University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 178190

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOMONITORING

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280 Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 195,206 Secretaria Regional Ministerial de Salud Octava Region, 151 Technical University of Dresden, 18 Tokyo National College of Technology, 65 Universidad de Concepción, 151 University of California—Los Angeles, 77,105

University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 178,190 University of Ottawa School of Medicine, 96 University of Saskatchewan, 30 University of South Australia, 30 University ofTromso, 135 University of Victoria, 254 University of Western Ontario, 30

Subject Index A N-Acetyltransferase, genetic susceptibility to cancer, 216i,217 Adduct formation biomarker of exposure, 197-199 environmental carcinogens with DNA and proteins, 207-209 Alces alces L., use as monitor of

environmental changes, 57-62 Aldehyde concentration, saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine using bioluminescent bacteria, 77-82 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, effect on toluene metabolism, genetic polymorphism, 190-194 Aliphatic compounds, environmental pollution, 4 Aluminum baseline levels in marine mammals, 265/,268 environmental pollution, 2-3 gastrointestinal absorption, 185 Alzeheimer's disease, gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum, 185 Ames test, description, 78 Antimony, baseline levels in marine mammals, 265/,268 Arctic areas of Russia and Norway, element concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, description, 135 Aromatic amine compounds, pollution, 4 Arsenic baseline levels in marine mammals, 265-268 biomonitoring, 12 body burden concentrations in humans following low environmental exposure, 105-113 environmental pollution, 2-3 use of placenta as biomarker for environmental exposure assessment, 115-131 AS52 cells, nickel-induced mutations, 186-187 Australia, silver content of Pyura stolonifera as indicator of sewage pollution, 49-55 Β Bacteria, studies on saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine, 77-82 Banking human tissues, 254-260 See also Environmental specimen banking Bear Lake, fish contamination, 83-84 Bioanalytical approaches to chemicals in environment, 4-7 Bioassay, 23

Subramanian and Iyengar; Environmental Biomonitoring ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.

INDEX

281

Bioconcentration, definition, 20 Bioenvironmental surveillance, 7-8 Bioindication, instruments, 23 Biological environmental specimen banks establishment, 271 See Chinese Biological Environmental Specimen Bank Biological markers, definition, 8 Bioluminescent bacteria, studies on saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine, 77-82 Biomagnification, definition, 20 Biomarker(s) adduct formation, 197-199 carcinogens measured, 196-197 cytogenetic aberrations, 200 description, 23,195-196 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase mutations, 200 importance, 196,203 inherited and acquired susceptibility to toxic substances, 184-188 oncogene expression determination, 200-201 silver content of Pyura Stolonifera as indicator of sewage pollution, 49-55 tumor markers, 201-203 use of placenta, 115-131 Biomonitor(s) advantages, 254 definitions, 19-20 in International Atomic Energy Agency programs on health-related environmental studies methylmercury and human hair, 43-46 quality assurance for biomonitoring programs, 47 trace elements in air particulate matter and lichen, 46-47 integrative function, 25 quality assurance, 47 use of human specimens, 10-12 Biosensors, 23 Biotest, description, 23 Bivalves, use of manganese concentration as biomonitor of water pollution, 65-75

Blood element concentrations from mothers and newborns, 135-148 mercury and methylmercury levels of pregnant women, 151-173 Body burden concentrations in humans following low environmental exposure to trace elements arsenic body burden vs. low water arsenic, 108-113 arsenic example, 106 experimental description, 106-107 selenium body burden vs. low water selenium, 107-109,111-112 selenium example, 105-106 C Cadmium baseline levels in marine mammals, 265-268 biomonitoring, 12 concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148 environmental pollution, 2-3 use of placenta as biomarker for environmental exposure assessment, 115-131 Canada environmental specimen banking, 228-229 ethical and legal aspects of human tissue banking, 255-259 Cancer, role of environmental chemical agents, 206 Cancer risk assessment biomarker use in areas of high potential carcinogenic hazard, 195-203 use of molecular epidemiology, 206-217 Carboxylic acids, saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine using bioluminescent bacteria, 77-82 Carcinoembrional antigen, biomarker for cancer risk assessment, 201-203



282 Cesium-137, concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148 Chemical carcinogens, role in cancer, 206 Chemical contaminants in St. Lawrence River, See Environmental chemical contaminants in St. Lawrence River Chemical waste dumping sites, biomarkers for cancer risk assessment, 195-203 Chewing tobacco, saliva-leached components, 77-82 Chile, mercury and methylmercury levels in scalp hair and blood of pregnant women, 151-173 Chinese Biological Environmental Specimen Bank activities, 273-276 guideline, 272 laboratory facilities, 272 selection, 272-273 Chromium concentration, moose as monitor of environmental changes, 61-62 Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, description, 156-157 Communal dumping sites, biomarkers for cancer risk assessment, 195-203 Cooking stove, role in personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide, 180,181/ Copper baseline levels in marine mammals, 265-268 environmental pollution, 2-3 moose as monitor of environmental changes, 61-62 use of Pyura Stolonifera as biomonitor

of sewage pollution, 52,54f Corbicula Japonica, See Bivalves

Cunjevoi, 49 Cytogenetic aberrations, biomarker of exposure, 200,206-217 D DDT, biomonitoring, 11 Dendrochemistry, function, 30 DNA, changes induced by chemical carcinogens, 206-207

Dumping sites, biomarkers for cancer risk assessment, 195-203

Element concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns cadmium, 140-143,145 cesium-137, 141i,143,147-148 experimental description, 138-140 geographic sites, 137 lead, 140,141i,142/,145 mercury, 140-141,143,145-146 nickel, 141,143-144,146-147 in marine mammals through banked liver tissue analysis, 261-269 Environmental analytical chemistry, role of environmental specimen banking in quality management, 251-252 Environmental chemical carcinogens, identification of genetically related susceptibility to cancer, 215-217 Environmental chemical contaminants in St. Lawrence River environmental factors drinking water, 100 fish consumption, 101 epidemiologic strategies, 102 experimental description, 97 health effect, 97-98 history of contaminants, 97 host factors, 101-102 role as agent, 98-100 Environmental exposure assessment, use of placenta as biomarker, 115-131 Environmental specimen banking advantages, 248,261,263 analytical aspects, 234-242 applications, 12-13 development, 220-221 establishment of banks access to banked specimens, 226 biostatistical considerations, 224 infrastructure, 222 medical, legal and ethical issues, 225-226


INDEX

283

Environmental specimen banking— Continued

establishment of banks—Continued multidisciplinary needs, 223 scope and size, 222-223 existing specimen banks Canada, 228-229 China, 271-276 Germany, 229-231 Japan, 231 Sweden, 231 United Kingdom, 232 United States of America, 232-234 feasibility, 248 funding and management, 24 guidelines and protocols to assure quality, 250-251 history, 220-221 objectives, 221,248 role in quality management in environmental analytical chemistry, 251-252 technical concepts for improved quality National Institute of Standards and Technology Specimen Bank, 248-249 sample collection, transport, and storage, 249 sample preparation and analysis, 249-250 Epidemiologic strategies, environmental chemical contaminants in St. Lawrence River, 102 Epidemiology in cancerriskassessment, See Molecular epidemiology in cancer risk assessment Ethical and legal aspects of human tissue banking advantages, 255 Canadian model, 256-259 conventions under auspices of United Nations, 259 current rules and regulations, 255-256 international treaties that incorporate ethically based concerns, 259-260 professional codes of ethics, 259 use for planning national health care agendas, 255

Exposure assessment chemicals in environment, 8-9 methods employed in molecular epidemiology, 207 See also Personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide F Fishing villages, mercury and methylmercury levels in scalp hair and blood of pregnant women, 151-173 Fluids, ethical and legal aspects of banking, 254-260 Fluorescence methods, use for cancer risk assessment, 210

G Gastrointestinal absorption, aluminum, 185 GC with electron-capture detector to analyze Hg and CH Hg in hair, 157-158 Gene structure and expression, changes, 213-214 Genetic monitoring, function, 184 Genetic polymorphism of low K aldehyde dehydrogenase, effect on toluene metabolism, 190-193 Genetically related susceptibility, identification, 215-217 Genotoxicity test, requirements, 78 Geochemistry, role in levels of chemicals in environment, 4 S-Glutathione transferase, genetic susceptibility to cancer, 216i,217 3

m

H Hair, use for methylmercury monitoring, 43-46 Halogenated aromatic compounds, environmental pollution, 4 Halogenated hydrocarbons, occurrence in food chain, 2


284


Health-related environmental studies, biomonitors, 42—47 Heaters, emissions, 178-179 Heating time, role in personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide, 180,181/ Heavy metal monitoring definitions, 19-22 development, 19 instruments of bioindication, 23 limitations, 25-28 occurrence in food chain, 2 possibilities, 24-25

Inherited susceptibility to toxic substances, biomarkers, 184-188 Inorganic constituents determination, 239-240 use for pollutant biomonitoring, 12 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of total Hg in scalp hair, 157 International Atomic Energy Agency, biomonitors in health-related environmental studies, 42-47

Pyura Stolonifera as biomonitor

of sewage pollution, 52,54i quality assurance, 24 Host factors, environmental chemical contaminants in St. Lawrence River, 101-102 Human(s), body burden concentrations following low environmental exposure to trace elements, 105-113 Human specimens for pollutant biomonitoring, 10-12 Human tissue banking, ethical and legal aspects, 254-260 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine, use for cancer risk assessment, 211 Hydroxy proline level, role in personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide, 180,182 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase mutations, biomarker of exposure, 200

Immunoassay methods, use for cancer risk assessment, 210 Imposex phenomenon, description, 28 Indoor heater, source of nitrogen dioxide exposure, 178-179 Indoor nitrogen dioxide, personal exposure, 178-182 Inductively coupled plasma MS applications, 30-31 trace metal distribution analysis of annual growth rings of trees, 30-40

Japanese ambient air quality standard, comparison to measured nitrogen dioxide levels, 179-180 Japanese brackish lakes, monitoring of water pollution using manganese concentration in bivalves, 65-75 Κ Ketones, saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine using bioluminescent bacteria, 77-82 L Lead baseline levels in marine mammals, 265/268 biomonitoring, 12 concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148 environmental pollution, 2-3 role of high altitude in environmental levels, 4 use of placenta as biomarker for environmental exposure assessment, 115-131 Legal aspects of human tissue banking, See Ethical and legal aspects of human tissue banking Lichens, monitoring of trace elements in air particulate matter, Α6-Λ1


INDEX

285

Metalloorganic compounds, environmental pollution, 4 Metallothionein, induction in peripheralblood mononuclear leukocytes of nonsmokers and smokers, 185-186 M Methylmercury biomonitoring, 12 Manganese, use of placenta as biomarker levels in scalp hair and blood of for environmental exposure assessment, pregnant women, See Mercury 115-131 levels in scalp hair and blood Manganese concentration in bivalves as of pregnant women biomonitor of water pollution monitoring using hair analysis, 43-^16 experimental description, 66-68 toxicity, 43 trace element concentrations, 68-75 Microtox test, saliva-leached components Marine mammals, baseline levels of chewing tobacco and simulated urine using bioluminescent bacteria, 77-82 of elements through banked liver tissue Molecular epidemiology in cancer risk analysis, 261-269 assessment Mercury adducts formed by environmental baseline levels in marine mammals, carcinogens with DNA and proteins, 265-268 207-209 concentrations in blood, urine, and advances in DNA methods, 210-211 placenta from mothers and newborns, changes in gene structure and 135-148 expression, 213-214 concern of environmental exposure, cytogenetic changes, 215 151-152 identification of genetically related environmental pollution, 2-3 susceptibility to cancer, 215-217 levels in scalp hair and blood of pregnant use of proteins, 211-213 women Molybdenum concentration, moose as experimental description, 154-163 monitor of environmental changes, total mercury levels 61-62 age, 166-168 Moose as monitor of environmental fish and seafood consumption, 165-166,167* changes cadmium burden vs. fish meals per week, 164-165,166i acidification, 59-60,62/ fishing village, 164,165* chromium concentration, 61-62 high risk group, 168-173 copper concentration, 61-62 location, 161,164,165* experimental description, 58-59 residence period, 166-168 molybdenum concentration, 61-62 use of placenta as biomarker for Mutagenesis, saliva-leached components environmental exposure assessment, of chewing tobacco and simulated 115-131 urine using bioluminescent bacteria, Metal(s) 77-82 availability to plants and animals, Mutatox test, saliva-leached components role ofpH, 58-59 of chewing tobacco and simulated human toxicity, 115 urine using bioluminescent bacteria, physiological regulation mechanisms, 27 77-82 Liver tissues, baseline levels of elements in marine mammals, 261-269 Long-term monitoring of pollutants, 9-10


286


Ν National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank, types of environmental specimens, 261,262* Nickel baseline levels in marine mammals, 265/268 concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148 Nickel-induced mutations, AS52 cells, 186-187 Nitrogen dioxide, personal exposure, 178-182 North Sea Task Force Monitoring Master Plans, description, 24 Norway, element concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148 Norwegian-Russian border regions, industrial pollution studies, 135 Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section of International Atomic Energy Agency, biomonitor studies, Ο

Organic constituents determination, 237-239 occurrence in environment, 4 use for pollutant biomonitoring, 10-12 Organohalogens, use for pollutant biomonitoring, 11-12 N-Oxidation, genetic susceptibility to cancer, 216*,217 Ρ Phosphorus-32 postlabeling test methods, use for cancer risk assessment, 210 Peripheral-blood mononuclear leukocytes of nonsmokers and smokers, metallothionein induction, 185-186

Personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide comparison to Japanese Ambient Air Quality Standard, 179-180 cooking stove, 180,181/ experimental procedure, 179 heating time, 180,181/ smoking, 179 subjects, 179 urinary hydroxyproline level, 180,182 pH effect in metal availability to plants and animals, 58-59 in moose as monitor of environmental changes, 57-62 Photobacterium phosphoreum, use for

studies on saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine, 77-82 Placenta diameter and weight vs. developmental stages, 116,117* element concentrations from mothers and newborns, 135-148 minor and trace elements, 118*-120* physicochemical characteristics, 116,117* placental transfer of toxic metals, 123-125 role in assessment of fetal effects of toxic metals, 115 sampling and sample preparation, 119,121-122 transportation of substances from maternal blood, 116,119 use as biomarker of pollutants, 125-131 variations in placental composition, 122 Plants, heavy metal monitoring, 19-28 Pollutant(s) long-term monitoring, 9-10 monitoring program requirements, 2 monitoring using placenta as biomarker, 115-131 real-time monitoring, 9-10 use of human specimens for monitoring, 10-12


INDEX

287

Polychlorinated biphenyl congener distribution in Bear Lake sediment concentration vs. depth, 88,90-9It vs. site, 88,92-93 concentration ratio vs. depth, 88,89/92 experimental description, 84-87 GC of sediment extract, 88,89/ total volatile solids, 88 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, occurrence in food chain, 2 Polymorphism, genetic, See Genetic polymorphism Proteins, use in cancer risk assessment, 211-213 Proton-induced X-ray emission, application, 30 Pseudohermaphroditism phenomenon, 28

S

Pyura stolonifera concentration of

Sea squirt, See Pyura stolonifera

heavy metals from seawater, 49

Q Quality assurance biomonitoring programs, 47 of heavy metal monitoring by plants and animals, 24 Quality management in environmental analytical chemistry, role of environmental specimen banking, 251-252

R Reaction indicator, definition, 20,22/ Real-time monitoring of pollutants, 9-10 Renal disease, gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum, 185 Rubidium, baseline levels in marine mammals, 265/268 Russia, element concentrations in blood, urine, and placenta from mothers and newborns, 135-148

Saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine using bioluminescent bacteria acute toxicity experiments, 78-81 genotoxicity of nicotine and cotinine, 81-82 ketone concentration, 79-80 saliva testing, 81 test media, 78-79 Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay, description, 78 Scalp hair of pregnant women, mercury and methylmercury levels, 151-173 Scanning electron microscopy, trace metal distribution analysis of annual growth rings of trees, 30-40 Secondary ion MS to analyze trace metal distribution of annual growth rings of trees experimental description, 31-33 scanning electron microscopy copper-zinc rich feature, 34,38/ sodium-potassium rich feature, 34,38/ secondary ion MS analysis of paired samples subjected to inductively coupled plasma MS analysis, 39-40 depth profiles, 34,36* ion counts for early vs. late wood, 34,39* ion images for 125 μηι, 34,37/ typical spectrum, 33,35/ Selenium baseline levels in marine mammals, 265-268 body burden concentrations in humans following low environmental exposure, 105-113 environmental pollution, 2-3 role of high altitude in environmental levels, 4 use of placenta as biomarker for environmental exposure assessment, 115-131



288 Sewage pollution, use of Pyura stolonifera as biomonitor, 49-55 Silicon, environmental pollution, 2-3 Silver content of Pyura stolonifera as indicator of sewage pollution copper concentrations, 52,54* experimental procedure, 50,51/52* heavy metal concentrations, 52,54* reasons for use of Pyura, 50 silver concentrations, 50,52,53/ silver-uranium ratio vs. size of animals, 54-55 Smoking effect in metallothionein induction in peripheral-blood mononuclear leukocytes, 185-186 in personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide, 179 Specimen banking, See Environmental specimen banking St. Lawrence River, environmental chemical contaminants, 96-102 Subacute toxicity, definition, 78 Subchronic toxicity, definition, 78 Sydney, Australia, silver content of Pyura stolonifera as indicator of sewage pollution, 49-55

Trace elements body burden concentrations in humans following low environmental exposure, 105-113 occurrence in food chain, 2 role of surroundings on content, 65 Trace metal distribution analysis of annual growth rings of trees, secondary ion MS, 30^0 Tracers, function, 77-78 Tree(s), secondary ion MS for trace metal distribution analysis of annual growth rings, 30-40

Τ

Vanadium baseline levels in marine mammals, 265-268 environmental pollution, 2-3

Tissue(s), ethical and legal aspects of banking, 254-260 Tissue polypeptide antigen, biomarker for cancer risk assessment, 201-203 Titanium, environmental pollution, 2-3 Tobacco, saliva-leached components, 77-82 Toluene biotransformation to hippuric acid via low K aldehyde dehydrogenase, 190-194 exposure, 190 Total mercury levels, scalp hair and blood of pregnant women, 151-173 Toxic substances, inherited and acquired susceptibility biomarkers, 184-188 Toxicity to humans, types and tests to determine, 78 m

U Urinary hippuric acid, estimation of toluene exposure, 190 Urinary hydroxy proline level, role in personal exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide, 180,182 Urine components, 77-82 element concentrations from mothers and newborns, 135-148 V

Vibrio fischeri, use for studies on

saliva-leached components of chewing tobacco and simulated urine, 77-82

W Water pollution, manganese concentration in bivalves as biomonitor, 65-75

Y Yamatoshijimi, See Bivalves


University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 178190

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