I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERIhlG CHEMISTRY
1078
lead to proceed, with the resulting retarding effect of the decomposition products in the unburned charge, whereas the more rapid flame travel develops its maximum rate of reaction before the decomposition products of tetraethyl lead can form or have an effect ahead of the flame. In this connection the work of Nagai (55,35) on the effect of tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl tin, and diethyl selenide on the movement of flame in hydrocarbon-air mixtures is of interest. He reports the speed of uniform movement of flame in different air-fuel ratios and increasing amounts of "dope" up to 2 molecular per cent. His data, although limited, clearly indicate the retarding and later accelerating action of the lead and tin compounds when added in increasing percentages. Nagai believes that if the "theoretical flame propagation temperature of the combustible is lower than that of the antiknock compound, the fuel reaction will lose activation energy to the antiknock until the latter is sufficiently activated to burn, when the whole mixture will burn a t the higher theoretical flame propagation temperature."
(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33, (34)
Literature Cited
(36) (36) (37) (38) (39)
Aubert. Dumanois, and Pignot, Compl. rend.. 186, 1298 (19281. Brown and Carr, IND. ENC).CHEM.,18, 718 (1926). Rrown and Watkins, Ibid., 19, 280 (19'27). Brown and Watkins, Ihid., 19, 363 (1927). Brown and Watkins, I b i d . , 19, 366 (1927). Church, Mack, and Boord, I b i d . , 18, 334 (1926). Clark, J . Soc. Automotive Eng.,2S, 167 (1928). Clark, Brugmann, and Thee, IND.END.CHEM.,17, 1226 (1925). Collendar, Engineering. 128, 147 (1927). Collendar. Kinx, and Sims, Ihid.. 121, 475 (1926). Dixon, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1926, 372.
(40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45)
Vol. 21, No. 11
Dixon and Coward, J . Chcm. Soc., 96, 514 (1913). Ducheue, Compt. rend.. 186, 220 (1928). Duchene, Ibid.. 187, 200 (1928). Egerton, Nature, 119, 259 (1927). Egerton, J . I n s f . Petroleum Tech., 14, 662 (1928). Eserton, I b i d . , 14, 665 (1928). Egerton and Gates, I h i d . , 19, 244 (1927). Eserton and Gates, / b i d . , 19, 273 (1927). Ezerton and Gates, Ibid., l S , 281 (1927). Egerton and Gates, Proc. Roy. SOC.( L o n d o n ) , 1148, 152 (1927). Egerton and Gates, Ibid., 116A, 616 (1927). Gomberg, J. I N D END.CHEY.,6, 339 (1914). Holm, Z . angew. Chem., 2S, 273 (1913). Hunn and Rrown. IND. ENG.CHEM., 20, 1032 (1928). Laffitte and Dumanois. Compc. rend., 186, 146 (1028). Lind and Bardwell, I N D . ENG.CHEY, 19, '231 (1927). Masson and Hamilton. Ibid.. 19, 1335 (1927); 21, 544 (I92a). Maxwell, J . Invl. Petroleum Terh.. 13, 23R (1927). Maxwell and Wheeler. / b i d . . 14, 175 (1928). . (1922). Midalry and Boyd, J. IND.E N G .C H E V .14,894 Moore, J . Sor. Chem. I n d . . S6, 109 (1917). Moureu and Dulraisse, / b i d . , 47, 852 (1928). Moiireu, Dulraisse, and Chaux, A n n . o s c e not. comb lipuides, S, 283 (1927). Nagai. Proc. I m p . Acad. ( J a p a n ) , 3, 664 (1927). Nagai. Ibid.. 4, .525 (1928). Olin und Jehens. IND. ENG CHEY.,21, 43 (1929). Olin. Read. and Goos,Ibid.. 18, 1316 (1926). Podbielniak. Oil Gas J . , 27, No 35, 38 (Jan. 17, 1929); Rejmer Natural Gasoline Mfgr.. 8 , 55 (1929). R i c x d o . Institute of Automobile Engineers, Rept. Motor Fuels Committee, Vol. XVIII, Pt. 1, p. 327. Running, Lefax, Oct., 1920, p. 1: Mich. Tech., 32, 41 (1919). Sima and Mardles, Engineering, 121, 774 (1926). Taylor. Naturc, 119, 74 (1927). Weerman, J . Inst. Petroleum Terh., 13, 300 (1927). Wendt and Grimm, IND. ENG.CHEM.,16, 890 (1924).
Ratfish-Liver Oil as a Source of Vitamin A' Earl R. Norris and Irvin S. Danielson 1;NIVERSITY
O F WASHINGTOX,
S A source of fat-soluble vitamins various fish-body and A fish-liver oils other than cod-liver oils have been tested and some have been placed upon the market as substitutes for cod-liver oil. One such oil sold commercially on the Pacific Coast is the liver oil of the ratfish, Chimaera colliei. T a b l e I-Experimental
Diet
Per cent
Table 11-Physical SP. CR. ( I t " C.) 0.902
a n d C h e m i c a l C o n s t a n t s of Ratfish-Liver Oil
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1 . 4 7 0 2 (20' C.) 1.4682 (25' C.)
SAPON.No. IODINENo. 138.2 95.9
ACIDNo. 0.231
The vitamin A content of a commercial sample of ratfish-liver oil was determined according to the method of Sherman and Munsell (I). Young albino rats from 28 to 29 days of age were used, from stock animals fed a diet of onethird dried whole milk and two-thirds ground whole wheat, and sodium chloride equivalent to 2 per cent of the weight of wheat; the diet was supplemented with fresh lettuce. At weaning the rats were placed on a vitamin-free diet, shown in Table I, until the store of vitamin A in the body had been depleted as shown by cessation of growth; after 1
Received June 11, 1929.
SEATTLE, WASH
which the oil to be tested was fed. The oil to be tested was diluted with peanut oil for more accurate measurement, the weight of oil fed being calculated from counted drops from calibrated stalagmometers. Graded amounts of oil were fed the rats three times a week. Additional antirachitic factor was supplied by irradiation three times a week for 5 minutes a t a distance of about 30 inches (76 cm.), with a quartz mercury vapor (Alpine Sun) lamp. After considerable preliminary work to determine the approximate amount of oil required daily for a total gain in weight of 25 grams in 8 weeks (one U. S. P. unit), the results given in Table I11 were obtained from which the animal unit for the sample of ratfish-liver oil tested is calculated to be about 0.03 gram. E x p e r i m e n t s U s i n g Ratfish-Liver Oil as S o l e S o u r c e of V i t a m i n A TOTAL GAIN T O T A L FOOD WT. AT 8-WEEK EATEN 23-29 EXPTL. EXPTL. RATNo. DAYS PERIOD PERIOD Grams Grnms Grams 43 Died in fifth week 135 2-2R-R1R 420 2-2R-R1T 42 19 2-2R-L1R 41 Av. 11 15 405
T a b l e 111-Feeding WT.
OF OIL PER R A r
DAY Grams Control 0.018
PER
0.055
2-2R-R1LR 2-2R-000
44 55
Av.
54 60 57
Literature Cited (1) Sherman and Munsell, J . A m . Chem. Soc.. 47, 1639 (1025).
495
510
