Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants

Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on April 28, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: April 8, 1997 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1997-0664.ix002

310

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL AND WATER CONTAMINANTS

Clemson University, 2,54,133,162 DuPont Central Research and Development, 2,264,283 Iowa State University, 54,133,162 Isotron Corporation, 238 Kansas State University, 254 Ministerio de Ganaderia Agricultura y Pesca, 54 National Botanical Research Institute, 274 Occidental Chemical Corporation, 177 Phytokinetics, Inc., 223 Phytotech Inc., 283 Stephen F. Austin State University, 65 Tulane University, 238

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 38,65,92,299 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 299 Union Carbide Corporation, 186 University of California—Riverside, 2,20 University of Cincinnati, 2 University of Maryland, 77 University of Oklahoma, 152 University of Southern Mississippi, 106 University of Washington, 177 Utah State University, 186,200,223 Washington State University, 77 Washington State University at Puyallup, 177

Subject Index Aquatic macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems, development, 275 Aquatic plants Acenaphthene, grass remediation, 191-193 chromium bioremediation from water and Acer rubrum, radionuclide soil, 274-282 accumulation, 301 phytoremediation of herbicideAcifluorfen, degradation, 39 contaminated surface water, 133-149 Acifluorfen aromatic nitroreduction in Arabidopsis thaliana soils, rhizospheres, and pure cultures applications, 265 of rhizobacteria lead accumulation and tolerance in acifluorfen metabolism plants, 264-272 pure culture of rhizobacteria, 46-51 Aromatic nitroreduction, acifluorfen in soil and rhizosphere suspensions, 42-46 soils, rhizospheres, and pure cultures experimental procedure, 39-42 of rhizobacteria, 38-52 role of aromatic nitroreduction in Ascorbate remediation, 50,52 experimental description, 107,109 Aged herbicide residues, biostimulation Hibiscus moscheutos exposed to for enhancement of dissipation in metolachlor, 110/,111 land-farmed waste, 77-90 high-level exposure, 111-112 Alachlor low-level exposure, 111 agricultural contamination, 92-93 multiple stress exposures, 112 phytoremediation in soil, 92-103 Sesbania vesicaria exposed to atrazine, structure, 93-94 108/, 109 Alfalfa Spartina alterniflora exposed to benzene fate in soils, 223-235 trifluralin, 110-111 environmental impact reduction of deicing Vigna luteola exposed to atrazine, agents, 162-174 108/, 109 Anthracene Ascorbic acid, biomarker of oxidative degradation in soil, 254-261 stress, 106-107 grass remediation, 191-193

Kruger et al.; Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.

311


INDEX

Atrazine Benzo[a]pyrene-contaminated soil biostimulation for enhancement of phytoremediation—Continued dissipation in land-farmed waste, 77-90 percent mass balance for microcosms, degradation 208,209/ in pesticide-contaminated soils, 55-63 plant growth and incorporation, 217-218 soil-bound radiolabeled carbon, 213-217 inriparianwetlands, 127-129 solvent-extractable radiolabeled carbon, in soil, 116-117,119,124-125 213-217 role of rhizosphere, 32-33 metabolism by Hebeloma crustuliniforme volatilization, 208,210/ Bermuda grass, polycyclic aromatic and Pinus ponderosa, 152-160 hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil migration, 122 remediation, 194-197 phytoremediation of contaminated surface Biodégradation, role in removal of water with aquatic plants, 133-149 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Aviation deicing fluids, 162-163 contaminated soil, 255 Bioremediation Β chromium from water and soil by vascular Bacopa monnieri, chromium aquatic plants, 274-282 bioremediation from water and soil, description, 201 274-282 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Bacterial transformations of nitroaromatic contaminated soil, 187 compounds, mechanisms, 38-39 techniques, 78 Benoxacor Biostimulation phytoremediation in soil, 92-103 description, 67 structure, 93-94 enhancement of dissipation of aged Benzene fate in soils planted with alfalfa herbicide residues in land-farmed experimental procedure, 224-229i waste, 79-90 examples, 66f,67 high dose of [ C]benzene added to Brassica napus plants, role in degradation planted system, 229i,231 low dose of [ C]benzene added to of aged residues, 62-63 planted and unplanted systems, Buchloe dactyloides var. Prairie, 229-234 remediation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil, 186-198 model, 234-235 Buffalo grass, remediation for polycyclic paraffin experiment, 232-245 aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated Benzo[fl]anthracene, 191-193 soil, 186-198 Benzo[6]fluoranthene, 191-193 Benzo[fc]fluoranthene, 191-193 Benzo[gAi]perylene, 191-193 Benzo[a]pyrene C biodegradability, 200-201 grass remediation, 191-193 Carbon source, biostimulation for enhancement of dissipation of aged metabolism in plant tissues, 187-188 herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, Benzo[a]pyrene-contaminated soil 77-90 phytoremediation experimental procedure, 201-207 Cation-exchange capacity, 118 microbial enumeration, 218-219 Cerastiumfontanum, radionuclide mineralization, 208,211-213 accumulation, 301 14

14


312

Ceratophyllum demersum, phytoremediation of herbicidecontaminated surface water, 133-149 Cesium, accumulation in plants, 301 Chelates, role in lead phytoextraction, 292-296 Chelating solutions, use in phytoremediation, 9 Chlorinated phenol(s), 238-239 Chlorinated phenol metabolism by duckweed isolation and identification of metabolites, 246-250 reductive dechlorination, 249-252 toxicity of xenobiotics toward duckweed, 239-241 Chloroacetamides agricultural contamination, 92-93 metabolism by microbial processes, 93 phytoremediation, 92-103 Chlorobenzoates, role of rhizosphere in degradation, 28,31 2-Chloro-AK2,6-diethylphenyl)-W(methoxymethyl)acetamide, See Alachlor 2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6(isopropylamino)-l,3,5-triazine, See Atrazine 2-{ [4-CWoro-6-(ethylamino)-l,3,5-triazin2-yl]amino} -2-methylpropanenitrile, See Cyanazine 2-Chloro-iV-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-Ar(2-methoxy-1 -methylethyl)acetamide, See Metolachlor Chromium, pollution, 274 Chromium bioremediation from water and soil by vascular aquatic plants chromium accumulation in plant parts vs. chromium concentration and exposure, 277-279/ vs. tannery effluent treatment, 277,279/281 vs. tannery sludge treatment, 277,280-281 experimental procedure, 275-277 factors affecting efficiency, 281 137



Chrysene, grass remediation, 191-193 Clay soil, grass remediation, 186-198 Cocos nucifera, radionuclide accumulation, 301 Commercial meal, biostimulation for enhancement of dissipation of aged herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, 77-90 Common buffalo grass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 Com biostimulation for enhancement of dissipation of aged herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, 77-90 use for phytoremediation of chloroacetamides in soil, 92-103 Cyanazine, remediation using plants, 65-74 D Darey's equation, 123 Degradation atrazine, 54-63 benzene in soils planted with alfalfa, 223-235 effect of rhizosphere, 254—261 persistent herbicides inriparianwetlands, 127-129 in soil, 114-127 Dehydroascorbic acid, biomarker of oxidative stress, 106-107 Deicing agents aviation function, 162 vegetation for environmental impact reduction, 162-174 Dibenz[a,/ï]anthracene, grass remediation, 191-193 4-(Dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl2//-l,4-benzoxazine, See Benoxacor 2,5-Dichlorobenzoate, role of rhizosphere in degradation, 31 4,4'-Dichlorobiphenyl, role of rhizosphere in degradation, 30i,31-32 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid degrading organisms, ecology, 21,23


313


INDEX

N^-Dime%l-AT-[(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea, See Fluometuron 1,1 -Dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluoro-/n-tolyl)urea, See Fluometuron Duckweed, chlorinated phenol metabolism, 238-252

Fluoranthene, grass remediation, 191-193 Fluorene, grass remediation, 191-193 Freundlich equation, 122-123 Fungi, exogenously provided atrazine metabolism, 152-160

Ε

G

Gautieria crispa, atrazine Ectomycorrhizal fungi, exogeneously provided atrazine metabolism, 152-160 degradation, 152 Effluent, chromium bioremediation from Genetic engineering, role in lead phytoextraction, 288/,289-290 water and soil, 274-282 Geobotanical prospecting, 7 Electroosmosis, role in lead Grass(es), role in environmental impact accumulation, 292 Elodea canadensis, phytoremediation of reduction of deicing agents, 174 Grass remediation for polycyclic aromatic herbicide-contaminated surface water, hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil 133-149 acenaphthene, 191,192i Enzyme activity, role in herbicideanthracene, 191-193 contaminated soil remediation, 73,74f bioconcentration in plants, 197-198 Ethylene glycol, vegetation for buffalo grass root development, 193-194 environmental impact reduction, experimental procedure, 188-190 162-174 fluoranthene, 191-193 Eucalyptus tereticornis, radionuclide fluorene, 191-193 accumulation, 301 identification of component grass Exogenously provided atrazine metabolism by Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Pinus species, 194-197 ponderosa naphthalene, 190-193 phenanthrene, 191-193 atrazine mineralization, 157,158/,160 Ground seed, biostimulation for experimental procedure, 153-158 enhancement of dissipation of aged radioactivity recovery in C0 , 157,159f herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, 77-90 F Groundwater contamination, 65 Festuca arundinacea remediation using plants, 66-74 radionuclide accumulation, 301 role in environmental impact reduction of deicing agents, 174 H Festuca rubra, radionuclide Hairy vetch, use for herbicideaccumulation, 301 contaminated soil remediation, 65-74 Fluometuron Heavy metal(s) degradation inriparianwetlands, 127-129 contamination of environment, 284-285 in soil, 116-117,120,125-126 remediation, 6-7 migration, 122 Hebeloma crustuliniforme, metabolism of exogenously provided atrazine, 152-160 remediation using plants, 65-74 2



314


Herbicide King Ranch bluestem, polycyclic aromatic biostimulation for enhancement of hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil dissipation in land-farmed waste, remediation, 194-197 77-90 Klein grass, remediation for polycyclic degradation aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated inriparianwetlands, 127-129 soil, 186-198 in soil, 114-127 Kochia scoparia plants, role in fate in environment, 115-116 degradation of aged residues, 62-63 Herbicide-contaminated soils, remediation using plants, 65-74 Herbicide-contaminated surface water with aquatic plants, phytoremediation, 133-149 Land-farmed waste, biostimulation for Herbicide stress, ascorbate as biomarker, enhancement of dissipation of aged 106-112 herbicide residues, 77-90 Hexachlorobiphenyl, biodegradability, Land-farming, amendment effect 200-201 on aged contaminants, 78-79 Hexachlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil Lead accumulation and tolerance in plants phytoremediation using Arabidopsis thaliana experimental procedure, 201-207 advantages as model system, 266,267r microbial enumeration, 218-219 culture media, 266-268 mineralization, 208,211-213 ecotypes vs. lead accumulation and percent mass balance for microcosms, tolerance, 268-269,270/ 208,209/ identification of mutants in lead accumulation from mutagenized M plant growth and incorporation, 217-218 populations, 269,271-272 soil-bound radiolabeled carbon, 213-217 solvent-extractable radiolabeled carbon, Lead phytoextraction from contaminated soils 213-217 volatilization, 208,210/ enhancement methods Hydrophobic bonding, definition, 118 electroosmosis, 292 Hyperaccumulation, inducement, 8-9 phosphorus nutrition, 291 Hyperaccumulators, use in synthetic chelate, 292-296 phytoremediation, 8 hydroponic studies of physiology greenhouse vs. field studies, 290-291 lead translocation from roots to shoots, 287,288/ lead uptake by roots, 286-287 Indeno[l,2,3-c,*/]pyrene, grass remediation, role of plant genetic engineering, 191-193 288/289-290 Indirect plant effects, plant-microbe species variation in lead interactions, 12-14 Inorganic contamination, phytoremediation, accumulation, 287-289,290i 5-10 system, 285-286 Legumes, role in environmental impact Κ reduction of deicing agents, 174 Lemna minor, phytoremediation of Kentucky bluegrass, environmental impact herbicide-contaminated surface water, reduction of deicing agents, 162-174 133-149 2


315

INDEX

Liquidambar stryaciflua, radionuclide accumulation, 301 Liriodendron tulipifera, radionuclide accumulation, 301 Lolium perenne radionuclide accumulation, 301 role in environmental impact reduction of deicing agents, 174 Lotus comiculatus, role in environmental impact reduction of deicing agents, 174

Nymphaea alba, chromium bioremediation from water and soil, 274-282

Ο Oidiodendron griseum, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, degradation, 152 Organic compounds, factors affecting root uptake, 10-11

M Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on April 28, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: April 8, 1997 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1997-0664.ix002

Ρ Meal, biostimulation for enhancement of dissipation of aged herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, 77-90 Medicago sativa, environmental impact reduction of deicing agents, 162-174 Metolachlor agricultural contamination, 92-93 phytoremediation of contaminated surface water with aquatic plants, 133-149 structure, 93-94 Microbial distribution, heterogeneity of plant rhizosphere, 25,26/,28 Microbial enumeration, benzo[a]pyreneand hexachlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil, 218-219 Microbial population, role in herbicidecontaminated soil remediation, 73,74f Microorganisms, rhizosphere ecology, 20-34 Mineralization atrazine, 59-60,61/ benzo[a]pyrene- and hexachlorobiphenylcontaminated soil, 208,211-213 Mycorrhizal fungi, exogenously provided atrazine metabolism, 152-160 Ν Nitroaromatic compounds, environmental concern, 8 Nitrophenols, degradation, 39 Nitroreduction, acifluorfen in soils, rhizospheres, and pure cultures of rhizobacteria, 38-52

Panicum coloratum var. Verde, remediation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil, 186-198 Persistent herbicide degradation inriparianwetlands, 127-129 in soil degradation, 116-121,123-127 migration, 118,123-122 photolysis, 123 volatilization, 118 Pesticide-contaminated soils atrazine degradation, 54-63 chemicals in enhanced degradation, 55 other pesticides, 54-55 Petrochemical manufacturing sites, contamination of soil by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 186 Phenanthrene, grass remediation, 191-193 Phenols applications, 238 chlorinated, See Chlorinated phenol metabolism by duckweed Phragmites karka, chromium bioremediation from water and soil, 274-282 Phytoextraction lead from contaminated soils, 283-296 soils, 6-7 water, 6 Phytoremediation atrazine, 54—63 benzo[a]pyrene- and hexachlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil, 200-219



316


Phytoremediation—Continued Plant(s)—Continued chloroacetamides in soil lead accumulation and tolerance using chloroacetamide catabolism by Arabidopsis thaliana, 264-272 Pseudomonasfluorescens,96-97 phytoremediation of herbicideexperimental procedure, 95-96 contaminated surface water, 133-149 factors affecting com growth radionuclide accumulation, 301 benoxacor, 97-99, lOOf use for herbicide-contaminated soil herbicide concentration, 97-99, lOOf remediation, 67-74i inoculation, 97-99,100* Plant-microbe interactions, indirect plant herbicide persistence-degradation, effects, 12-14 100-103/ Plant-microbial systems for root colonization by Pseudomonas bioremediation, 20-22/ fluorescens, 99-100 Plant residues, biostimulation for description, 4 enhancement of dissipation of aged herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, herbicide-contaminated surface water with 77-90 aquatic plants atrazine vs. metolachlor, 145,147-148 Plant species, role in environmental Ceratophyllum demersum vs. Elodea impact reduction of deicing canadensis vs. Lemna minor, 147-148 agents, 174 degradation in water and plant tissues, Poa pratensis, environmental impact 141-146i reduction of deicing agents, 162-174 experimental procedure, 135-137 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) occurrence of herbicides, 133-134 degradation, 187-188 plant uptake of C , 137,140-141 factors affecting fate and transport reduction in water of vegetated in soil, 254-255 incubation systems, 137,138/,139i grass remediation of contaminated industrial chemicals, 162-261 clay soil, 186-198 inorganic contamination, 5-10 Poplars, phytoremediation of organic contaminants, 10-15 trichloroethylene phytoremediation, radionuclide-contaminated soil, 299-305 177-184 soil contaminated with petroleum Populus tnchocarpa x Populus deltoïdes, phytoremediation of hydrocarbons, 224 trichloroethylene, 177-184 trichloroethylene with hybrid poplars, Prairie buffalo grass, remediation for 178-184/ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Phytostabilization, 4 contaminated soil, 186-198 Pinus ponderosa Pseudomonasfluorescens,use for exogenously provided atrazine phytoremediation of chloroacetamides metabolism, 152-160 in soil, 92-103 radionuclide accumulation, 301 Pyrene Pinus radiata, radionuclide accumulation, 301 degradation in soil, 254-261 Plant(s) grass remediation, 191-193 ascorbate as biomarker of herbicides stress, 106-112 R chromium bioremediation from water and soil, 274-282 Radionuclide(s), 299-300 14


317


INDEX

Radionuclide-contaminated soil minimization of nontarget ecological effects, 302 plants that accumulate cesium-137 and strontium-90, 301 reclamation of phytoremediated area, 304 soil amendments, 303-304 species selection, 302,303i Reductive dechlorination, chlorinated phenols, 249-252 Remediation agriculture practices, 3-4 costs, 3 market for technology, 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil, 186-198 use of plants for herbicide-contaminated soils, 65-74 Rhizobacteria cultures, acifluorfen aromatic nitroreduction, 38-52 Rhizosphere acifluorfen aromatic nitroreduction, 38-52 description, 255 ecology of xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms, 21,23 xenobiotic degradation, 20-34 Rhizosphere soil atrazine degradation, 54-63 environmental impact reduction of deicing agents, 162-174 Rice, use for herbicide-contaminated soil remediation, 65-74 Riparian wetlands conversion to agricultural use, 115 persistent herbicide degradation, 127-129 Ryegrass, use for herbicide-contaminated soil remediation, 65-74

Seashore paspalum, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 Sludge, chromium bioremediation from water and soil, 274-282 Soil(s) acifluorfen aromatic nitroreduction, 38-52 at agrochemical facilities, 65-74 atrazine degradation, 54-63 chromium bioremediation by vascular aquatic plants, 274-282 effect of rhizosphere on pyrene and anthracene degradation, 254-261 fate of benzene, 223-235 grass remediation, 186-198 lead phytoextraction, 283-296 persistent herbicide degradation, 114-127 phytoextraction of inorganic contaminants, 6-7 phytoremediation chloroacetamides, 92-103 radionuclides, 299-305 use of plants for remediation, 65-74 Soil amendments, stimulation of bioremediation, 67 Soil-bound radiolabeled carbon, benzo[û]pyrene- and hexachlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil, 213-217 Soil temperature, role in environmental impact reduction of deicing agents using vegetation, 173-174 Solvent-extractable radiolabeled carbon, benzo[a]pyrene- and hexachlorobiphenyl-contaminated soU, 213-217 Soybean, biostimulation for enhancement of dissipation of aged herbicide residues in land-farmed waste, 77-90 St. Augustine grass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 S Strontium-90, accumulation in plants, 301 Substrate concentration, role in Safeners, description, 93 Scirpus lacustris, chromium bioremediation environmental impact reduction of deicing agents using vegetation, 173 from water and soil, 274-282


318


Surface water contaminated with herbicides, phytoremediation, 133-149 Switch grass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 Synthetic chelates, role in lead phytoextraction, 292-296


Τ Tannery effluent and sludge, chromium bioremediation from water and soil, 274-282 Texas bluebonnet, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 Trichloroethylene cleanup efforts, 177-178 phytoremediation with hybrid poplars, 177-184 Trifluralin degradation inriparianwetlands, 127-129 in soil, 39,117-118,121,126-127 migration, 122-123 Trifolium repens, radionuclide accumulation, 301 V Vascular aquatic plants, chromium bioremediation from water and soil, 274-282 Volatilization benzene in soils planted with alfalfa, 223-235 benzo[a]pyrene- and hexachlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil, 208,210/

W Waste, biostimulation for enhancement of dissipation of aged herbicide residues, 77-90 Wastewater fromrinsingof spray tanks, soil contamination, 77 Water chromium bioremediation by vascular aquatic plants, 274-282 contaminated with herbicides, 133-149 phytoextraction of inorganic contaminants, 6 Weeping love grass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 Wetiand(s) persistent herbicide degradation, 127-129 types, 115 Wetland plants, ascorbate as biomarker of herbicide stress, 106-112 Winecup, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197 X Xenobiotic degradation, role of rhizosphere, 20-34 Xenobiotic-dègrading microorganisms, rhizosphere ecology, 20-34 Ζ

Zea mays L., See Corn Zoysia grass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated clay soil remediation, 194-197


Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants

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