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Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at the Centennial of Universität Hamburg ollowing the example of Peking University,1 this is the second virtual issue in which a collection of recent articles published in ACS Nano is presented to give an overview of work done at one university/research institution, here Universität Hamburg.2 Stay tuned as we take you around the world of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Universität Hamburg is one of the largest research-oriented universities in Germany with well above 40,000 students. This virtual issue coincides with the 100th anniversary of Universität Hamburg and its recent success in the Excellence Strategy of the Federal and State Governments. Thus, we want to take this occasion for a brief discussion of the development of “nano” at our university, which we hope is interesting to other institutions working in similar fields. The Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences (MIN) comprises the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Informatics, Mathematics, and Physics. Approximately 8,500 students, of which 1,800 are doctoral students and 1,800 are trainee teachers, are taught and mentored by some 200 professors and 370 postdoctoral research assistants. “Nano” research is located at the MIN faculty. Although nano-related research at Universität Hamburg has not reached its 100th anniversary yet, nanoscience and nanotechnology have long histories at our University. The focus research areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology were established in the early 1990s and have continuously developed since then, with strong involvement from the Departments of Physics and Chemistry. As often happens when a new fieldof researchis born, ideas and programs originated from the bottom up, starting with pioneering research. Nanoscience and nanotechnology arguably are based on two fundamental areas, the creation of materials at the nanoscale and the development of tools operating at the nanoscale. In both areas, there are outstanding traditions at Universität Hamburg. Toward the end of the 1980s, Universität Hamburg developed as a center for nanoparticle research. Pioneering contributions include single crystal structural determinations of small CdS clusters,3,4 the demonstration of electrochemical electron injection into quantum dots,5 extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of size-dependent structural properties of nanocrystals and dopant distributions,6 and basic experimental and theoretical investigations on nucleation and growth of nanocrystals.7−9 In the early 2000s, work on nanoparticles for nanomedicine began and was developed into a toolbox of biocompatible nanoconstructs with outstanding targeted properties in biological environments. Other highlights in this direction include studies of crystal growth via oriented attachment10 and the preparation of nanocomposite materials with outstanding mechanical properties. In parallel, in the Department of Physics, new techniques for manipulating and analyzing surfaces at the nanometer- and atomic scales were developed, such as spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) 11 and magnetic exchange force microscopy (MExFM),12 which have made it possible to study magnetism
ACS Nano 2019.13:1-3. Downloaded from pubs.acs.org by 5.62.159.232 on 01/22/19. For personal use only.
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© 2019 American Chemical Society
Views of the main building at Universität Hamburg. Image credit UHH-SCHELL. at the level of individual atoms,13 as well as the atomic-scale spin structure of condensed matter,14,15 leading to numerous discoveries of novel types of magnetic states and phenomena in nanostructures and at surfaces. In particular, all-spin atomic-scale devices were demonstrated by combining single-atom manipulation techniques with single-spin sensitive imaging.16 Moreover, interface-stabilized nanoscale magnetic skyrmions in metallic heterostructures were discovered.17 It was demonstrated that they can be individually written and deleted by vertical injection of spin-polarized currents or by local electric fields, thereby paving the way toward future skyrmion-based memory and logic applications.18 Time-resolved spin-sensitive imaging enabled fundamental insight into thermal- and spin-current-induced magnetization switching down to the atomic level,19 which has helped in the development of novel types of magnetic data storage media. Finally, the application of SP-STM to surface-adsorbed molecules has led to spin-resolved images of individual molecular Published: January 22, 2019 1
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00223 ACS Nano 2019, 13, 1−3
Editorial
Cite This: ACS Nano 2019, 13, 1−3
ACS Nano
Editorial
nanotechnology education.22,23 A general problem, or rather, a special opportunity, lies in the fact that nanoscience and nanotechnology are inherently multidisciplinary, based on the foundations of physics and chemistry, but also involving biology, medicine, pharmacy, engineering, etc. How should a future researcher working in nanoscience and nanotechnology be trained? What kinds of skills should she/he have? Looking at the programs of different universities around the world in the past decade, a large number of different interdisciplinary bachelor and master programs related to nanoscience and nanotechnology have been established, sometimes with “exotic” names. A general problem is that, so far, there is no universally acknowledged definition about what curricula such programs should include, which makes it difficult to know the expertises of candidates holding such degrees when recruiting staff. Often, classes are patch-worked together from existing classes from physics, chemistry, and other programs. Universität Hamburg thus decided on an innovative approach (considering the traditional, rather conservative, German faculty system): the establishment of entire bachelor and master programs in nanoscience.24,25 Even most of the standard physics and chemistry classes are held independently and solely for the nanoscience students. This approach is unique in Germany, with few universities offering nanoscience from the freshman level on. These new nanoscience degrees began nine years ago with a cohort of about 30 students (start BSc: 2009). Now, we have a large number of applicants with about 100 students being accepted each year. Approximately 300 students are currently studying in the nanoscience bachelor and master programs (BSc: 230, MSc: 69). In the meantime, the first students have graduated and have been positively received by industry and/orhave continuedtheir academiccareers in the form of PhD programs. The high application numbers indicate that the nanoscience program of Universität Hamburg is a success. Still, integration into the traditional faculty-determined teaching system is not complete. Would nanoscientists, who by definition are neither full chemists nor full physicists join graduate schools in physics or chemistry? There is much discussion to extend the bachelor and master programs to a nanoscience graduate school, but only the future will tell if and how these ideas work out. However, concerning nanoscience and nanotechnology, we feel that Universität Hamburg is well prepared for the next 100 years.
orbitals, as well as unprecedented insight into intra- and intermolecular spin-dependent coupling20 as an important step toward molecular spintronic devices.
This virtual issue coincides with the 100th anniversary of Universität Hamburg and its recent success in the Excellence Strategy of the Federal and State Governments. These examples demonstrate that work on nanoscience and nanotechnology at Universität Hamburg was driven by two disciplines, physics and chemistry. This initial work attracted more groups working in the field to Universität Hamburg and the number of nanoscience research groups has steadily increased. The leadership of Universität Hamburg named nanoscience and nanotechnology, together with photonics, as one of their strategic priorities,21 and followed with planning and developing the best supportive infrastructure to foster nanoscience and nanotechnology at the university. As a consequence, several new centers have been initiated, including the “Microstructure Advanced Research Center Hamburg”, the “German Center of Competence in Nano-Scale Analysis”, the “Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Hamburg”, and the “Center of Applied Nanotechnology”. Most recently, the Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) was established, where nanoscale research and synergies in physics, chemistry, and biology are combined. The CHyN is key to the expansion of nanoscience on the international Science Campus Bahrenfeld in Hamburg, with the number of research groups steadily increasing. The close proximity of the advanced synchrotron and X-ray sources of DESY, namely PETRA-III, FLASH, and, most recently, XFEL, enable structure analyses with unprecedented brilliance and femtosecond temporal resolution. Recently, Universität Hamburg was awarded four German Clusters of Excellence; in one of them, “Advanced Imaging of Matter”, nanoscience plays a major role. An overview of the “nano” topics carried out at Universität Hamburg can be found in the virtual issue.2
The leadership of Universität Hamburg named nanoscience and nanotechnology, together with photonics, as one of their strategic priorities, and followed with planning and developing the best supportive infrastructure to foster nanoscience and nanotechnology at the university.
Robert H. Blick
Nano-based academic research also led to several spin-off companies. Hamburg has developed into a leader in nanocrystal applications, which was initiated by establishing a Center for Applied Nanotechnology, and was recently converted in Fraunhofer CAN. Its core expertise is based on fully automated, continuous flow nanocrystal synthesis with applications in the areas of display and lighting, nanomedicine, catalysis, and cosmetics. In the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, research is one integral part and education is another. In previous editorials and articles in ACS Nano, we have discussed nanoscience and
Heinrich Graener
Alf Mews 2
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00223 ACS Nano 2019, 13, 1−3
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(10) Pacholski, C.; Kornowski, A.; Weller, H. Self-Assembly of ZnO: From Nanodots to Nanorods. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1188− 1191. (11) Wiesendanger, R. Spin Mapping at the Nanoscale and Atomic Scale. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2009, 81, 1495−1550. (12) Kaiser, U.; Schwarz, A.; Wiesendanger, R. Magnetic Exchange Force Microscopy with Atomic Resolution. Nature 2007, 446, 522−525. (13) Meier, F.; Zhou, L. H.; Wiebe, J.; Wiesendanger, R. Revealing Magnetic Interactions from Single-Atom Magnetization Curves. Science 2008, 320, 82−86. (14) Bode, M.; Heide, M.; von Bergmann, K.; Ferriani, P.; Heinze, S.; Bihlmayer, G.; Kubetzka, A.; Pietzsch, O.; Blugel, S.; Wiesendanger, R. Chiral Magnetic Order at Surfaces Driven by Inversion Asymmetry. Nature 2007, 447, 190−193. (15) Kim, H.; Palacio-Morales, A.; Posske, T.; Rozsa, L.; Palotas, K.; Szunyogh, L.; Thorwart, M.; Wiesendanger, R. Toward Tailoring Majorana Bound States in Artificially Constructed Magnetic Atom Chains on Elemental Superconductors. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, No. eaar5251. (16) Khajetoorians, A. A.; Wiebe, J.; Chilian, B.; Wiesendanger, R. Realizing All-Spin-Based Logic Operations Atom by Atom. Science 2011, 332, 1062−1064. (17) Romming, N.; Hanneken, C.; Menzel, M.; Bickel, J. E.; Wolter, B.; von Bergmann, K.; Kubetzka, A.; Wiesendanger, R. Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions. Science 2013, 341, 636−639. (18) Wiesendanger, R. Nanoscale Magnetic Skyrmions in Metallic Films and Multilayers: A New Twist for Spintronics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 16044. (19) Krause, S.; Berbil-Bautista, L.; Herzog, G.; Bode, M.; Wiesendanger, R. Current-Induced Magnetization Switching with a Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope. Science 2007, 317, 1537−1540. (20) Brede, J.; Atodiresei, N.; Caciuc, V.; Bazarnik, M.; Al-Zubi, A.; Blugel, S.; Wiesendanger, R. Long-Range Magnetic Coupling Between Nanoscale Organic-Metal Hybrids Mediated by a Nanoskyrmion Lattice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 1018−1023. (21) Universität Hamburg Core Research Area Photon and Nanosciences. https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/forschung/ forschungsprofil/forschungsschwerpunkte/photonennanowissenschaften.html (Accessed January 2, 2019). (22) Chan, W. C. W.; Parak, W. J. Some Food for Thought on Nanoeducation. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 1075−1077. (23) Jackman, J. A.; Cho, D.-J.; Lee, J.; Chen, J. M.; Besenbacher, F.; Bonnell, D. A.; Hersam, M. H.; Weiss, P. S.; Cho, N.-J. Nanotechnology Education forthe GlobalWorld: Trainingthe Leadersof Tomorrow.ACS Nano 2016, 10, 5595−5599. (24) Universität Hamburg Nanowissenschaften Bachelor of Science. https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/campuscenter/studienangebot/ studiengang.html?1237381367 (Accessed January 2, 2019). (25) Universität Hamburg Nanowissenschaften Master of Science. https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/campuscenter/studienangebot/ studiengang.html?1337095668 (Accessed January 2, 2019).
Horst Weller
Roland Wiesendanger
Wolfgang J. Parak*
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Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*E-mail:
[email protected]. ORCID
Alf Mews: 0000-0001-5739-8820 Horst Weller: 0000-0003-2967-6955 Wolfgang J. Parak: 0000-0003-1672-6650 Notes
Views expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful for help on writing this editorial to Mrs. Christine Neumann and to Mrs. Maria Latos. Authors are supported by the German Excellence Initiative (Advanced Imaging of Matter (AIM).
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REFERENCES
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DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00223 ACS Nano 2019, 13, 1−3
