Sept., 1918
1 I
,
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
THE CHEMICAL MARKETS OF SOUTH AMERICA(*)
701
I I
B y 0.P. NOPIINS, Washington, D. C.
THE CHEMICAL MARKETS OF ARGENTINA, BRAZIL AND URUGUAY Received July 29, 1918
The region in South America which embraces Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay is famed chiefly for its agricultural and pastoral products. Brazilian rubber is a forest product, but as a whole the forests of t h e region, although rich in material, have been little exploited. The mineral resources of some parts of the district are beyond calculation, b u t they have been worked only very superficially. The lack of one mineral, however, is the factor t h a t keeps the region definitely pastoral and agricultural rather t h a n industrial-there is very little coal. It is the lack of fuel t h a t holds in check the present tendency t o manufacture a t home the articles t h a t formerly were imported from Europe and the United States, but which now are almost unobtainable on account of the scarcity of tonnage and the dislocation of trade caused by the export restrictions of the belligerent countries. As would be expected, chemicals and allied products are not imported in comparatively important quantities. The finer chemical products, however, such as pharmaceutical products, perfumes, patent medicines, and soaps are in demand and are purchased t o a large extent from foreign manufacturers. Such products as paper and glassware are imported also. Before the war Germany had the lion’s share of the trade in most of the imported articles, but American manufacturers have not been slow t o take advantage of the German’s absence and have learned so much about the business t h a t they never knew before t h a t it is very unlikely they will ever lose their grip. Lack of shipping and export restrictions stand between them and a complete conquest of the markets. The statistics contained in this article have been compiled with the primary object of showing t h e extent of the market for chemicals and allied products which exists in t h e three countries treated. The principal table in each case shows details of imports, including the chief sources of origin, and is a compilation from the original official statistics, published in Spanish or Portuguese. Official detailed statistics in most of the South American countries are always several years behind time, but these figures will give a n adequate idea of the demand for imported goods. Tables are also given showing the trade of each count r y with the United States for the fiscal years I914 a n d 1917,based on statistics published by our own Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. These will show how t h e war has affected our trade with the three countries, and will also indicate what those countries have t o export in the way of raw and manufactured chemical products. It should be borne in mind t h a t South America was a t first much harder hit b y the war than we were and t h a t the period of depression lasted much longer. Re(*) Pirst of
a series of articles on South American Chemical Markets.
covery was finally effected through the European demand for foodstuffs and other raw materials a n d a period of unexampled prosperity has now set in. ARGENTINA
Cereals and meat products in mighty volume have given Argentina her rank among South American nations and ark almost the sole cause of her present prosperity. Manufacturing industries have never thrived in the face of such obstacles as the lack of coal and iron and the high price of labor. Mineral resources are comparatively unimportant and the forests have not been extensively exploited. A variety of chemicals are imported, but only a few in anything like important quantities. Sheep dip is not manufactured a t home and foreign purchases of this Argentine essential amount t o more t h a n $z,ooo,ooo a year. Since the Uruguayan Government established its domestic sheep-dip industry, some imports have come from t h a t source, but normally England gets the bulk of the business. Tartaric acid, an essential in Argentina’s rapidly developing wine industry, was formerly imported from Europe, but short supplies have resulted in establishing the industry a t home, which in t u r n has cut down Argentine exports of argols and wine lees. American firms have taken a n active part in stimulating the new industry. The largest wine producers have installed apparatus for making the high-priced crystallized acid from their own raw materials. Aluminum sulfate, formerly imported largely from Germany, and used in water-purification plants, is now being manufactured a t home t o some extent with the assistance of the Government. Eight thousand tons were required in 1917. The kaolin used is found in the Sierra Chica, Province of Buenos Aires. The ammonia required in the meat-freezing plants was formerly imported from Austria and the United States, but now American exporters do all of t h e business. The Argentine paper market is a n important one and will continue t o be so, as there is no Erospect of formidable competition from domestic producers. It is one of the markets t h a t Germany cultivated most carefully, but American exporters have recently taken over the best of the business. Germany’s success, apart from price considerations, was due largely t o the fact t h a t the wholesale houses were controlled by Europeans who were not keen about pushing American products. Now there are a t least two wholesale houses controlled by Americans and they are doing a big business. Other things being equal, these houses will favor American goods after the war. Paints and glass are two other lines t h a t have been developed b y American exporters since the war started, as will be seen more clearly in the second table, which is based on American statistics. The following table, based upon official Argentine statistics, shows chemical imports in considerable de-
T H E JOURNAL OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
702
tail. I t should be used only as a general guide, ever, as the Argentine customs returns are based arbitrary valuations t h a t are seldom changed. (N. E. S. are lower than tlie actual values. abbreviation for Not elsewhere specified.”)
howupon They is an
ARGENTINE IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS CHEMICALS, DRUGS, DYES. MEDICINES 1913 1915 1916 ACIDS: Acetic, diluted $ 68,694 $ 47,050 $ 25,707 Germany.. 26 I 262 13 Net herlands. ............ 31,332 18,159 United States. ....... 17,939 Boric. .................... 25,970 13,072 9,196 France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,720 6,552 Germany.. .............. 8,868 1,307 United Kingdom.. 3,940 4,323 Carbonic.. 6,593 5,207 632 France.. 268 2,260 Germany.. 5,252 1,977 United Kinedom.. 363 970 Citric.. 79,310 65,627 69,832 France.. 17,806 24,035 Germany.. 31,264 1,252 Italy.. 207 17,722 United Kinedom.. 23.367 15,971 Hydrochloric. 21,346 3,693 5,434 France.. ................ 15,208 283 Germany.. .............. 3,117 ....... United Kingdom.. ....... 2,289 2,824 United States.. 7 578 Hydrofluoric 4,425 5 21 France.. ................ 3,351 5 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,074 Nitric.. 3,789 2,897 1,196 France.. ................ 43 1 301 Germany.. 2,109 United States.. 31 1,478 5,159 2,535 Phenol.. 6,671 3,952 Germany.. 1,683 United Kingdom.. 2,555 694 United States.. 7 11,484 12.297 Sulfuric. 51,900 2,264 Germany.. 13,656 Netherlands. 23.762 United Kingdom.. 13,419 6,930 United States 75 1,905 8,255 Tannic. 27,911 4,733 France.. 1,341 638 Germany.. 24,747 3,239 United States 773 Tartaric. 1,107,196 749,098 318,514 France.. 112,657 70,788 Germany.. 418,579 148,719 399,502 461 ,259 Italy.. United Kingdom.. . . . . . 121,052 66,967 United States.. 1,353 All other acids.. 32,964 14,542 25,283 Germany.. 27,551 988 United Kingdom.. . . . . . 985 1,697 United States., 1,678 5,873 ALUM. 246,787 253,960 284,735 Belgium.. 188,917 61,701 United Kingdom.. 53,113 129.364 1,861 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,655 54;626 ALUMINIUM SULFATE.. 107,475 232 Belgium.. 37,191 13,037 Germany.. ................ 55,993 37,090 United States.. AMMONIA : 122,982 156,317 98,869 Anhydrous. ............... 35,556 ....... Austria-Hungary. . . . . . . . . 56,654 152,147 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . 18,061 14,986 15,132 Carbonate of 4,004 209 13,110 13,276 14,744 7,840 2,405 3,198 ....... 9,920 5,061 52 2,158 18,095 9,306 9,658 10,082 715 22 2,616 19,631 9,089 3,230 13,530 174 ....... 7,679 209,723 29,956 42,905 15,104 247 174,728 2,016, 10,392 15,965 327 5,769 10,687 17,347 31,445 7,718 746 2,303 9,775 6,711 521,668 452,894 346,283 CALCIUM CARBIDE. 242,204 156,017 40,808 27,761 212.746 259.542 United States.. 33,659 5,500 CAPSULES WITH CARBONIC ACID 33,466 5,481 United Kingdom..
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ARGENTINE IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued) CHEMICALS, DRUGS, DYES.MEDICINES 1913 1915 1916 CARBON SULFIDE $ 170,238 $ 27,698 8; 9,627 86,758 3,792 France.. ................... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . 59,400 17,042 CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N. E. S. 809,889 620,753 France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,558 134,165 437,929 28,940 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,151 299,637 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,349 933 679 CHLORAL.. .................. 14,304 18,811 ’ 9,528 CHLOROFORM AND ETHER.. .... 8,897 1,340 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 11,997 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,856 190,132 207,749 om . . . . . . . . . . 20,961 17,351 180,994 172,462 19,878 3,536 4,072 17.079 1,214 7,723 CYANURATES.. 13,219 4,851 7,481 1,064 Germany ...... 2,013 United States.. 5,719 CREAM O F TARTAR.. ......... 6,981 3,170 ,, .., . EXTRACT O F TANNIN 140,935 10,131 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,133 5,241 United States... 36,569 EXTRACTS, MEDICINAL.. . . . . . . No 25,063 EXTRACTS, INDUSTRIAL.. ...... Not shown ....... 17,387 FORMALIN.. ................. 13,207 7.569 Germany.. 7,771 695 United States ....... 4,560 15,643 43,229 9,616 .................. GLYCERIN. Germany.. 25,035 263 United States. 5,054 3,283 GUMS: 5,191 11,787 5,059 Adhesive. 2,374 4,650 United Kingdom.. 978 927 United States 27,101 12,765 19,615 Camphor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,603 7,854 Japan.. 113,620 134,305 141,827 Other.. 32,642 31,885 France.. ................ 9,511 1,853 United States 24,279 14 497 HYDROGEN, PEROXIDE OF.. 29,170 8:657 22,536 France.. 2,741 United States.. 1,503 2,810 2,810 IODOFORM. 8,940 1,645 3,111 IRON,SULFATE o 11,083 725 United States. 8,584 17,544 25,208 LIME, CHLORIDE O F . . . . . . . . . . . 41,112 1,264 18,903 8,711 9,361 18,527 14,304 597 2,878 9,096 6,391 7,167 bfAGNESIA, SULFATS O F 3 865 9,391 8,500 MANGANESE PEROXIDE.. 138,923 6,096 Germany.. ... ... 124,433 ....... United States 16 1,621,444 1 924 716 1,416,500 MEDICINES, PREPARBD.. ...... 1 080; 402 791,138 France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,073 235,534 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,575 6,128 4,005 MORPHIA AND ITS SALTS.. PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS, 164,254 323,673 208,100 N,. E. S . . 92,626 14,143 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,225 51,932 United States .............. Not shown 1,238,850 765,620 PERFUMERY ................. 948,987 544,873 France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,534 30,055 United States .............. 178 5,702 1,438 PHOSPHORUS.. 50,631 56.784 46,487 PHOSPHORUS SBs 32,090 ....... 3,355 44,470 4,308 6.076 1,583 PEPSIN.. ................ 13,941 23,302 9,194 44 301 1,092 4,586 . 7,515 18,992 1,107 9,661 3,217 1,773 5,572 1 726 12,035 34,091 42 584 28,280 23,779 29,507 2,289 20,365 698 2,743 2,169 497 2,708 1,018 12,603 22,190 37,707 POTASSIUM IODIDE. ........... 4,632 9,646 6,612 QUINIA,SULFATE O F . . . . . . . . . .
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MEDICINAL. Germany.
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SHEEP D I P . . ................
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SODAASH United Kingdom.. ......... United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SODA: Bicarbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. United States
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115,008 37,402 404 2,040,643 1,891,143 97,044 140,704 135,688 2,624 76,370 74,782
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68 952 2,026 966 ~
80,580 2,277,599
136,139 128,156 3,848
160,646
29 322 27 298 1,784
29 757
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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Sept., 1918
ARGENTINEIMPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded) CHEMICALS.DRUGS. 1916 1913 1915 DYES MEDICINES 12. 114 Q 3 . 479 Q 9.843 $ Bisulfite 2. 571 4. 225 2. 928 Borate 152. 403 83. 890 41. 129 Carbonate. crystals 79. 759 140. 339 United Kingdom 2 . 797 United States 375. 768 308. 987 336. 590 Caustic 325. 717 151. 133 United Kingdom 14. 375 155. 596 United States 8. 790 17. 151 Hyposulfite 13. 050 47. 352 17. 365 Nitrate of 18. 776 6 . 232 1 . 503 24. 582 Salicylate United States 10 1. 063 Solvay 186. 500 180. 787 145. 453 177. 161 170. 441 United Kingdom 838 2.326 United States 143. 711 Silicate 83. 486 134. 983 136. 661 131. 262 United Kingdom 1. 073 United States 1. 859 49. 227 Sulfide 20. 768 36. 608 28.945 843 Germany 39. 951 United States 85. 975 SULFUR 97. 067 135. 181 78. 213 91. 000 Italy United 6 . 040 693 SUMAC 1. 049 510 360 OILS AND GREASES: 18.527. 909 22.946. 654 34.875. 377 Total Imports 2.664. 495 Italy 2.120. 068 1.285. 227 14.544. 651 15.856. 670 15.188. 993 Cottonseed Oil 1.480. 186 432. 256 1.141. 668 United States 1.129. 282 1.459. 560 Olive Oil 4.153. 451 3,394.29 1 3.753. 360 Italy 2.050. 663 2.577. 166 United States 171. 271 182. 901 1.975. 220 Kerosene 1.247. 453 1.361. 990 United States 1.974. 446 1.361. 964 Lubricating oils 2.465. 213 1.824. 438 United States 1.472. 266 1.400. 894 11.514. 226 8.280. 672 24.706. 323 14.544. 651 (incomplete) 1.280. 160 10.145. 593 9,857.766 Paraffin 453. 983 93. 018 837. 363 United States 36. 248 802. 572 Vaseline 48. 082 51. 214 59. 393 United States 35. 432 48. 393 MISCELLANEOUS :
AMERICANPRODUCTS SOLD
.
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EXPLOSIVES:
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52. 559 7. 634 55. 776 3. 939 670. 703 303. 629
16. 768 5 . 744 26. 128 272 243. 733 166. 411
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2.037. 529 17. 478 2.603. 046 142. 531
725. 730 190. 734 495. 493 7 7 . 878
462. 012
461. 164 71. 695
307. 259 65. 258
392. 045
2.446. 697 1.047. 723 276. 638
1.392. 897 727. 070 388. 720
1.658. 371
5.800. 948 2.792. 937 828. 488 3.754. 468 1.140. 869 164. 213
3.800. 475 499. 523 1.324. 426 1.818. 987 209. 117 195. 628
5.006. 201
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United States Dynamite. United States Gunpowder. United States GLASS: Sheet and plate United States Other manufactures United States PAINTS.ETC Varnishes United States Paints. colors. dyes. lacs. inks. varnishes:l United Kingdom 17nited States
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PAPER:
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Paper and cardboard Germany United States Manufactures of paper Germany United States
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.......... SOAP: Common ................ United States ..........
8. 939
ARTICLES
1914
Asphaltum: Unmanufactured Manufactures of Blacking. shoe paste. etc Candles Celluloid. and manufactures of Chemicals. drugs. dyes. medicines: Acids . Sulfuric Allother Alcohol wood Baking bowder Bark. extract for tanning : Calcium carbide Copper sulfate Dyes and dyestuffs Lime. acetate of Medicines patent or proprietary Petroleum’ jelly Roots. herbs. etc Soda salts and preparations of 1 Sulfur (brimstone) All other Chewing gum Explosives : Cartridges. Dynamite Gunpowder All other Fertilizers., ... Glass and glassware Glucose and grape sugar Glue Grease: Lubricating Soap stock India rubber. manufactures of Ink: Printers’ Allother Leather. patent Metal polish Naval stores: Rosin Turpentine. spirits of Oilcloth and linoleum Oils ’ Animal Mineral: Crude (including all natural oils) Refined or manufactured: Gas oil and fuel oil
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Naphthas: Gasoline All other Residuum (including tar) Vegetable: Corn Cottons Linseed Allother Volatile : Peppermint Allother Paints. pigments. colors. varnishes: Dry color Ready-mixed paints . Varnish White lead Zinc oxide of ........ Allother Paper and manufactures Paraffin and paraffin wax ..................... Perfumeries. cosmetics. etc ................... Photographic goods: Motion-picture films Other sensitized goods Soap: Toilet., .................................. Allother ................................ Wax, manufactures of
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734 442 ~
1.977. 645
225. 218 203. 541 221. 077 25. 540 21. 664 312. 608 127. 382 140. 583 223. 654 116. 101 98. 855 75. 485 116. 049 8. 099 17. 247 total includes aniline dyes. indigo and varnishes
T h e . progress made b y American exporters in the Argentine chemical markets can be traced readily enough in the following table. which is compiled from official American statistics These are based upon wholesale values in this country a t time of shipment. which means. of course. t h a t the increases shown are due in part t o advanced prices. The most striking increase has been in paper . While the sales of soda were encouraging in 1917.i t should be noted t h a t this item was not stated separately in 1914. These figures are for the fiscal years 1914 and 1917:
.
ARGENTINA
41 363
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Medicated United States Perfumed United States 1 This confusing stated separately above
IN
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1 Not
703
$
1917
90. 043 $ 1 . 148 49. 187
...... 7. 836 ...... 271
16 453 9:698 86 893 21 ’772 741575
1. 176 257 734 41068
1035 180:905 109 54. 309 17.032 197. 986 124. 128 262. 563 4500 502’705 39: 108 16. 326 684 905 53’007 1. 853.017 6. 839
194. 555 10. 671 2. 656 12. 573
265 445 11’664 82:600 86.
91. 173 140. 998 392
605 476 93’170 5 :490
102 345 17:789 120. 520
57 231 211330 1.818. 511
17. 506 2. 790 338. 805 23. 833
166. 282 20. 921 336 128
506. 260 271. 000 39. 668
808 809 200:271 109. 686
...... 40. 819
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242. 784 73. 244
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382 135 36: 127 15. 719
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LlU
51715
934
4. 852
593. 594
542. 012
102 442 1 . 687.358 789. 185
1 559 989
3.337. 647 310. 889 7. 035
720. 118 2.479. 760 4. 372
9 . 412 1.168. 127 718 104. 460
38. 336 404 782 5:599 62. 339
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632 25. 143
9. 301 78. 024 22. 253 5. 945
253. 865
1:266:175
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54. 896 584. 669 21 483 67:239
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165 949 35’492 J5:902 148. 118 21. 222 203. 581 3. 331 254 186I469 111;382
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19. 492 35. 033
373. 472 174. 751
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261 712 58:377 1 . 611
183 369 941339 47. 832
stated separately in 1914.
The only Argentine contributions of prime importance t o America’s present chemical needs are quebracho and flaxseed . About 117.000 metric tons of tanning extract were produced in Argentina and Paraguay during the calendar year 1917. practically all of which was exported . The potential output was estimated a t 230. 000 tons. shipping difficulties and low prices being assigned as the reasons for low actual production . One company exported 1 0 2 . 000 tons of extract . Ninety-five thousand tons of logs. equal t o 2 5 . 000 t o 3 0 ~ 0 0 0tons of extract. were shipped
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
704
t o the United States during the calendar year 1917, according t o advices from Argentina. A recent attempt, originating in the United States, to stimulate the production of linseed oil in Argentina and thus economize in the tonnage now required for flaxseed, has apparently failed. Several reasons are assigned for the inability t o increase the oil output, the most important of which are lack of machinery, lack of containers, and the absence of any important local demand for the cake. The small quantity of oil now produced is sold most profitably in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and South Africa. Some of the small mills prefer t o take advantage of the present demand for edible oil. These reasons seem conclusive enough. The following table of imports from Argentina covers the fiscal years 1914 and 1917: ARGENTINEPRODUCTS
SOLD I N THE U N I T E D STATFS
ARTICLES
1914 $
...... k;ii3
469,077
...... 2,441,083
......
39,811 129,538
.....................
63
6,126
......
330,040 116,545
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Oils, essential.. .. Oleo stearin.. Oil seeds: Castor beans..
lis;$42
.......
..
1917 10,600 16,757 313,785 398,893
230,301 5,198,667 2,799 289,476 948 635 3,943 26,416 15,680 346,159 234,101 130,619 10,530 10,987 82,269
...... ......
26,282 7,309,161
899,603 840
1,180,447 817 17,968
......
Wax, beeswax.. ..............
$
BRAZIL
The great wealth of Brazil lies principally in her coffee and rubber, although cotton, sugar, tobacco, matte, rice, cacao, cereals, nuts, gold, diamonds, iron, manganese, monazite sand, marble, and live stock all represent industries t h a t have a n important part in the economy of the nation. The mineral resources are apparently without limit, but have barely been scratched. There are no great manufacturing industries in the sense t h a t we know them, but the war has greatLy stimulated the domestic production of textiles, soap, sugar, and a number of other products. Water power seems in some districts t o have solved the fuel problem, and has even made possible a rather important calcium carbide industry. The impossibility of getting supplies of caustic soda has recently threatened some of the growing industries and the Government has come t o the rescue by subsidizing the production of t h a t chemical. Factories will probably be operated in Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Santos, where electric p0we.r and ample supplies of salt are available.
A study of the following table will reveal the more interesting facts about the Brazilian demand for chemicals and allied products and about the normal sources
Vol.
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of the supplies imported. The insignificant p a r t played by the United States before the war is a t once apparent.
Of the articles usually classified as chemicals, soda in various forms, but particularly caustic soda, is the most important import. It is used in a number of growing industries, especially in soap making, and was formerly imported chiefly from England. Recently it has been purchased almost exclusively from the United States, but export restrictions and other difficulties have interfered with supplies t o such a n extent t h a t the Government is endeavoring t o estab-‘ lish a domestic industry, as already stated. Imports described as “Chemical Products and Medicines Unenumerated” were valued a t nearly $~,OOO,OOO in 1913 and a t considerably more than $6,000,000 in 1916,but there is no way of finding o u t just what items make up the class. Patent and proprietary medicines are undoubtedly the most important item, and the United States has obtained a fair share of t h a t business. Brazil followed the lead of other countries in purchasing dyestuffs from Germany before the war, b u t now depends upon the United States. As the second table shows, more,than $1,200,000worth of dyes were purchased from the United States during the fiscal year 1917. This demand will grow as the dyeusing industries, especially the textile industry, expand. More than a million dollars worth of perfumes was purchased in 1913, practically all from France, but in this connection there is a most interesting item entitled “Perfumery for Carnivals,” purchases of which amounted t o more t h a n $400,000 in 1913. Swiss manufacturers had a monopoly on the business, b u t inability t o deliver cut down the imports t o $41,000 in 1916. Can “carnival perfumes” be made in America? Brazil needs important quantities of paper and this is one line in which the United States has effectively supplanted the German business, for the time being a t any rate. It is gratifying t o state t h a t American exporters have on the whole made a good impression and have rapidly adapted themselves t o the conditions of the market. It is t o be hoped t h a t circumstances will permit their carrying on the business throughout the war so t h a t they will be in an advantageous position when the old competition returns. Mineral oils are imported in considerable quantities, and in t h a t line America, as usual, is supreme. I n studying the accompanying table it should be borne in mind t h a t the Brazilian Government does not compute import values on t h e same basis on which we compute export values; hence there will be discrepancies between values in t h e first and second tables. The first table should be used as a guide for determining t h e relative importance of imports and of the principal sources of supply.
Sept., 1918
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
BRAZILIANI M P O R T S OF CHEMICALS CHEMICALS, DRUGS,DYES, MEDICINES Acids: Acetic. Germany. United States Nitric.. Germany.. United States Sulfuric. Germany.. United States
AND
...................... $ .................. ............... ...................... ................. ............... ..................... ................. ............... Tannic., ..................... Germany.. ................. United States ............... . AllFrance.. o t h e r . . ................... ................... ................. Aniline Dyes. .................. Germany ................... United States.. ............. Calcium Carbide.. .............. Norway .................... Germany.. United States ...............
United States.. .............
Capsules, Pills, Globules, Medical.. France.. United States. Chemical Products a n d Medicines, Unenumerated.. France United States Chloride of Lime.. United Kingdom.. United States...
.................... ................... ..............
.......... ..................... ............... .............. .......... ............ Essences an,d Oils, v.E. S., Fixed Liquid, Volatile .......... Germany ................... United States.. ............. Ethyl Chloride.. ............... France ..................... Germany. ..................
............. ..................... ...
United States.. Extracts, Vegetable, N. E. S... Italy.. United States... Gums, Resins, Natural Balsams.. Germany,. United States Glycerin United Kingdom.. United States Indigo and Ultramarine Blue,. Germany. United States.. Perfumery for Carnivals.. Switzerland
............ ................. ............... ....................... .......... ............... ... .................. ............. ....... ................. Perfumery, O t h e r . . ............. France ..................... United States.. ............. Potash, Caustic.. ............... Germany.. ................. .............. .....................
United States Soda Ash United Kingdom.. United States.. ............. Soda, Caustic United Kingdom .. United States.. Soda, Nitrate o f . . . . . United Kingdom United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . .. United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
.................. ‘ ..
OILS AND WAXES Benzinia ..................... France ..................... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cod-liver oil and emulsion ..... Norway.. United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cottonseed oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gasoline ..................... United States Kerosene ..................... United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linseed oil.. United Kingdom.. United States..
..................
...............
................. .......... .............
BRAZILIAN IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded)
ALLIED PRODUCTS
1913
1914
53,823 $ 24,193 141 2,996 1,207 36 57,645 26,387 193
1916
33,440 $ 15,702 303 2,492 289 191 23,171 12,007 393
123,754 1,668 25,617
11,872 8,336 54 137,534 33,372 57,600 1,364
4,781 2,285 119 74,639 7,682 29,132 6,235
572,355 517,753 1
169,155 154,500 101
114,924
426,568 235,586 35,801
335.777 158,404 58,308
86,000
50,931 14,899 26,658
29,377 7,902 13,171
26,049
4,903,654 1,706,481 427,919
3,087,189 1,098,884 314,097
6,337,578
59,500 41,563 525
26,689 17,514 1,115
185.113
147,728 78,390 105
91,074 50,272 790
162,838
939 939
150
48,827 27 I 326 2,266 89,579 23,585 1,330 2,738 1,412
135,450 217,740
3,804 1,520 2,247 36
70.5
13,998 116,332
OILS AND WAXES 19 13 Lubricating oils, mineral and vegetable $1,591,470 United States 1,065,144 Mineral fuel oil.. 208,646 Mexico.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,789 United States., 89,907 Olive oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,788,941 Italy., ..................... 638,950 80 United States.. Palm oil ...................... 201,968 British India.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,464 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 Paraffin. ..................... 79,266 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 35,460 United States., . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,628
.............. .............. ............. .............
.............
55,807 19,595
140,297
328,637 284,786
40,983
1,141,553 928.979 55,296
570,844 484,512 25,328
874,543
3,293
......
1,794,890 105,618 142,374
27,688 6,595 9,482
55,604
750,662 437,416 6,490 1,995,800 1,083,064 120,602
292,687 154,380 2,456 727,913 327,890 56,942
771,692
PAPER AND MANUFACTURES OF Total imports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany.. United States.
7,342,182 2,540,920 516,933
4,321,000 1,469,808 283,296
........ ..................
......
1,370,659
48,102 13,145 13,134
........
119,090 79,455 299 136,704 42,448 3,032 5,646 2,331 789 90,015 37,971 105 484,131 423,747
1916 $1,851,751
Vaseline.. .................... Germany.. United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLASSAND GLASSWARE Sheet and plate glass., Belgium .................... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufactures of glass.. Germany. United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
...... ......
1914 $1,065,488 803,242 451,785 322,316 128,597 1,585,747 692,525 9 149,598 42,243 1,264 64,997 33,815 16,478
................. ..............
511,154
8,062.97 1
The principal chemicals exported t o Brazil by the United States are dyes, soda, medicines, acids, and copper sulfate. Only time can tell whether our present hold on the market for these products is t o be permanent. Of t h e products sometimes classed as “allied chemical products,” the United States is at present supplying in considerable quantities mineral oils, paper, naval stores, india-rubber manufactures, explosives, and glass. The following table, compiled from official American statistics for t h e fiscal years 1914 and 1917,will give a n idea of how the war has affected the chemical trade between the United States and Brazil. Some of t h e increases may be ascribed t o the present prosperity of Brazil, b u t for the most part they represent gains t h a t have been made as the result of the withdrawal of European competitors. AMERICAN PRODUCTS SOLDIN BRAZIL
1,149 507 53 250,448 236,989 662 512,402 491,820 3,437 271,540 111,283 17 8 i , 302 65,147 85 1
1,420 510 11 154,720 133,208 6,136 398,012 368,980 21,776 108,711 45,731
3,013
64,356 49,171 606
235,365
18,537 4,603 5,586
3,994 2,642 244
1,871
24,984 10,099 7,413 298.109 256,015 2,506,067 2,476,987 4,719,418 4,614,342 829,670 130,296 1,863
13,588 3,413 6 242 267,991 220.569 711,381 689,536 3,741,027 3,647,212 462,390 403,740 5,445
44,366
251,170 1,561,483 268,119
......
~
183,681 2,646,549 5,838,493 712,825
1914
ARTICLES
Aluminum and manufactures.. . . . $ 5,595 Asphaltum and manufactures.. . . . 80,291 Babbitt metal 21,413 Blacking, shoe paste, etc 25,235 Celluloid and manufactures 5,498 Cement. hydraulic 200,337 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc.: Acids Sulfuric.. ........... 1,363 ........ 4,569 All other. Baking Powder.. 6,456 Bark extracts. tannin ... Calcium carbide.. ... . . . . . . . . 32,236 2,448 Copper sulfate.. .............. Dyes a n d dyestuffs.. . . . . . . . . . . 65 Lime, acetate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... Medicines, patent or proprietary 248,617 Petroleum iellv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.595 Roots. her&. barks.. . . . . . . . . . . ...... Soda salts and preparations1 , , ...... Sulfur (brimstone). . . . . . . . . . . . . All other 84,559 Explosives : Cartridges, loaded.. 287,600 Dvnamite, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.835 Gunpowder.. ...... Allother ..................... 3.726 Flavoring extracts and fruit juices 1 ;634 German silver.. ..... 70,492 Glass and glassware.. . . . . . . . . . . . Glucose ...................... 498 73 1 Glue ........................... Grease.. ....................... ...... Lubricating .................. 33,903 Soap stock, and other. ......... 1,120 1 Not stated separately in 1914.
................... ......... ...... ...............
...
.
.................... ........... ................. .................
1917
$
106,227 11,612 19,093 41,330 51.800 426,166
17,437 144,497 19,913 8 136 3 i 743 126,254 1,203,140 4,600 315,392 42.191
;
IO’S69
1,063:476 53,273 2,519,396 570,824 45 ,944 51;730 304.803 14;413 4,695 455,872 18,248 8,173
......
67,044 9,990
706
T H E JOURNAL OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY AMERICAN PRODUCTS SOLD IN BRAZIL(Concluded) ARTICLES
1914
................................
India rubber. manufactures of Ink Leather. patent Metal polish Naval stores Rosin Tar turpentine. pitch Turpentine. spirits Oil-cloth and linoleum . For floors All other Oils: Animal Mineral: Gas and fuel Gasoline. etc Illuminating Lubricating. etc All other Vegetable: Cottonseed Linseed Volatile or essential All other Paints. pigments. etc Dry color Ready-mixed paints Varnish Zinc. oxide All other (including crayons) Paper and manufactures Paraffin and paraffin wax Perfumery Photographic goods: Motion-picture films: Exposed Unexposed Other sensitized goods Plumbago and manufactures Salt Soap: Toilet All other Suzar and molasses: Sirup Refined sugar Vulcanized fiber and manufactures Wax and manufactures
8
.................
.................... . ........................ ..........
119. 272 14. 743 41. 612 26. 925
$1.154. 381 69. 501 352. 318 13. 357
673. 687
975. 044 3. 153 165. 523 10. 597 30. 155
2. 613 95. 451 1.429. 143 2.942. 326 886. 542 2. 214
499. 393 18. 498 15. 818
70. 080 154. 272 31. 593 59. 687 35. 001 85. 393 82. 738 64. 522 197. 322 2.419. 287 72. 213 133. 350
1 .900 10. 575 32. 417 1. 259 1. 050
122. 006 5 . 533 110. 229 21. 475 77
37. 322 3. 728
22. 12. 637 573
65 284 109 4. 043
405 159. 207 8. 082 5. 777
.
......... ......... ...................... .................... ................. ......... ...... ........................... ........................ ..................... ........................ ................. ...........
Brazil is making only two important contributions and manganesebut they are vital . The demand for rubber has meant a great deal t o Brazilian prosperity. as pre-war competition from the cultivated East Indian rubber had placed the Brazilian industry in a precarious position . The active demand for rubber has counteracted t o some extent the depression resulting from the diminishing demand for coffee. t o our war-time industr2es-rubber
BRAZILIANPRODUCTS
SOLD I N
ARTICLES
.
................ . ............... ........................ .................... ...... ......................... ................... ....... ................ ...............
Aluminum. crude Chemicals. drugs. dyes. etc Glycerin. crude Gums Lactarene Soda. cyanide of All other ............. Copper Dyewoods in crude state: Logwood., Other : ie size :s and other glue stock ..etc Balata India rubber India rubber scrap Manganese oxide and ore Mica:
.
.
....................... .................. ............. .........
THE UNITED STATES 1914
...... ....... ..... ...... ...... ...... ......
......... ...... ........... ........... ...............
1. 665
292. 597 594 10. 248 38. 059 145. 390 164. 941
......
7. 339 356 49. 467 4. 381
. ......
4 . 296 25.654. 924 11. 802 8.965. 110
430
54. 329 94
...... ......
44. 164 10. 468 54 519 120:387 1 . 234 9. 097
12. 644 16
202. 758 348
...... ...... 4. 382 ...... 3 19. 048 466. 125
......
Paper and manufactures Platinum and manufactures Seeds: Castor bean All other . . .
1917
$
.
629 67 1 296
IO.
No . g
t o the United States for the fiscal years 1914 and 1917
3. 302 ............. 154. 288 142 .................... ..................... 5. 644 ....................... 2 . 216 54. 412 ................ 1.311. 024 ................ 3.231. 668 ................ ............. 659. 352 2. 630 ................... 191. 781 ................. 2. 793 .................... 3. 108 .......... 60 1 ................... . 5. 642 .................... 44. 679 ........... 30. 057 ...................... ...... ................... 45. 641 ....
Vol .
212. 117 1.330. 290
The preceding table shows in some detail the exports of chemicals and allied products from Brtazil
1917
. URUGUAY
I n size. Uruguay is the least of the South American republics. but it is prosperous and progressive. for the population is intelligent and wide awake . The country is pastoral. however. with a recent leaning toward wheat growing. and offers a limited market for chemicals and allied products. as the following table will show . Most of the fluctuations noted in the table can be traced readily enough t o the war. but the falling off in foreign purchases of sheep dip must be attributed t o the establishment of a local industry and the setting up of standards t h a t are rather difficult for outsiders t o attain The Government is lending every encouragement t o the domestic industry. as the product is a very important one in a country t h a t depends so largely upon stock raising . Statistics are given for the latest normal year for which official Uruguayan figures happen t o be available in this country and for the latest war year . The valuations for these years are purely arbitrary and should be used only as a general guide . The statistics now being compiled for 1917 are based upon actual values and are said t o be 30 t o 1 5 0 per cent higher than the arbitrary values heretofore used .
.
URUGUAYAN IMPORTS OF CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ARTIC :LES AND PRINCIPAL 1911 1915 SOURCES I . 934 141. 605 AWOHOL 1. 448 140. 939 Argentina 276 Germany 752. 490 823. 548 CHEMICALS. DRUGS.EXPLOSIVES 64. 322 55. 600 Argentina 128. 768 101. 182 France 17. 033 175. 759 Germany 228. 948 205. 979 United Kingdom 40. 671 314. 557 United States., 156. 426 494. 459 GLASSAND GLASSWARE -12. 232 203. 590 Belgium 12. 450 37.986 France 14. 469 162. 768 Germany 40. 829 56. 530 United Kingdom 22. 817 10. 123 United States 965. 322 OILS EDIBLE 733. 670 256. 517 Italy 332. 467 463. 951 Spain ....................... 191. 181 198. 751 United States , 158. 375
....................... ....................
......
..................... .. .................... ....................... ..................... .............. ...............
.......... ...................... ........................ ..................... .............. .................
. ......................... ...................
................. ................ .............. ................. KEROSENE ...................... United States ................. PAPERAND PAPERWARES........ Belgium ......................
OILS. INDUSTRIAL (NOTINCLUDINQ 544. 566 KEROSENE). United Kingdom 43. 308 United States 405. 057
63. 360 . 1.065. 682
902. 150 887. 019 1.023. 028 220. 389 317. 255 156. 462 98. 468
1 132 163 1:094:275 808.849 27. 381 35. 238 100. 674 189. 850
76. 595 22 657 21. 794 153. 696 98. 515 13. 646 29. 831 844. 710 60. 485 669. 681 36. 330
91. 335 38.673 19. 857 86. 681 52. 723 2 . 060 11. 105 125. 785 17. 778 59. 356 8. 400
..................... ................. .......................
Germany United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States MEDICIN~S. PROPRIETARY ........ France united States ................. P~RFUME .................... RY France ....................... Germany. United Kingdom SHEEP D!P Argentina United Kingdom United States
.................... .............. ..................... .................... ..............
.................
~
1.260. 239
American statistics show t h a t the sales of certain chemical lines t o Uruguay have increased since the war started. but comparatively they are unimportant. as a glance a t the following figures for the fiscal years 1914 and 1917 will show:
Sept., 1918
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
AMERICANPRODUCTS SOLDIN URUGUAY ARTICLES 1914 Asphaltum Blacking, shoe paste, etc Celluloid and manufactures.. 286 Cement, hydraulic.. 3,632 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc.: Acids Alcohol. wood Baking powder 13,735 Bark extract f o r tanning.. Calcium carbide.. 21,413 4,338
..................................... ......................... .....................
............................. .................................. ........................... ................................ ..................... .............................. .......................... .......................... Medicines, patent or proprietary. . ............. Petroleum jelly, etc... ..... ............... Soda salts and preparations Sulfur (brimstone). ............................ Allother ..................................... Ex losives: &&ridges, loaded.. ........................... Dynamite.. ................................... All other.. ........................... Glass and glassware.. ................... Glucose. ............................... .............................. Soap stock, and other .......................... India rubber manufactures. ...................... I n k ............................................ ~
................................ .................................... ........................................ ........................ ........................... ..................................... ............................. .............................. .......................... ................................... ...............................
Leather, patent. Metal polish Naval stores: Rosin Tar, turpentine, pitch.. Turpentine, spirits., Oils: Animal.. Mineral: Gas and fuel... Illuminating.. Lubricating, etc... Gasoline Other light.. 1 Not stated separately in 1914.
I
.... .... ....
64,309 2,707
.... ....
56,610 40,067 10,946 2,612 10,948 17,796 11,240
....
62,561 2,233 6,105 62
I
106,295
1917 14,018 8.966 22 598 5,413 9.013 23,639 8,538 39,367 52,647 107,022 5,592 163,935 7,600 269 372 ~
~
..................................... .............................. ................................. ................................... .................................. ......................... ...................................... .................................
....
...................... ...................... ...................................... .....................................
....
5,731 81,271 42,965 19,201 1,462 188,096 9,914 15,432 3.853 157,100 50 19,366
....
467
15 824 809:056 48,651 291,828 20.675
AMERICANPRODUCTS SOLD IN URUGUAY (Concluded) ARTICLES 1914 1917 Vegetable : Corn $ 13,978 $ 62,416 Cottonseed. 334.381 147,425 Other fixed 6,806 Volatile. 388 3,011 Paints, pigments, etc.: D r y colors.. 11,225 14,954 Ready-mixed paints.. 18,750 32,612 Varnish 5,678 25,839 426 White lead.. 13,112 Allother ..................................... 103 35.316 Paper and manufactures: 18,505 87,722 Paraffin and paraffin wax... Perfumery, cosmetics, e t c . . 12,240 15,191 Soap : Toilet.. 6,021 12.418 Allother 8,783 9,163
50,209
....
24,527
707
4 976 ~
713,945 92,978 47,253 413.774
I n chemical lines Uruguay makes no important contribution t o the United States, as the following figures for the fiscal years 1914 and 1917 show: URUGUAYAN PRODUCTS SOLDIN THE UNITED STATES ARTICLES 1914 1917 Bismuth $ $ 4,067 Blood, dried 12,751 50,803 Bones, hoofs, and horns.. 75,304 110,401 Fertilizers.. 88,141 124,684 Flaxseed 24,032 Glycerin 8.520 Grease and oils 16,520 Hide cuttings, and other glue stock 23,748 83,851 53,015 Indiarubber Oleo stearin. 28,705 Tin ore 70,078
....................................... .................................... ........................
.................................... ....................................... ....................................... .................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ........................................
.... ....
.... ....
.... .... ....
1
ORIGINAL PAPERS (‘JELLY VALUE” OF GELATIN AND GLUE By A. WAYNECLARKAND LOUIS DUBOIS Received April 23, 1918
The examination of samples of glues and gelatins in this laboratory during t h e past ten or twelve years has included a test which we have designated as “jelly value.” I n making this test we have not followed the common practice of t h e makers of these products b u t have endeavored t o improve upon i t by following a procedure which produces results t h a t can be expressed in absolute figures. The system apparently in common use among the makers seems t o be t o make u p a jelly of definite concentration and compare its physical strength with t h a t of a standard sample. The literature is exceedingly scant. Alexander1 in a n excellent paper has fully explained his methods and Fernbach2 also goes into the subject in considerable detail. It seems t o us, however, t h a t our methods result in a more scientific presentation of the jelly-forming characteristics of these materials in t h a t they can be expressed in per cent figures. Our practice has been t o make up a series of glue or gelatin solutions of various known concentrations, cool them until well set, and t h e n slowly warm them t o a predetermined temperature and a t t h a t point note which concentrations are solid and which are liquid. We are then able t o state t h a t a t a given temperature, the sample tested has a jelly value of, for instance, 6 per cent, meaning t h a t the 3 per cent, 4 per cent, and 5 per cent trials were fluid, whereas t h e 1 “The Grading and Use of Glues and Gelatin,” Jerome Alexander, J . SOC.Chem. Ind., 26 (1906). 2 “Glues and Gelatin,” Fernbach. D. Van Nostrand Co., 1907.
6 per cent, 7 per cent, and 8 per cent trials were solid. This procedure obviates the use of all “shot tests” or weighed devices for testing the physical strength of a given jelly. During the course of years in which these tests have regularly been made, we have used different temperatures for observing t h e setting of t h e water solution of the various percentages tried. T h e results have in many respects been quite unsatisfactory, until recently we have been able t o carry out a considerable number of experiments t o determine whether there might exist a trial temperature a t which such mixtures show the best results. Our efforts have been rewarded by the discovery t h a t there is in such mixtures a very plainly indicated temperature-range through which the “set” or (‘gel” of a definite concentration of solution is not changed. Our results, in general, as might be expected, are more satisfactory with gelatins t h a n with glues a n d they are probably not as definitely useful in judging the strength of glues as in judging the quality of gelatin.
h% x
As t o the character aind sources of t h e samples used in obtaining the curves shown herewith, i t will be necessary t o state as follows: The material designated “Gelatin” is a product
