , " N e k r o k a d e i a : o r the A r t of E m b a l m i n g , " w h e r e i n is s h o w n t h e r i g h t of b u r i a l , the f u n e r a l ceremonies, a n d the several ways of p r e s e r v i n g dead bodies i n m o s t n a t i o n s of t h e w o r l d . W i t h a n account of the p a r t i c u l a r opinions, experiments, a n d i n v e n t i o n s of modern p h y s i c i a n s , surgeons, chymists, a n d anatomists. A l s o some n e w m a t ter proposed c o n c e r n i n g a better method of e m b a l m i n g t h a n h a t h hitherto been discovered. A n d a pharmacopoeia Galeno-chymica, a n a t o m i a sicca sive incruente, e t c . " I n three p a r t s . 1705. F r o n t , v i i , v . p . 41. 367 p p . 13 p l . 1 m a p . (197) H o f f m a n , G . D . , "Observationes c i r c a Bombyces, S e r i c u m , et M o r o s , en a n t i q u i t a t u m , h i s t o r i a r u m , j u r i u m q u e penu d e p r o m i p t a e , " Tuebingen, 1757. Describes use of silk b y ancients. (198) K i r k p a t r i c k , J a m e s , " S o m e Reflections o n the Causes a n d C i r c u m s t a n c e s T h a t M a y R e t a r d o r P r e v e n t the P u t r e f a c t i o n of D e a d B o d i e s , " L o n d o n , 1751. (199) M a u c h a r t , B . S., " D e injectionibus s i c dictis a n a t o m i c i s , " T u e b i n g e n , 1721. (200) M o n r o , A l e x a n d e r , A n essay o n ye a r t of i n j e c t i n g ye vessels of a n i m a l s . 48 p.




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LITERATURE

(201) M o n r o , A l e x a n d e r , " T e u t a m i n a c i r c a m e t h o d u m portes a n i m a t i u m affabre. i n j i c i e n d i l a t i n , don. F r . B o n e g a r d e , " L u g d . B a t . P . B o u k , 1741.

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