The Chemistry of Acid Rain - American Chemical Society

Chapter 23

Deposition of Chemical Components in Japan 1,3

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1

2

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Y. Dokiya , M. Aoyama , Y. Katsuragi , E. Yoshimura , and S. Toda Downloaded by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA on May 28, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: September 3, 1987 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1987-0349.ch023

1

Geochemical Division, Meteorological Research Institute Nagamine 1, Yatabe, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Tokyo Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113, Japan 2

In order to determine the chemical characteristics of Japanese rain, the major chemical components were determined at eleven stations throughout Japan for two years. The principal com ponent analysis showed that nitrate and calcium can be used to characterize the local factors. The deposition of sulfate is discussed in relation to i t s origin. Some typical differences were observed between the stations on the Pacific side and the Japan Sea side of Honshu Is.

Increasing a c i d i t y of r a i n and snow is one of the most important worldwide a i r chemistry problems. In Japan, fortunately, the main industrial areas are located at the down wind side of Honshu Island. In a d d i t i o n , the buffering capacity of the s o i l near these i n d u s t r i a l areas i s f a i r l y high owing to the high content of organic matter, even though the chemistry of the s o i l i t s e l f is rather a c i d i c because of i t s volcanic o r i g i n . Thus, the characteri s t i c symptoms caused by acid rain have not been widely reported yet, except for some d i r e c t damage to cedar trees (1) or acute medical symptoms on men by photo oxidants in early summer ( 2 ) . A knowledge of the chemical components in the deposition throughout Japan is needed in order to evaluate the effect of increasing r a i n a c i d i t y . Intensive studies have been done on the chemical components in p r e c i p i t a t i o n or deposition, e s p e c i a l l y at the i n d u s t r i a l i z e d area of the P a c i f i c side. However, systematic data are lacking for the less i n d u s t r i a l i z e d area on the Japan Sea side. In t h i s study, the authors u t i l i z e d aliquots of samples that were obtained at eleven stations throughout Japan for the purpose of determination of radioactive f a l l o u t . The chemical components of monthly deposition samples were obtained during 1984-1985, in order to characterize the rain and snow in Japan. ^Current address: Meteorological College, Asahicho, Kashiwa, 277, Japan

0097-6156/87/0349-0258$06.00/0 © 1987 American Chemical Society

Johnson et al.; The Chemistry of Acid Rain ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987.

23.

DOKIYA ET AL.

Deposition

of Chemical

Components

in Japan

259

Experimental C o l l e c t i o n of Samples

Downloaded by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA on May 28, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: September 3, 1987 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1987-0349.ch023

Monthly t o t a l deposition samples were collected in s t a i n l e s s steel samplers (0.5 nr) in the observation f i e l d s covered with lawn at twelve stations in Japan, the locations of which are summarized in Table 1 and F i g . 1 together with b r i e f descriptions of t h e i r environmental conditions. A known amount of d i s t i l l e d water was added to each sampler in the period when no rain was observed. At the end of each month, the sample solution was transferred into f l e x i b l e polyethylene bottles and sent to the Meteorological Research Institute at Tsukuba Science City for analyses of the chemical components. A comparison of stainless steel samplers and p l a s t i c samples was previously done in the observation f i e l d of Tsukuba for several weeks. No s i g n i f i c a n t differences were seen for the components determined in t h i s report. Determination of Chemical Components A 250 mL sample of each solution from the polyethylene bottle was f i l t e r e d through a M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r (0.45 urn pore s i z e ) . The concentrations of chloride, nitrate and sulfate ions in the f i l t r a t e were determined by ion chromatography using a YEW IC 100 of Yokogawa Hokushin E l e c t r i c Co. Ltd. The concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined by flame emission spectrometry and concentrations of calcium and magnesium by atomic absorption spectrometry using a Hitachi 170-50 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. An aliquot of each f i l t r a t e was used for the determination of Sr by ICP emission spectrometry after adding n i t r i c acid (0.1 N), detailed analytical conditions of which are reported elsewhere (3). Results and Discussion 1.

Monthly deposition of soluble chemical components and the p r e c i p i t a t i o n at eleven stations in Japan in 1984

Table 2 shows the amount of p r e c i p i t a t i o n and the soluble chemical components for the eleven stations in 1984 and 1985. The results of sulfate for each month are summarized in F i g . 1. In the f i g u r e , the stations are l i s t e d in the following order; the f i r s t three stations in Hokkaido I s . , together with Ishigaki at the right side, the station in Ryukyu I s . , next four stations on the P a c i f i c side of Honshu Is. and l a s t four stations on the Japan Sea side of Honshu Is. and Kyushu Is. As seen from F i g . 2a, the amount of p r e c i p i t a t i o n was higher on the Japan Sea side of Honshu Is. e s p e c i a l l y during the winter when heavy snow i s usually recorded at these sampling s t a t i o n s , compared with the stations in the Hokkaido Is. and on the P a c i f i c side of Honshu Is. Ishigaki showed very high amounts of p r e c i p i t a t i o n especially during spring and summer, presumably owing to typhoons.


260

THE CHEMISTRY OF ACID RAIN

Table 1 The location of sampling stations


sampling station

location

Description

1 Wakkanai 2 Sapporo 3 Akita

Ν 45 25 43 03 39 43

Ε 141 41 141 20 140 54

4 Sendai 5 Wajima 6 Tsukuba

38 16 37 23 36 03

140 54 136 54 139 30

7 Tokyo

35 41

139 36

8 Yonago

35 26

133 21

9 Osaka

34 41

135 31

10 Fukuoka 11 Ishigaki

33 35 24 20

130 23 124 10

near the ses shore, weak t r a f i c . in a big city, moderate trafic. area of government offices, moderate trafic. near a main road, heavy trafic. near the sea shore, weak trafic. area of research institutes, moderate trafic. in a big city, near a highway, heavy trafic. near the sea shore, moderate trafic. in a big city, near a highway, heavy trafic. near a park, moderate trafic. on the coral leaf, weak trafic.

Table 2 Annual deposition of chemical components at 11 stations in Japan station

amount of ppt. mm

Na

Κ

Ca

Mg

CI

Sr

N0

3

so

4

mg/nr

1984 Wakkanai Sapporo Akita Sendai Wajima Tsukuba Tokyo Yonago Osaka Fukuoka Ishigaki

890.5 8700 640 725.0 2200 240 1448.5 7600 700 832.5 1050 220 2035.5 10600 560 825.5 720 150 868.0 4600 730 1464.5 4900 370 1059.5 860 320 1169.0 2000 190 2232.5 26500 1000

2800 1300 12 4100 300 9 8 1800 850 4 2700 150 1700 1100 11 4 140 660 9000 1120 30 8 2300 610 2500 190 8 5 1600 230 3100 670 21

1985 Wakkanai Sapporo Akita Sendai Wajima Tsukuba Tokyo Yonago Osaka Fukuoka Ishigaki

1113.5 7200 330 1045.5 1700 120 1818.5 6900 450 1180.0 900 170 2643.5 7800 340 1374.2 700 110 1516.5 1960 270 1882.5 3360 170 1255.0 500 200 2024.5 1600 180 2953.5 25500 1500

6900 4300 3200 3800 4200 790 6000 2400 3300 1700 7200

1300 420 1200 280 1650 180 1000 900 250 430 4330

16 8 11 5 13 3 18 10 8 6 46

18200 4300 14200 2200 20500 2200 8400 10300 2600 3000 30000

6400 480 7900 550 7000 1000 4300 930 1500 8000 3100 1600 4800 20000 6700 1500 7100 1900 4900 1300 7500 420

12800 4400 15600 3600 23600 2400 5800 12500 3100 4900 57600

6700 770 5400 680 9300 1000 5300 1800 8500 1580 3000 1900 4080 15000 6700 1300 1800 7400 5600 1050 720 13900


DOKIYA ET AL.

Deposition

of Chemical

Components

in

Japan


23.


261


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23.

DOKIYA ET AL.

Deposition

of Chemical

Components

in Japan

263

It should be noted that in 1984, the amount of p r e c i p i t a t i o n was extraordinarily low (40-60% of the ordinary years) at the north east P a c i f i c side of Honshu Is. and at the south of Hokkaido I s . , partly owing to the fact that no typhoon arrived at Honshu Is. in this year.


The amount of sodium deposition observed was high at Ishigaki. The station Ishigaki is on a small island in the sea. This is probably caused by sea s a l t . At the stations on the P a c i f i c side of Honshu I s . , Sapporo and Fukuoka, the amount of sodium deposition was low throughout the year. On the other hand, i t was high during winter time at the stations on the Japan Sea side of Honshu Is. and at Wakkanai, where heavy snows occur in the winter. It i s known that the cold c o n t i nental Westerly in winter time picks up high amounts of moisture, passing over the Japan Sea and t h i s causes the heavy snow at these stations. From these data, the sodium in the deposition could be considered to be mainly from sea s a l t throughout Japan. The deposition amounts f o r magnesium and chloride were s i m i l a r to those of sodium with some small deviations, which suggest that these elements also come from sea s a l t . The deposition amount of potassium was high at Tokyo and Ishigaki. The seasonal difference was not as clear for other metallic elements. Calcium depositions and strontium (shown in F i g . 3a) were similar at Sapporo, Tokyo and Fukuoka. At the stations on the Japan Sea s i d e , the contribution of sea s a l t strontium was also found in winter (4). The deposition amount of n i t r a t e ion i s shown in F i g . 4a. The amount was high at Tokyo and Osaka, which are the highly populated and i n d u s t r i a l i z e d areas with heavy t r a f f i c . The values of n i t r a t e in the summer season, however, should be treated with much care, because some microbiological change of n i t r a t e to ammonium ions may have occurred during the sampling period of one month (5). It is of interest to mention, however, that the annual deposition amounts of n i t r a t e at the stations on the Japan Sea side were f a i r l y constant around the value of 1.3 g/nry which i s comparable to the amount reported by EML for the polluted area of the east coast of the United States (6). The deposition of s u l f a t e , shown in F i g . 5a, was high in Tokyo. The amount which is thought to come from sea s a l t i s calculated as follows: S0 4

2

(sea s a l t ) = M g

2+

χ S0

4

2 _

(sea s a l t ) / M g

2+

(sea s a l t )

S 0 " (excess) = S 0 " (total) - S 0 ~ (sea s a l t ) 4

2

4

2

4

2


Johnson et al.; The Chemistry of Acid Rain ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1987. a)

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The Chemistry of Acid Rain - American Chemical Society

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