MILESTONES IN CHEMISTRY published by Miles Chemical Company, Elkhart, Ind·
Dextrose Equivalence of 97 in starch conversions About 1812, G. S. Kirchhoff dis covered that by t r e a t i n g starch pastes with sulfuric acid, starch was hydrolyzed to a sweetish syrup. This was the beginning of the corn syrup industry as we know it today. It is essentially the same procedure cur rently used by many companies. This method . * . the acid conver sion of starch to glucose . . . has two important limitations: 1. The Dextrose Equivalent which can be obtained is substantially less than theoretical. Dextrose Equival ent is a measure of the amount of conversion that has taken place, the reducing sugars by analysis being calculated as dextrose. Thus a "D.E." of 100 indicates complete conversion. With acid the maximum "D.E."is about 90 because of secondary re actions such as formation of nondextrose reversion sugars. 2. For the acid hydrolysis method of conversion a sizable investment is required in production facilities. It is necessary to use corrosion-resist ant materials and pressure reactors, since the actual conversion is carried out under pressure at elevated tem peratures. Since relatively low starch concentrations must be used to ob tain maximum dextrose yields, and many impurities are produced by secondary reactions, more evapora tion capacity and extensive purifica tion equipment are required. It has long been known that starch can be converted to glucose by the use of enzymes. The avail ability of enzyme products which can specifically and completely con vert starch to glucose has come only within the last ten years. The obvious advantages of using an en zyme rather than an acid are that a wide range of construction mater ials is possible, higher starch con centrations can be employed, and al most no impurities are formed by secondary reactions. Production fa cilities are much less complex and expensive than ivhen acid is used.
In addition, enzymes produce a D.E. much higher than acid does. Takamine enzyme specialists of the Miles Chemical Company have made a significant breakthrough in developing an enzyme of exceptional ly high potency. This new enzyme, which we call DIAZYME® (our trademark for amyloglucosidase) will produce starch conversions in the range of 97% dextrose. Obvious ly this high-potency enzyme can mean much in terms of lower manu facturing costs for any manufac turer of corn syrups and sugars. We have a few copies of DI AZYME® Assay Procedure here in Elkhart and we'll be pleased to send you this and other reference ma terial. Just write us . . . or talk with your Miles Representative.
Citric Acid: The cheaper chelating agent industry should use. Citric Acid is well accepted and widely used in the food and bever age industries as a flavor-enhancer and pH adjuster. Its usefulness in general indus trial applications is, however, often overlooked. Many people need it who are not using it. For example : It is ideally suited for use in the control of "tramp ions." Metal con tamination is a problem wherever we find water. Citric Acid is used in many aqueous systems to prevent scale build-up and plugging. We find references to use of Citric Acid buried away in numerous scientific articles. Citric Acid . . . by tying up metallic ions . . . will increase the effectiveness of quater naries, slimicides and antioxidants. If you want something to be real ly clean, include Citric Acid in your formulation . . . whether your clean ing an atomic reactor, an autoclave or even the little woman's hair. There's no chloride-stress crack ing either with stainless steel when you use Citric Acid. We are often asked for a quota
tion on technical Citric Acid. We make only one grade. The best. Since all of Miles Citric Acid meets USP specifications, we label it that way. Don't let that USP designation fool you into thinking Miles Citric Acid is too expensive for your use. It costs a good deal less than many more widely used chelating agents. We'd like to show you how Citric Acid can help you in your industrial application. Tell us what you want to do and we'll get right back at you with a "how-to-do-it" answer.
Amines: W e can ship from inventory or build you one special. Because amines are used by such a wide variety of industries, it is next to impossible for us to make specific recommendations for appli cations in "MILESTONES." We do want you to know, though, that we have been working with amines for many years and that our Sumner chemical plant has exten sive custom manufacturing facili ties where we can take care of your special needs quickly. We also have a large inventory of our "standards." R
i
Ν
yR* Γ^ ^R3
R 1 = = benzyl R2 and R3 = Hydrogen, alkyl, or alkanol groups.
If we run down the list of products which we are currently producing, we find one of our favorite R groups is a benzyl group. We have many items of the above structure in com mercial quantities. Where we do not have material in inventory to fit your needs, we can manufacture it on short notice since we are quite adept at this type of technology. Here is a list of the amines in inventory: Benzylamine N-Benzylmethylamine N-Benzyldimethylamine N, N-Dibenzylmethylamine N, N-Dibenzylamine
N-Benzyl Ethanolamine N-Benzy!-N-Methyl Ethanolamine N-Benzyl Diethanolamine N-Benzyl-lsopropylamine
Let us talk with you about your special needs.
Miles Chemical Company Division of Miles L a b o r a t o r i e s , Inc. Elkhart, Indiana Plione C O n g r e s s 4-3111 C&EN
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