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Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
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Materials Science. Since 2011, its rank has jumped up from 42nd to 13th. In pursuing world top 10 universities rankings for materials science and engineering, nanotechnology and nanoscience have been core research activities of MSE at KAIST and will remain so for the coming years. With strong government support via a grant named “R&E Initiative for Emerging Materials-Based Creative Convergence”, MSE has made strong efforts in the four major thrust areas: “ICT− Display Material/Device”, “Sustainable Energy System”, “Flexible Material/Device System”, and “Materials/Device for Ubiquitous-Healthcare”. It cannot be overemphasized that nanotechnology and nanoscience are essential in advancing these thrusts.
e are pleased to introduce a new virtual issue in ACS Nano featuring research at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). Established in 1971 by the Korean government to educate engineers and elite scientists and to contribute to economic growth and industrialization, KAIST is the first and top science and technology university in Korea. Initially, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS, a graduate program) was established in Hongneung Campus, Seoul. In 1984, the Korea Institute of Technology (KIT) was established to create an undergraduate program in Daejeon. Finally, KAIST was relocated to Daejeon by merging with the Korea Institute of Technology in 1989 (Figure 1). Since then, KAIST and its 61,125 graduates have opened up the gateways to advanced science and technology, innovation, and entrepreneurship. KAIST has emerged as one of the most innovative universities with more than 11,688 students enrolled in five colleges and six schools, including 915 international students from 92 countries. In 2018, Thomson Reuters named KAIST the 11th most innovative university in the world and the most innovative university in the Asia Pacific region. The 2018 QS World University Rankings ranked KAIST 40th overall in the world. Times Higher Education ranked KAIST the sixth best university in the world under the age of 50 years in its 2018 league table. We now have the opportunity to think boldly about the goals that KAIST can achieve over the next half century and beyond. Under “Vision 2031”, KAIST continues to make the world better through the pursuit of excellence in education, research, entrepreneurship, and globalization. KAIST’s nanoscience and nanotechnology research is predominantly led by four departments: materials science and engineering (MSE), chemical and biomolecular engineering (CBE), electrical engineering (EE), and chemistry. Among those departments, MSE has 28 full-time professors with 425 students, with a focus on understanding how material structures and chemical composition at the micro-, nano-, and atomic scales are related to their properties, including electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and thermal behavior. Using such relationships, new compounds, phases, micro- and nanostructures, and devices with novel properties, highperformance, and tuned functionalities are made. As such, MSE has focused on multiscale structure−property relationships with more emphasis on nanoscale science and technology since 2006. We take pride in the fact that our faculty members are hosting Big Emerging Ideas, The KAIST Lectures in Materials Science & Engineering and the Asia-Pacific Piezoresponse Force Microscopy Workshop 2019. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, QS World University Rankings (an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds) placed MSE 13th, 13th, and 17th, respectively, globally in © 2019 American Chemical Society
Under “Vision 2031”, KAIST continues to make the world better through the pursuit of excellence in education, research, entrepreneurship, and globalization.
In order to promote interdisciplinary research excellence, KAIST established KAIST Institute (KI) in 2006, which develops new growth engines, leads the fourth Industrial Revolution, and contributes to the future of mankind. The KI currently consists of KI for BioCentury, KI for IT Convergence, KI for Robotics, KI for NanoCentury, KI for Health Science and Technology, and KI for Artificial Intelligence. Among those, KI for the NanoCentury (KINC) set the vision of becoming a world-leading university hub of nano convergence research and covering the research topics of climate change, healthcare, and advanced optoelectronics. KAIST also has an affiliated institute that provides nanotechnology-related research equipment and fabrication services, trains students, and supports the commercialization of nanotechnology research results, the National NanoFab Center (NNFC). Since its inception in 2004, NNFC has developed 10 nm nanotransfer printing technology and simultaneous positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance (PETMR) imaging systems. It has transferred several nanotechnologies to industry, including 180 nm silicon-on-insulator radio frequency (SOI RF) mass-production technology. In addition, the KAIST Analysis Center for Research Advancement (KARA), established in 1991, is a shared facility provider that manages cutting-edge analytical instruments and actively supports KAIST members’ nano research. Published: April 23, 2019 3741
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02772 ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3741−3745
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Cite This: ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3741−3745
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Figure 1. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) campus is located in Daejeon (Science City). All KAIST students including undergraduates and graduates can stay in one of the 22 KAIST dormitories. Image credit: Hyungjoon Juen.
composite via all solution-based processes (Figure 2e).4 The SPIS sensor can be coated straightforwardly onto various object shapes, eventually to be used to generate electronic skin on robotics or prosthetic devices to enable tactile sensing capabilities. Research groups in MSE at KAIST have explored nanoscience and nanotechnology from materials to applications. For instance, Prof. Il-Doo Kim’s group has explored various organic/inorganic one-dimensional (1D) nanofibers for applications in gas sensors and energy-storage devices. Mesoporous WO3 nanofibers functionalized with ultrasmall catalysts are able to measure trace biomarkers in exhaled breath,5 and polyaniline-coated carbon nanofibers realize highpower aqueous Zn ion batteries with customized geometric via three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques, in collaboration with Prof. Jennifer A. Lewis’s group at Harvard University.6 Prof. Yeon Sik Jung’s group developed ultrafast large-scale nanopatterning methods by using block copolymers7 and solvent-assisted area-selective delamination.8 Prof. Sang Ouk Kim’s group reported aqueous/organic interface-confined polymerization methods that enable the growth of crystalline semiconducting polymer shells at graphene fibers.9 They demonstrated these methods’ feasibility for use in preparing wearable supercapacitors, showing promise for portable and wearable electronics. Prof. Seokwoo Jeon’s group developed a variety of nanostructures, such as 3D continuous ceramic nanofillers10 and 1D−2D hybrid carbon nanocomposites.11 Prof. Seungbum Hong’s group discovered X-ray irradiationinduced reversible changes in oxide heterostructures.12 Research groups in CBE at KAIST have also published interesting papers in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Prof. Shin-Hyun Kim’s group developed mechanochromic soft materials including a non-close-packed array of silica particles inspired by the iridophore structure.13 This technology can
As mentioned above, KAIST has actively contributed to ACS Nano in nanoscience and nanotechnology. From 2011 to 2018, KAIST authors have published 126 articles in ACS Nano. Major publications have been contributed by MSE (46 articles), CBE (23 articles), and EE (17 articles) (Figure 2a). KAIST’s recent important work has been featured on several front covers of ACS Nano. They include studies on the development of next-generation nanosensors and energy storage systems. Prof. Il-Doo Kim’s group developed ultrafast Pd-based hydrogen (H2) sensors by using the nanofiltration effect of Zn-based zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-8) (Figure 2b),1 in a collaboration with Prof. Reginald M. Penner’s group at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). The ZIF-8 layer, which has selective permeability to H2, overcoated on lithographically patterned Pd nanowires accelerates H2 response and recovery by a factor of 20 at room temperature in air. In addition, Prof. Hee-Tae Jung’s group, in collaboration with Prof. Yury Gogotsi’s group (Drexel University), reported an ultrasensitive gas sensor using surface-functionalized two-dimensional (2D) metal carbides (MXenes) (Figure 2c).2 Conductive 2D Ti3C2Txbased sensors with surface functional groups showed a high signal-to-noise ratio, enabling a low limit of detection of 50− 100 ppb for volatile organic compounds at room temperature. The group of Prof. Il-Doo Kim also developed carbon nanofibers functionalized with Co4N nanorods as a cathode material for lithium−oxygen (Li−O2) batteries (Figure 2d).3 Co4N nanorods that directly form on highly conducting carbon nanofiber webs facilitate reversible formation and decomposition of Li2O2, improving the cyclic capability (over 177 cycles) of the Li−O2 cell with high capacity (11.9 mAh/cm2). Prof. Steve Park’s group reported a stretchable pressure insensitive strain (SPIS) sensor based on a porous multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)−polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 3742
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Figure 2. (a) Graph of recent ACS Nano papers from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), from 2011 to 2018. Number of papers versus departments at KAIST. Other departments include Physics, Aerospace Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, and the BioProcess Engineering Research Center. (b−e) Front cover images of ACS Nano from KAIST: (b) 2017, volume 11, issue 9, (c) 2018, volume 12, issue 1, (d) 2018, volume 12, issue 2, (e) 2018, volume 12, issue 8.
easily be extended into fibers and various 3D architectures. Prof. Ki-Hun Jeong’s group reported plasmonic surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) Schirmer strips by using Au nanoisland-functionalized cellulose fiber matrices.14 These devices can be used for noninvasive diagnoses of disease from human tears. Prof. Hee-Tak Kim’s group reported structural shaping based on vertical directional movement of azo materials derived from directional photofluidization.15 These structures have a range of ordered patterns from the micro- to the sub-100 nm scales with large areas (e.g., cm2 scale). Research groups in EE at KAIST have discovered important nanoscience and nanotechnology for various applications such as flexible devices, designs of electronic circuits, nano-
patterning, and nanotransfer techniques. Prof. Jun-Bo Yoon’s research group reported a material-independent nanotransfer method for fabricating ultralong and aligned metal nanowires (NWs) on a flexible substrate. Due to the strong mechanical properties of aligned metal NWs, they can be used as heaters for flexible chemical sensors.16 Prof. Byung Jin Cho’s research group reported hybrid integration of graphene-based analog circuits with silicon-based digital circuits for promising nextgeneration circuit technologies.17 Prof. Yang-Kyu Choi’s group developed a free-standing triboelectric energy generator having high stability against mechanical friction and humidity by using polytetrafluoroethylene polymers.18 3743
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Figure 3. Speakers and organizer of the KAIST International MSE Workshop: Sang Ouk Kim (KAIST, and Associate Editor of Energy Storage Materials), Jeffrey C. Grossman (MIT), Sang Yup Lee (KAIST, and Editor-in-Chief of Metabolic Engineering), Vincent Dusastre (Chief Editor of Nature Materials), Timothy M. Swager (MIT, and Associate Editor of Macromolecules), O Ok Park (Provost of KAIST), Zhenan Bao (Stanford University), Sung-Chul Shin (President of KAIST), Jillian Buriak (University of Alberta, and Editor-in-Chief of Chemistry of Materials), Hyuck Mo Lee (KAIST, Department Head of MSE), Paul S. Weiss (UCLA, and Editor-in-Chief of ACS Nano), Christopher A. Schuh (MIT, and Coordinating Editor of Acta Materialia), and organizer Il-Doo Kim (KAIST, and Associate Editor of ACS Nano). Image credit: Hyungjoon Juen.
Following the first KAIST International MSE workshop in 2016,19 the second KAIST International MSE/CBE workshop 2018 was held on August 7, 2018 on the theme “Big Ideas in Emerging Materials” and included 10 keynote lectures by world-leading scientists (Figure 3). The goals of the KAIST international workshops were to identify key issues related to big ideas in materials science, applied physics, chemistry, and bioengineering and to share the latest breakthroughs and big achievements. Even in the 2 year period between meetings, the progress at KAIST was striking, as was the engagement of the students, postdoctoral fellows, and junior faculty. KAIST is playing important roles in advancing science and technology for the Republic of Korea and the world. KAIST will continue to lead progress in future science and technologies, especially in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Paul S. Weiss, Editor-in-Chief
Il-Doo Kim,* Associate Editor
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Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*Email:
[email protected]. ORCID
Seungbum Hong: 0000-0002-2667-1983 WooChul Jung: 0000-0001-5266-3795 Hyuck Mo Lee: 0000-0003-4556-6692 Paul S. Weiss: 0000-0001-5527-6248 Il-Doo Kim: 0000-0002-9970-2218 Notes
Views expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS.
Seungbum Hong, Professor KAIST
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WooChul Jung, Professor
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I.-D.K. acknowledges support from Ms. Holly Bunje in the collection of KAIST-affiliated articles published in ACS Nano, and help from Won-Tae Koo, Ji-Soo Jang, and Hee-Jin Cho during the preparation of the virtual issue.
KAIST
REFERENCES
(1) Koo, W.-T.; Qiao, S.; Ogata, A. F.; Jha, G.; Jang, J.-S.; Chen, V. T.; Kim, I.-D.; Penner, R. M. Accelerating Palladium Nanowire H2 Sensors Using Engineered Nanofiltration. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 9276− 9285. (2) Kim, S. J.; Koh, H.-J.; Ren, C. E.; Kwon, O.; Maleski, K.; Cho, S.Y.; Anasori, B.; Kim, C.-K.; Choi, Y.-K.; Kim, J.; et al. Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene Gas Sensors with Ultrahigh Signal-to-Noise Ratio. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 986−993.
Hyuck Mo Lee, Professor KAIST 3744
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(3) Yoon, K. R.; Shin, K.; Park, J.; Cho, S.-H.; Kim, C.; Jung, J.-W.; Cheong, J. Y.; Byon, H. R.; Lee, H. M.; Kim, I.-D. Brush-Like Cobalt Nitride Anchored Carbon Nanofiber Membrane: Current CollectorCatalyst Integrated Cathode for Long Cycle Li−O2 Batteries. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 128−139. (4) Oh, J.; Yang, J. C.; Kim, J.-O.; Park, H.; Kwon, S. Y.; Lee, S.; Sim, J. Y.; Oh, H. W.; Kim, J.; Park, S. Pressure Insensitive Strain Sensor with Facile Solution-Based Process for Tactile Sensing Applications. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 7546−7553. (5) Kim, S.-J.; Choi, S.-J.; Jang, J.-S.; Kim, N.-H.; Hakim, M.; Tuller, H. L.; Kim, I.-D. Mesoporous WO3 Nanofibers with ProteinTemplated Nanoscale Catalysts for Detection of Trace Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 5891−5899. (6) Kim, C.; Ahn, B. Y.; Wei, T.-S.; Jo, Y.; Jeong, S.; Choi, Y.; Kim, I.-D.; Lewis, J. A. High-Power Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries for Customized Electronic Devices. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 11838−11846. (7) Jeong, J. W.; Hur, Y. H.; Kim, H.-j.; Kim, J. M.; Park, W. I.; Kim, M. J.; Kim, B. J.; Jung, Y. S. Proximity Injection of Plasticizing Molecules to Self-Assembling Polymers for Large-Area, Ultrafast Nanopatterning in the Sub-10-nm Regime. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 6747− 6757. (8) Yu, S.; Han, H. J.; Kim, J. M.; Yim, S.; Sim, D. M.; Lim, H.; Lee, J. H.; Park, W. I.; Park, J. H.; Kim, K. H.; et al. Area-Selective Lift-Off Mechanism Based on Dual-Triggered Interfacial Adhesion Switching: Highly Facile Fabrication of Flexible Nanomesh Electrode. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 3506−3516. (9) Padmajan Sasikala, S.; Lee, K. E.; Lim, J.; Lee, H. J.; Koo, S. H.; Kim, I. H.; Jung, H. J.; Kim, S. O. Interface-Confined High Crystalline Growth of Semiconducting Polymers at Graphene Fibers for HighPerformance Wearable Supercapacitors. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 9424− 9434. (10) Ahn, C.; Kim, S.-M.; Jung, J.-W.; Park, J.; Kim, T.; Lee, S. E.; Jang, D.; Hong, J.-W.; Han, S. M.; Jeon, S. Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced by 3D Continuous Ceramic Nanofillers. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 9126−9133. (11) Kim, T.; Park, J.; Sohn, J.; Cho, D.; Jeon, S. Bioinspired, Highly Stretchable, and Conductive Dry Adhesives Based on 1D−2D Hybrid Carbon Nanocomposites for All-In-One ECG Electrodes. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 4770−4778. (12) Chang, S. H.; Kim, J.; Phatak, C.; D’Aquila, K.; Kim, S. K.; Kim, J.; Song, S. J.; Hwang, C. S.; Eastman, J. A.; Freeland, J. W.; Hong, S. X-Ray Irradiation Induced Reversible Resistance Change in Pt/TiO2/ Pt Cells. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 1584−1589. (13) Lee, G. H.; Choi, T. M.; Kim, B.; Han, S. H.; Lee, J. M.; Kim, S.-H. Chameleon-Inspired Mechanochromic Photonic Films Composed of Non-Close-Packed Colloidal Arrays. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 11350−11357. (14) Park, M.; Jung, H.; Jeong, Y.; Jeong, K.-H. Plasmonic Schirmer Strip for Human Tear-Based Gouty Arthritis Diagnosis Using SurfaceEnhanced Raman Scattering. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 438−443. (15) Choi, J.; Cho, W.; Jung, Y. S.; Kang, H. S.; Kim, H.-T. Direct Fabrication of Micro/Nano-Patterned Surfaces by Vertical-Directional Photofluidization of Azobenzene Materials. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 1320−1327. (16) Seo, M.-H.; Choi, S.-J.; Park, S. H.; Yoo, J.-Y.; Lim, S. K.; Lee, J.-S.; Choi, K.-W.; Jo, M.-S.; Kim, I.-D.; Yoon, J.-B. MaterialIndependent Nanotransfer onto a Flexible Substrate Using Mechanical-Interlocking Structure. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 4387−4397. (17) Hong, S. K.; Kim, C. S.; Hwang, W. S.; Cho, B. J. Hybrid Integration of Graphene Analog and Silicon Complementary Metal− Oxide−Semiconductor Digital Circuits. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 7142− 7146. (18) Kim, D.; Oh, Y.; Hwang, B.-W.; Jeon, S.-B.; Park, S.-J.; Choi, Y.K. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on the Internal Motion of Powder with a Package Structure Design. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 1017− 1024. (19) Buriak, J. M. International Workshop on Materials Science and Engineering at KAIST: Big Ideas in Emerging Materials, August 2, 2016. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28 (16), 5567−5568. 3745
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