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Pure diphtheri a f oxoid, an ounce of which will protect 400,000 persons against
Ohio. This is the second bacterial toxoid isolated in recent months at t h e I n s t i t u t e of P a t h o l o g y under t h e direction of Louis Pillemer, associate professor of immunochemistry. T h e toxin of t e t a n u s or lockjaw was also recently isolated and crystallized a t the Western Reserve I n s t i t u t e , and that of botulism, or food poisoning by U. S. Army chemists at Camp Detrick, M d . T o obtain an ounce of the material, under care full}' controlled laboratory technique, it is necessary to use 125 gallons of crude culture medium of bacteria. Discussing the advantages of t h e new purified toxoid, pediatricians point out t h a t t h e use of crude diphtheria toxoid in its present unrefined form can b e used without side reactions onlv in very voung children.
Tetrae thy lain moriiu m Chloride as Nerve Block diphtheria, w i t h o u t side reaction, has been isolated a t the I n s t i t u t e of Pathology, Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Under t h e direction of Richard H. Lyons and Gordon K . Moe of t h e University of Michigan clinical studies have demonstrated that tetraethylammonium
TRONA
BROMINE MURIATE and SULFATE OF P O T A S H . . . .
THONÂ
REFINED POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SODA A S H · S A L T C A K E · A N D L I T H I U M CONCENTRATES ·
BORAX BOR8C ACID
AMERICAN POTASH & CHEMICAL CORP. 998
42ND S T R E E T ,
NEW Y O R K ,
Nylon from
Ν.
Υ.
C H E M I C A L
Furfural
Development of a process for turning furfural into adiponitrile for making nylon has been announced by t h e D u P o n t Co., and a new u n i t is t o be built a t t h e Du Pont electrochemicals d e p a r t m e n t ' s plant a t N i a g a r a Falls, N . Y., for its production. C o n s t a n t technical improvement of the present nylon processes h a s m a d e it pos sible t o reduce the price of nylon several times in t h e past seven years. One typical hosiery y a r n , which was sold for $4.27 a pound in J a n u a r y 1940, is now priced at S2.55. However, it was emphasized t h a t the use of agricultural b y - p r o d u c t s , as a starting material, would not necessarily bring a reduction of manufacturing costs in t h e near future. It w a s p o i n t e d out that t h i s new process m a k e s it possible t o use a replaceable source for one of t h e basic chemicals needed for nylon. Coal and petroleum are irreplaceable resources. In m a k i n g furfural, t h e hulls or corn cobs a r e pressure-cooked w i t h a weak acid. Then follows a purification and other processing which includes reactions of fur fural w i t h steam, gases, a n d other chemi cals. T h e resulting adiponitrile is further processed into h e x a m e t h y l e n e diamine, then r e a c t e d with adipic acid t o produce hexamethylene diammonium adipate. This is dissolved in water, and later spun into y a r n a n d flake for molding a n d ex trusion in t h e plastics industry.
Corrosion
THREE ELEPHANT
122 E A S T
chloride is a useful d r u g . In addition to relieving pain, t h e d r u g acts to block off temporarily a t t h e a u t o n o m i c ganglia the transmission of both s y m p a t h e t i c and p a r a s y m p a t h e t i c nerve impulses. A sur geon accomplishes t h e s a m e effect when he c u t s t h e s y m p a t h e t i c or automatic nervous system in a n operation known as paravertebral block. It relieves pain in persons suffering from Buerger's disease, arteriosclerosis oblit erans, Re} r nauds phenomenon, a n d throm bophlebitis b.y increasing t h e flow of blood in t h e extremities. I t also appears to relieve pain in severe cases of acute foronary thrombosis and angina pectoris.
Preventives
T h e T r e t o l i t e Co., St. Louis 19, Mo., announces t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a new class of reagents for t h e prevention of corrosion of oil a n d gas well e q u i p m e n t . Kontol corrosion preventives have been shown b y l a b o r a t o r y a n d field testing t o be effective in materially reducing corro sion in either p u m p i n g or condensate wells. Prior t o 1942 the corrosion of condensate well e q u i p m e n t w a s virtually unrecog nized, b u t lately it has a s s u m e d a position of major i m p o r t a n c e in t h e economics of condensate well operation. R e c e n t ex perience indicates t h a t with wells p r o ducing a t pressures a b o v e 1,500 p.s.a. and a t reservoir t e m p e r a t u r e s above AND
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NEWS
1(50° F., corrosion may be serious if more than 0.2% C0 2 by volume is present. Kontol 115 is a nontoxic, oil-soluble, nearly odorless liquid which readily lends itself to well treatment. There is no tendency toward plugging of either the formation or well tubing by its use, since Kontol 115 does not show any reaction with salts carried by the brine, nor does it raise the ρ Η of the brine with the possible resultant deposition of calcium or magnesium scales. Although oilsoluble, Kontol 115 is surface-active and builds up a thin film on the metal surface, said to protect the metal from corrosion in either brine or condensate.
For PRECISE RESEARCH EVALUATIONS
"Annlytical Grade" Amberlite Ion Exchange Resins For accurate laboratory studies of complex research problems, investigate the AMBERLITE "Analytical Grade*" Ion Exchange Resins. These are standard industrial grades that have been preconditioned by repeated deple tion and regeneration—to give you laboratory results that are readily translated into terms of plant scale operation. Two types are available: AMBERLITE IR-100H. AC cation exchanger (hydrogen derivative) ; and AMBERLITE 1R-4B. AG anion exchanger (acid adsorbent). In quantities up to 25 pounds, these resins are ob tainable through:
Eliminating Odors in Drying Oils Pungent, tarry odors which have limited the use of petroleum drying oils (unsatu rated b3'-products from cracking of crude petroleum) by the printing ink industry are being eliminated by a new chemical process developed by I. M. Bernstein, di rector, and Sam Nelson, research fellow, at the National Printing Ink Research Insti tute, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. The new deodorization process is ex pected to bring relief to the printing ink plants crippled by the shortage of linseed, and to open a new supply source to the industry. In announcing application for a patent, Bernstein said that several of the major petroleum companies are interested in the process and efforts are being made to start manufacture at the earliest pos sible date. OTS Reporls Copies of the following reports can be obtained at the prices indicated from the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. Orders should be accompanied by check or money order, payable to the Treasurer of the United States. Lead and Monel-lined equipment used in urea manufacture is kept free from cor rosion by a process developed in Germany for removing oxygen and sulfur com pounds from the carbon dioxide—ammonia mixture, according to report P B 47,773 (photostat, S3; microfilm, SI; 31 pages] which contains complete details for pre paring the catalysts to remove oxygen and sulfur compounds, as well as processes used in the manufacture of urea. Development of a process for sulfating lower olefins recovered from waste gases enabled a German war plant to achieve a yield of 2,600 tons of mixed alcohol in 1943, according to report PB 18,926 (photostat, $2; microfilm, 50 cents; 23 pages, in cluding photographs and diagrams). The raw materials for the synthesis of alcohols were obtained from low-boiling point hydrocarbons, waste gases from a FischerTropsch plant processing coal into oil. The hydrocarbons were recovered through absorption in charcoal, and then divided by stabilization into gasol. V O L U M E
2 5,
NO.
14
ELMER & AMEND
Greenwich & Morton Streets. New York 14, Ν.· Υ. THE FISH EM SCIENTIFIC CO.
717 Forbes Street, 2109 Locust Street, Pittsburgh. Pa. St. Louis, Mo. For larger quantities, or for technical data, write dired to The Resinous Products & Chemical Company. AMBKHUTK is it tnnif-mnrk.
Κ,-μ. 11. ,S\ Pat. (iff
T H E R E S I N O U S FRQT>UC1?S & C H E M I C A L COMPANY ^.WASHISGTOX
SQUARE.. PHILADELPHIA S; PA.
ANSCHUTZ THERMOMETER SETS Available N o . 1 9 3 4 0 Anschutz Centi grade Thermometer Set, En closed Glass Scale, Precision
Grade: a set of seven thermometers covering the range from 10° to 360° C in 1 / 5 ° divisions for use as secondary standards, for organic chemical distillations and melting points, etc. Each thermometer bas an enclosed milk-glass scale with etched lines and figures filled in black, and is made with a fine capillary reservoir at the top. The top is knobbed for con venience in handling or suspension. One each No. 19342A to G Thermometers are supplied. Length of thermometers, 6 Ve inches; diameter of stem, 5 mm. Supplied in velvetlined, leatherette-covered base with hinged cover and clasps. Per set S6S.50
CENTRAL
SCIENTIFIC\C COMPANY
SCIENTIFIC
NEW YORK APRIL
7,
19 47
INSTRUMENTS.
TORONTO
M
CHICAGO
LABORATORY
BOSTON
APPARATUS
SAN FRANCISCO 999
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Solvent Processes
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Extraction for Cottonseed
Two new processes for solvent extrac tion of cottonseed have recently been announced. The U. S. Department of Agriculture, in announcing its process., states that it has overcome the objection able pigments which have prevented the application of solvent processes to cotton seed in the past while Allis-Chalmers reveals that its process is being used in the plant of the Delta Products Co., Wilson, Ark., which went into operation last month. Despite its success in the soybean and other oil processing industries, solvent extraction has not been used for cotton seed in this country because of the pig ments; carried into the oil, they aro difficult to remove; left in the meal, they make it less desirable for industrial uses such as plastics, adhesives, and coatings, and they render it unfit for use as stock feed because of the poisonous gossypol (which is decomposed by heating in the old processes). The USDA process, de veloped at the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry's Southern Regional Research Laboratorj* a t N"ew Orleans, overcomes this problem by employing a solvent which makes a three-way separa tion of the oil, the meal, and the pigment. The new process also effects a more com plete recovery of oil; the oil is purer, and the meal is lighter colored and un modified by heating. Research on the character of the cotton seed pigments at New Orleans revealed that substantially all of the pigment of the kernel occurs in "glands", the walls of which are not affected by many of the solvents ordinarily used. Further, the glands were found to have a lower specific gravity than either the meal or the mixture of oil and solvent. Therefore, by using a solvent mixture of selected specific gravity, the pigment glands may be separated by flotation. In applying the process, cottonseed
Ρ li Ο C Ε S S Ε S
kernels are Haked and agitated violently in the solvent to break away the pigment glands. Upon standing, the glands float to the surface, and the meal sinks to the bottom. The solvent is removed from the oil by distillation and can be used repeatedly. It is not necessary to heat the seed as required in pressure extraction systems. Such systems also leave about 6% of the oil in the meal. The Delta Products plant, the first full-scale solvent extraction plant for cottonseed to be built, has a capacity of 200 tons of cottonseed per day and is the first of three such plants planned byprocessors in this area. The process, as developed in pilot plant operations in Delta Products facilities, is an application of the Allis-Chalmers solvent extraction process for soybeans and involves steam ing and flaking the seeds and extracting with hexane. Color bodies, distributed between oil and meal, are removed from the oil by processing the extract to give an oil with a color said to be equivalent or better than that of prime grade pressed oil. It is claimed that an extra yield of 45 lb. of oil per ton of seed, as compared with hydraulic methods, will be obtained with the new process. A second cottonseed extraction plant using hexane as solvent has also been reported by the West Texas Cottonoil Co. which has a plant under construction at Abilene, Tex.
Rayon
in
V-Belts
Rayon is now being used as the rein forcement or tension member of all its light-duty and automotive V-belts, by B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron. Tension mem bers are the parallel groupings of cords which carry the load in a V-belt. This new rayon construction, as compared to the cotton previously used, is said to give longer belt life, particularly at elevated temperatures, and life of light duty and automotive V-belts has been increased at least 50%.
Solvent, extraction building ojDelta Products Co., Wilson, Ark. Conveyor runs from existing hydraulic oil mill building to plant
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